Energy Economy. Energy Transportation and Security. Dr. Cahit Karakuş, 2018

Transkript

1 Energy Economy Energy Transportation and Security Dr. Cahit Karakuş, 2018

2 Wireless Energy Transfer

3 Wireless energy transfer Wireless energy transfer is the process that takes place in any system where electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load, without interconnecting wires. Wireless transmission is useful in cases where instantaneous or continuous energy transfer is needed, without connecting wires. Most common form of wireless power is carried out, using electrodynamic induction, microwaves or lasers.

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6 Wireless Sensor Network Components: Server with unlimited resource and processing power Sensor mote with small processor, embedded sensor, ADC channels, radio circuitry and Battery! Data Collection (????????????????) Each node records sensor value and sends update to base station Server receives external queries, asking data from sensor nodes Communication is costly Battery capacity is limited Queries

7 Energy Harvesting

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9 Applications Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Electro-Mechanical Energy Harvesting Harvesting Kinetic Energy with Switched-Inductor DC-DC Converters Micro-electrostatic vibration-to-electricity converters Generating Electricity by Fast Moving Vehicles Roadway energy harvesting Low power energy harvesting for miniature wireless devices Low Power Battery Charging Wireless HVAC Sensors Mobile Asset Tracking Tire Pressure Sensors Battery Replacement for Industrial Sensors

10 Titreşim EM Otobanlar, Tren yolları Sıcaklıktan genleşme Rüzgar Barajları Yerin altındaki sıcaklık Vorte tube Kablosuz enerji iletimi Enerji Hasat Eden Kaynaklar

11 Rüzgar Barajları Rüzgarın elektrik enerjisi üretiminde kullanımda yoğun olarak kullanılan yaklaşımlarda biri rüzgar türibinüdür. Rüzgar trübünü kuleler üzerine yerleştirilmiş ve pervaneler tarafından rüzgar enerjisi kullanılarak döndürülen jeneratörlerden oluşmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, rüzgar gücünün elektrik enerjisi üretiminde kullanımına ilişkin yeni bir yaklaşım ortaya atılmış ve hayata geçirilmiş bulunmaktadır. Rüzgar Barajı adı verilen bu yeni sistem, toplayıcı yüzeyler aracılığı ile rüzgarın kinetik enerjisinin bir noktaya odaklanmasına dayanmaktadır. Jeneratör rüzgarın odaklanmış olduğu bölgeye yerleştirilerek enerji üretimi gerçekleştirilmektedir. Rüzgar barajının ilk uygulaması Rusya nın Saint Petersburg kentinin kuzeyinde bulunan Ladoga gölünün kenarında bulunan bir vadide inşa edilmiş bulunmaktadır. Barajın bir resmi Şekilde gösterilmiştir.

12 Energy harvesting from exercise machines

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14 Under-Ground Thermal Energy Storage Using methods of heat exchange 1. Aquifer thermal storage - Usage of underground water 2. Duct thermal storage - Usage of Plastic Tubes Environmental impact Eg: De-ice frozen roads

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16 Yenilebilir enerji kaynağı olarak, yer ısısının ısıtma ve soğutma amacı ile kullanılması üzerine teknolojiler geliştirilmiştir. Sıcak ya da soğuk kaynaklarının içerisinden ya da çevresinden boru içerisinden su, hava ya da gaz dolaştırılarak enerji dönüşümleri elde edilmektedir.

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20 Energy Storage

21 Principle: Energy is stored in the form of Mechanical Energy. Light weight fiber composite materials are used to increase efficiency. Energy density =0.05MJ/Kg, η=0.8 Mechanical Energy Storage Fly Wheels

22 The Energy Density is defined as the Energy per unit mass: E 1 V 2 m 2 Where, velocity of the flywheel σ is the specific strength of a material ρ is the density of the material V is the circular

23 Compressed Air Energy Storage

24 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage

25 Magnetic Energy Storage Super Conductors

26 SMES systems store energy in a magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a coil of superconducting material that has been cryogenically cooled. Principle: At low-temperatures, electric currents encounter almost no resistance. Stores energy in the magnetic field. Environmental friendly and Highly efficient.

27 Types of Batteries: Small Capacities Lead-Acid Batteries Electrochemical Storage They use a chemical reaction to do work on charge and produce a voltage between their output terminals. Energy density is 0.6 MJ/Kg. Efficiency of the cell is only 15% Large Scale

28 Working of a Lead acid Battery

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30 Super Capacitors Use of thin film polymers for the dielectric layer Carbon nanotubes and polymers are practical for super capacitors In future - carbon nanotubes with ceramics Reduce the effect of fluctuations Longer life time which reduces maintenance costs.

31 Under-Ground Thermal Energy Storage Using methods of heat exchange 1. Aquifer thermal storage - Usage of underground water 2. Duct thermal storage - Usage of Plastic Tubes Environmental impact Eg: De-ice frozen roads

32 Enerjisi Taşımacılık

33 1. Road Transportation 2. Rail Transportation 3. Pipelines 4. Water Transportation 5. Air Transportation

34 Components of the Transportation System Infrastructure (supply): -Physical facilities: highways, railroads, ports -Transfer points: parking areas, driveways -Supporting elements: signals, signs, safety hardware, etc. Vehicles (demand): Planes, trains, autos, buses, ships, trucks Operators/users: Drivers, pilots, freight, passengers 34

35 What is Transportation Engineering The engineering profession is involved in all aspects of -Aeronautical (aircraft) -Chemical (fuel) -Mechanical (vehicles) -Electrical (communications, control system) -Civil (development of facilities and manage demand) 35

36 Transportation Engineering One of the specialty areas of civil engineering - Development of facilities for the movement of goods and people - Planning, design, operation and maintenance People oriented 36

37 Multi-disciplinary -Economic -Environmental -Planning -Statistics -Law -Psychology & human factors -Public administration Problems ==> solutions 37

38 Areas of Transportation Engineering Transportation Planning Traffic Operations (signs, signals,..) Roadway Geometric Design Pavement Engineering Railway Engineering Design and Planning of Airports 38

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40 Multi-Phase Fluid Flow (Oil/Water/Gas)

41 Pipelines Liquid or Gas Lines Above Ground or Below Ground Trunk Line or Gathering Line

42 Advantages Disadvantages Low rates Good loss and damage record Pipelines can function as a warehouse Mostly unaffected by weather Mechanical failures are rare Slow speed Fixed route No door-to-door service Depend on rail and motor carriers to deliver Limited type of commodities Limited to certain geographic areas

43 Loss and Damage Pipeline s have a record of limited loss and damage due to the industry s approach to operations. The pipes are constructed using a high-quality alloy steel with a life expectancy of 50 years or more. The pipes are laid in long sections with a limited number of seams and high quality electronic welding of seams to prevent leakage.

44 Safety Environmental impact and limiting leakage Mostly built in rural areas but when house needs increase people may be living closer to the pipelines and special attention will be needed. Wildlife

45 Bu durumda; Bu durumda, petrol ve doğal gaz kaynağı bölgelerinden enerji talep bölgelerine enerji kaynaklarının aktarılması, halihazırda dünyanın en büyük sorunu durumundadır. Bu bağlamda, enerji nakil hatları ve geçiş güzergahları da son derece önem arz etmektedir.

46 Kömür için Ana Deniz Taşımacılık Hatları

47 Petrol için Ana Deniz Taşımacılık Hatları

48 Global Konjüktür Enerji kaynağı bölgeleri ve de nakil hattı bölgeleri dünyanın siyasal politikalarına yön vermektedir. Günümüzde, dünya enerji stratejileri bu konjüktür üzerine geliştirilmektedir denebilir.

49 Energy Security 49 In the complex interaction between (i) energy producers, (ii) energy transit countries and (iii) energy consumers, the Gulf region and the Middle East, as well as Eurasia and the Caspian Basin emerge as extremely critical areas for global energy security The Gulf region will maintain its position at the heart of energy politics Caspian energy reserves are also significant for responding to the increasing oil and gas demand While the Middle East, North Africa and the Caspian regions offer the most (physically) reliable and rich resources for the coming decades; developing Asia, the U.S. and EU will continue to be the biggest energythirsty markets with increasing dependency on energy imports from these regions. Turkey is a key actor in the realm of energy security. Given the uncertain state of energy markets, and the stakes involved, it is our shared interest to incorporate Turkey in a functioning integrated system. This energy dependency is likely to have further major geopolitical implications. Given its unique geographical location between the Middle East and the Caspian regions on the one hand and the energy consuming markets on the other, Turkey stands as a key country in ensuring energy security.

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51 51 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline project was one of the first major energy initiatives in the Turkish-Azeri relations after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan. Completed in 2006 Length: 1767 km. Cost: Approx. 4 billion dollars One million barrels of Caspian crude oil is pumped each day Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan signed a Transit Agreement in June 2006 to connect Kazakh oil to BTC BTC is an alternative route to Russia and Iran for crude oil

52 Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline and its prolongation to Kazakhstan (Shah-Deniz Project)

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54 Nabucco It is a critical nascent natural gas transit option Potential target date for completion is 2015 Will be transporting gas primarily from Azerbaijan to Central Europe via the Turkish gas hub of Erzurum

55 Turkey s Nuclear Program Turkey plans to have three nuclear power plants by There are talks with mainly Russia and Japan for the construction of power plants. Turkish Parliament approved a bill on an agreement between Russia and Turkey for the construction of Turkey s first nuclear power plant in Akkuyu, a town in Mersin province, in July Russian state-owned atomic power company ROSATOM is likely to start building the Akkuyu nuclear power plant in 2013, and the first reactor is expected to begin generating electricity in 2018.

56 Trans-Anatolian Pipeline Project On December 26, 2011, Turkey and Azerbaijan have signed a memorandum of understanding for the transfer of Azeri gas to Europe. Intergovernmental agreement to launch Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) was inked on June 26, 2012 by Erdoğan and Aliyev. The projected amount of gas to transport is 16 billion cubic meters per year. 6 billion cubic meters/year will remain in Turkey, 10 billion cubic meters/year will be transferred to Europe. The capacity of gas flow is expected to reach to 31 billion m3 in fifteen years. According to Erdogan, the first gas will flow in the pipeline in 2018.

57 Trans-Anatolian Pipeline Project

58 Russia does not want to lose its leverage in the regional energy politics. Thus put pressure on Central Asian countries not to enter Nabucco project. Both Turkey and Azerbaijan are strongly dependent on Russia. Azerbaijan in politics and trade, Turkey in energy and trade. Two days after the memorandum of understanding for the Trans- Anatolian Pipeline (on Dec 28, 2011), Turkey and Russia agreed on South Stream for transferring Russian gas to Europe through the Turkish Exclusive Economic Zone. 63 billion cubic meters per year. Discount in gas prices in return A bypass project for Russia after Ukraine. Putin: «A New Year s gift to Russia.»

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61 Kaynaklar Atomların elektron yapısı, Yrd.Doç.Dr. İbrahim İsmet Öztürk, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi. Power Management in Energy Harvesting Power Supplies,1st International Workshop on Power Supply on Chip (PwrSoC) 08, , Cork, Ireland. Wind Power Fundamentals, Presented by: Alex Kalmikov and Katherine Dykes With contributions from: Kathy Araujo PhD Candidates, MIT Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Systems and Urban Planning, MIT Wind Energy Group & Renewable Energy Projects in Action, Enerji Ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı İle Bağlı, İlgili Ve İlişkili Kuruluşlarının Amaç Ve Faaliyetleri Ankara, 2016 Energy Fact Book, Türkiye nin Enerji Potansiyeli ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi Açısından Önemi, Mutlu YILMAZ, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi, Coğrafya Bölümü, Ankara, BP Statistical Review of World Energy Clean Energy Investment Trends, Abraham Louw, January 16, Perspectives for the Energy Transition Investment Needs for a Low-Carbon Energy System, The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Vizyon 2023 teknoloji öngörü projesi, Enerji ve doğal kaynaklar paneli raporu, Yrd.Doç.Dr. Handan ÇUBUK, Tubitak, 24 TEMMUZ 2003, ANKARA 2016 Elektrik Üretim Sektör Raporu, Elektrik Üretim Anonim Şirketi, Araştırma Planlama Ve Koordinasyon Dairesi Başkanlığı, İstatistik ve Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Mayıs 2017 Enerji Yönetimi Ders Notları, Yrd.Doç.Dr. Kemal ÜÇÜNCÜ, Orman Endüstri Makinaları ve İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon World Energy Issues Monitor 2017, The World Energy Council. Ders Notları from Internet.