THE NON-SLEEPING GIANT: CHINA UYUMAYAN DEV: Ç N

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1 THE NON-SLEEPING GIANT: CHINA UYUMAYAN DEV: Ç N DEN Z SÖZEN Çin, dünya ekonomisinin ve ticaretinin devleri aras ndaki yerini çoktan ald. Hatta birçok alanda rakiplerini korkutur durumda. Çin in 2004 y l ithalat ve ihracat n n toplam de eri 1.15 trilyon dolard. Ticari gemi filosunun kapasitesi ise 2003 y l itibariyle 37 milyon dwt. Peki son y llarda yaflanan bu ç k fl n s rlar ve dünya denizcilik sektörüne yans malar neler? leride neler olacak? flte bu sorular n yan tlar n araflt rd k. China has already secured its position among the giants of the world economy and trade. Even, the country worries its competitors in many areas. Total value of exports and imports of China in 2004 was USD 1.15 trillion. The total tonnage of China s international maritime transport fleet is over 37 million dwt as of What are the secrets of these recent developments and their reflections on the world maritime industry? What will happen in the future? We have searched for the answers to these questions. 036

2 D ünyan n en büyük 7. ekonomik gücü ve 3. en büyük ticaret gücü olan Çin, 2001 y l ndan beri denizcilikte de büyük bir ç k fl yafl yor. Bu durumun en büyük sebebi olarak ithalat ve ihracatta yaflanan art fl gösteriliyor. Çin in geçti imiz sene içerisinde gerçeklefltirdi i ithalat ve ihracat n toplam de eri 1.15 trilyon dolard. Ülkenin Dünya Ticaret Örgütü ne (WTO) girifli, yak n zamanda gerçeklefltirilen ekonomik reform paketleri, genifl insan kayna, devam eden flehirleflme ve 2008 de Pekin de düzenlenecek olan Olimpiyat Oyunlar ekonomide büyük talepler yaratt. Bu da beraberinde daha çok ihracat ve ithalat getirdi. Ülkenin 2004 y l nda gerçeklefltirdi i ihracat n de eri, yüzde 35.4 lük bir art flla milyar dolar, ithalat n de eri ise yüzde 36.0 l k art flla milyar dolar oldu. Sonuç olarak, artan ticaret artan tafl mac l k demekti. Tafl mac l n en rahat, ucuz ve çevre dostu yöntemi denizyolu da bu süreç içerisinde tabii ki ön plana ç kt. HER fiey NASIL BAfiLADI? Çin in her alanda yaflad geliflimin kökleri uzun bir sürece yay l - yor. Ekonomik geliflmenin önündeki en büyük engel olarak görülen ulafl m sistemi 1980 lerde ele al nmaya baflland. Demiryollar ve karayollar yenilendi. Deniz filosu dünya limanlar na birçok sefer düzenliyor fakat gemiler kendi ülkelerindeki limanlarda büyük sorunlarla karfl lafl yordu de ulafl m sistemi sayesinde 2.7 milyar ton ürün elleçlendi. Bu miktar n 65 milyon tonluk k sm okyanus tafl mac l, 434 milyon tonluk k sm ise iç suyollar tafl mac l - ndan sa lanm flt y llar n kapsayan 7. 5 y ll k plana göre hükümet özel fonlar ve yerel yat r mlar da kullanarak ulafl m sistemini gelifltirecekti. Limanlar n kurulmas öncelikli projeler aras ndayd. Amaç, liman kapasitelerinin 200 milyon ton art r lmas idi e gelindi inde ülke limanlar nda elleçlenen yük miktar, yüzde 21.3 lük art flla 4 milyar tonu bulmufltu. Bu miktar n 1.15 milyar tonluk k sm n d fl ticaret oluflturuyordu. Limanlarda elleçlenen konteyner miktar da 61.5 milyon TEU idi larda Çin in ticari filosu 30 dan daha az gemiye sahipti ve 80 lerin sonuna do ru deniz tafl mac l kapasitesi çok büyük ölçüde art y l na gelindi inde Çin denizcili i, 600 den fazla gemisi ve toplam 16 milyonluk tonaj yla dünya s ralamas nda 9. idi. Filo, devletin sahibi oldu u COSCO taraf ndan iflletiliyordu. Modern roll-on ve roll-off gemileri, konteyner gemileri, büyük dökme yük gemileri, so utuculu gemiler, petrol tankerleri, çok amaçl gemilere sahip olan Çin, 100 den fazla ülkedeki 400 limana u rar hale gelmiflti te sadece 15 konteyner gemisine sahip olan Çin, bir sene sonra bu say ya 7 tane daha ekledi, ayn sene 22 tanesini de siparifl etti. Çin tersaneleri 1980 lerin bafllar nda kendi deniz filolar için de gemi infla etmeye bafllad y l itibariyle Çin in okyanusafl r gemi filosunun toplam kapasitesi 37 milyon dwt idi. Bu kapasite ile Çin dünya s ralamas nda 4. lü e ç km fl durumda de 12. s rada oldu u göz önünde bulunduruldu unda, 25 sene içinde bunun gerçeklefltirilmifl olmas büyük bir geliflme. H aving grown to become the world s seventh largest economic power and the third largest trading nation, China has experienced a great development in the maritime industry since Experts say the most important reason of that development is the increase in the volume of imports and exports. Total value of exports and imports of China in 2004 was USD 1.15 trillion. The country s entry into the World Trade Organization, the economic reforms implemented recently, huge human resources, ongoing urbanization, and the Olympic Games to be held in Beijing in 2008 created great demands in economy, which led to more exports and imports. Total value of China s exports in 2004 was billion dollars with a 35.4 percent increase, and the value of imports was billion dollars with a 36.0 percent increase. Consequently, the increasing trade meant increasing need for transportation. Needless to say, shipping that is the most convenient, economical, and environmentally friendly means of transportation has gained importance during that process. HOW HAS ALL THAT BEGUN? Roots of all those developments China undergoes spread throughout a long process. The transportation system that was considered to be the biggest obstacle preventing economic development began to be dealt with in the 1980s. Railways and highways have been renewed. The maritime transport fleet provides many services to ports all around the world. However, the vessels experienced big problems at the ports in their own country. In 1985 the transportation system handled 2.7 billion tons of goods. Of this, ocean shipping handled 65 million tons and inland waterways handled 434 million tons. According to the Seventh Five-Year Plan covering the period between 1986 and 1990, the government would improve the transportation system also using the private funds. Establishment of ports was among the toppriority projects. The objective was to increase the capacities of the ports by 200 million tons. In 2004, amount of goods handled at the ports throughout the country reached 4 billion tons with a 21.3 percent increase. Foreign trade accounted for 1.15 billion ton portion of that amount. And the number of containers handled at the Chinese ports was 61.5 million TEUs. In the 1960s, China s merchant fleet had less than 30 vessels. MARINE & COMMERCE APRIL

3 EKONOM K GEL fimeler Yangtze Nehri // River 1979 dan beri Çin, ekonomisini yeniden düzenlemek için çal flmalar yap yor. O senelerde Çin hükümeti, ekonominin gelifltirilmesi için d fl ticarete odaklanmak gerekti inin fark ndayd. Çin, 1980 lerde üretimi, yaflam standartlar n, enflasyonu, iflsizli i ve bütçe aç klar n artt rmadan teknolojik kaliteyi yükseltmek için merkezi planlamay ve market odakl reformlar birlefltirmeye çal flt. Bu çal flmalar sonucunda tar msal ve endüstriyel getirideki büyüme yüzde 10 civar nda oldu. Ancak 1980 lerin sonuna do ru ekonomi, yükselen enflasyon nedeniyle zor günler geçiriyordu. Çin ekonomisi 1990 larda tekrar istikrar kazand. Çin, 1990 l y llarda yavafl yavafl kendini dünya ticaret sistemine entegre etmeye bafllad. Bu do rultuda, 1991 Kas m nda, ekonomi, ticaret, yat r m ve teknoloji alanlar nda serbest ticareti ve iflbirli ini destekleyen Asia Pacific Economic Corporation (APEC) e kat ld. Yeni yüzy lla beraber Çin yeni ekonomik ve sosyal geliflmelere gebeydi y l n n Aral k ay nda ülke Dünya Ticaret Örgütü ne (WTO) kat ld. Bu ticari liberalleflme at l m yla beraber, ülke gümrük tarifelerini düflürmeyi ve market engellerini kald rmay kabul etmifl oluyordu. Yine ayn sene Çin baz yabanc bankalar n fiangay da flube açmalar na ve baz yabanc yat r mc lar n Çin borsas nda ifllem yapmas na izin veriyordu ve 2001 y llar nda, Tamam na Yabanc lar n Sahip Oldu u Giriflimler ve Çin Yabanc Özsermaye Ortak Giriflimleri hakk ndaki kanunlar yenilendi. Bu yenileme hemen meyvelerini verdi. Ülke, 2002 y l nda 53 milyar dolarl k d fl kaynakl do rudan yat r m elde etti. Ayr ca Çin in, ço unlu unu Japonya, AB ülkeleri, ABD, Güney Kore, Hong Kong ve Tayvan ile gerçeklefltirdi i küresel ticareti 2002 de 616 milyar dolar buldu. The capacity of marine transportation significantly increased by the end of the 1970s and the 1980s. In 1986, the Chinese maritime sector ranked ninth in the world with more than 600 ships and a total capacity of 16 million tons. The fleet was operated by state-owned enterprise COSCO. Modern roll-on rolloff vessels, containerships, large bulkers, reefers, oil tankers, and multi-purpose vessels in the fleet began calling at around 400 ports in more than 100 countries all around the world. China had only 15 container ships in its merchant fleet in 1984, but added 7 more to that number one year later and placed an order for 22 more in the same year. The Chinese shipyards began building vessels also for the country s merchant fleet by the beginning of the 1980s. As of 2003, the total capacity of China s transoceanic vessel fleet was 37 million dwt. Today, China ranks fourth in the world. When the fact that the country ranked twelfth in 1978 is taken into consideration, it is a significant development to achieve within 25 years. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS China has implemented reforms to reorganize it economy since At that time, the Chinese government was aware of the fact that the country should focus on foreign trade to develop the Ç N N TOPLAM THALAT VE HRACATI TOTAL IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF CHINA ($100 ml) Toplam thalat ve ihracat Toplam ihracat Toplam thalat Denge Y l // Year Total Imports & Exports Total Exports Total Imports Balance thalat ve ihracat aras ndaki denge için eksi de er d fl ticaret aç n temsil ediyor. A minus value for balance between imports and exports represents a foreign trade deficit. 038

4 Ç N N EN BÜYÜK L MANI fiangay Çin in en ifllek limanlar, en büyük 3 ekonomi ve ticaret merkezinde konufllanm fl durumda. Bu merkezler ve merkezlerdeki limanlar flöyle s ralan yor: Pearl River Delta: Guangzhou, Shenzen Yangtze River Delta: fiangay, Ningbo Bohai Rim Area: Qingdao, Dalian, Tianjin Çin in en büyük liman olan fiangay liman nda, 2004 te 380 milyon ton yük elleçlendi. Liman, yük hacmi bak m ndan da dünyan n en büyük 2. liman ünvan n elde etti. Miktar, 2003 e göre yüzde 19.8 artm flt. Yine 2004 te limanda elleçlenen konteyner miktar 14,55 milyon TEU idi. Bu sayede liman tüm dünya limanlar içinde 3. s rada yer ald. Liman, geçti imiz sene açt 33 yeni rota sayesinde flu anda 200 den fazla ülkede 500 limanla ba lant l konteyner tafl mac - l yap yor. fiangay daki Yangshan derin su liman nda 2005 y l sonuna do ru 5 adet ba lama yeri devreye al nacak. Bu projenin ilk aflamas yla su derinli i 15 m ye ç kar lacak. Böylelikle 8,000 TEU luk konteyner gemileri de limana girebilecek. Bu durumda liman n kapasitesi y lda 2.2 milyon TEU artacak. Proje 2010 y l nda tamamland nda liman, toplam 19 yeni ba lama yerine sahip olacak. fiangay n derin su ba lama yerinin olmay fl liman n dünya çap nda elleçleme miktar nda liderli e oynamas n n önündeki en büyük engeldi. fiangay ayn zamanda iç su yollar n n iyilefltirilmesi için de planlar haz rl yor. Nehirlerin konteyner tafl mac l na uygun hale getirilmesi için 1.09 milyar dolarl k yat r m yap lmas planlan yor. Liman, 2005 y l n n sonunda 150 milyon ton mal ve 10 milyon TEU, 2010 y l n n sonunda ise 200 milyon tonun üzerinde mal ve 10 milyon TEU nun üzerinde elleçleme yapm fl olmak hedefinde. Ningbo, ülkenin en ifllek 2. liman. Ningbo nun do u liman 2004 ün ilk 11 ay nda, 2003 y l ndakine göre yüzde 21.6 l k bir art flla 209 milyon ton yük elleçledi. Liman, terminallerini gelifltirmek için 800 milyon dolarl k yat r m yapacak. Bu yat r m n 650 milyon dolar n OOIL ve Ningbo Port Group, 150 milyon dolar n ise Hutchison Whampao karfl layacak. Ningbo, 2010 a kadar derin su ba lama yerleri say s n 20 den 30 a ç karabilmek için toplam 1.9 milyar dolar harcamay planl yor. Çin in en büyük kömür limanlar ndan biri olan Tianjin, ayn zamanda ülkenin de en büyük 4. liman. Limanda, 2002 y l nda, yüzde 13.4 art flla 129 milyon ton mal ve yüzde 19.8 lik art flla 2,048 milyon TEU konteyner elleçlendi. Limana 13,500 gemi u rad. Bu da günde yaklafl k 40 gemiye denk geliyor. Konteyner, kömür, ham petrol, mineral ve tah l ihracat ve ithalat için tercih edilen Qingdao liman n n 2002 de ç kt s 120 milyon tonu geçti. Bu rakam 2001 e göre yüzde 20 lik yani 20 milyon tonluk bir art fl gösteriyor. Konteyner ç kt s ise 3.3 milyon TEU yu buldu. L MANLARIN KAPAS TES ARTIYOR Shenzen liman, 20 sene içerisinde güney Çin in bir numaral liman haline geldi. Liman, 2004 te elleçledi i milyon TEU konteyner miktar ile dünyada 4. s rada yer ald. Bu 2003 e göre economy. In the 1980s, China strived to combine central planning with market-focused reforms to increase production, living standards and technological quality without increasing the inflation, unemployment, and budget deficits. As a result of all these efforts, the growth in agricultural and industrial yields increased to around 10 percent. However, the economy underwent hard times due to the increasing inflation toward the end of the 1980s. The Chinese economy achieved stability again in the 1990s. China began gradually integrating itself into the world trade system in the 1990s. As a result, in November 1991, the country joined Asia Pacific Economic Corporation (APEC), an organization supporting free trade and cooperation in the fields of economy, trade, investment, and technology. China underwent new economic and social developments with the beginning of the new century. In December 2001, the country joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). With that commercial liberalization, China agreed to decrease the customs tariffs and remove market obstacles. Again in the same year, China allowed some foreign banks to open branches in Shanghai and some foreign investors to transact at the Chinese stock exchange. In 2000 and 2001, the laws on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises and on China Foreign Equity Joint Ventures were updated. The new updated laws soon began producing favorable results: The country attracted 53 billion dollars of foreign direct investments in Moreover, China s global trade particularly with Japan, the EU countries, the United States of America, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan amounted to 616 billion dollars in CHINA S BIGGEST PORT: SHANGHAI China s most prominent ports are located in the 3 biggest economic and commercial centers, which are: Pearl River Delta: Guangzhou, Shenzhen MARINE & COMMERCE APRIL

5 yüzde 28 lik bir art fla denk geliyordu. Shenzen e 3 yeni projeyle ek terminaller ve ba lama yerleri infla edilecek. Bu sayede y ll k kapasitenin 18 milyon TEU unun üzerine ç kar lmas planlan yor. Dalian flehrinin 2010 y l itibariyle 900 milyon tonluk tafl ma hacmine ulaflaca tahmin ediliyor. Önümüzdeki 15 sene içinde Dayaowan bölgesinde 20 derin su terminali de dahil olmak üzere konteyner terminali infla edilecek. Bu terminaller 8,000 TEU kapasiteli süper büyük konteyner gemilerinin elleçlenmesi s ras nda kullan labilecek. Bunun yan nda 300,000 tonun üzerindeki petrol tankerleri için de bir terminal kurulacak. Böylelikle liman n petrol elleçleme miktar 80 milyon tona ç kacak. Ayr ca bir de LNG terminali kurulacak. Liman n y ll k tah l ve maden elleçleme kapasitesi de s ras yla18 ve 20 milyon tona ç kacak. Roll-on roll-off gemileri için de ba lama yerleri infla edilecek. Tüm bunlar gerçeklefltirildi inde Dalian limanlar n n 2010 da uluslararas 20 rotaya, 2020 de ise 30 rotaya yük tafl yaca düflünülüyor. fiehir ayn zamanda bir finans merkezi halini de alacak. Buras flimdiden yabanc finans kurumlar n n dikkatini çekmifl durumda. Xiamen Çin in en büyük 7. liman. Xiamen Liman daresi yöneticisi Wang Yongjun un belirtti ine göre önümüzdeki 6 sene içerisinde Xiamen flehrindeki limanlar n ve terminallerin yenilenmesi için 1.3 ila 1.7 milyar dolar aras nda kayna a gerek duyulacak. L MANLARDAN YABANCI SERMAYE TALEB Çin limanc l k sektöründe görülen en büyük problem özellefltirilmifl limanlar n yetersizli i. Ülkede, sadece kömür, petrol ya da Yangtze River Delta: Shanghai, Ningbo Bohai Rim Area: Qingdao, Dalian, Tianjin Total of 380 million tons of goods were handled at the Shanghai port, China s biggest port, in The port also became the world s second biggest port in terms of the cargo volume. The volume increased by 19.8 percent compared to that of Again in 2004, number of containers handled at the port was 14,55 million TEUs. As a consequence, the port ranked third among all ports in the world. Owing to 33 new routes opened last year, the port currently transports containers to and from around 500 ports in over 200 countries. 5 berths will be put into service at the Yangshan deep-water port in Shanghai toward the end of In the first phase of the project, the depth of water will be increased to 15 meters. Thus, 8,000 TEU containerships will be able to enter the port. As a result, port s capacity will increase by 2.21 million TEUs per year. By 2010, when the project is expected to be completed, the port will have total of 19 new berths. The fact that Shanghai did not have deep-water berths was the biggest obstacle preventing the port from becoming the leader in handling volume in the world. Shanghai also prepares plans aimed at improvement of the inland waterways. An investment in the amount of 1.09 billion dollars has been planned to make the rivers appropriate for container transportation. The port aims to handle 150 million tons of goods and 10 million TEUs by the end of 2005, and over 200 million tons of goods and over 10 million TEUs by the end of Ningbo is the second busiest port in the country. The eastern port of Ningbo handled total of 209 million tons of goods in the first 11 months of 2004 with an increase by 21.6 percent compared to that in The port will make an investment of 800 million dollars to improve its terminals. 650 million dollar portion of that amount will be provided by OOIL and Ningbo Port Group, and 150 million dollars by Hutchison Whampao. Ningbo also plans to spend total of 1.9 billion dollars to increase the number of deep-water berths from 20 to 30 until Tianjin, one of the biggest coal ports in China, is also the fourth biggest port in the country. Total of 129 million tons of goods (representing an increase by 13.4 percent), and million TEUs (representing an increase by 19.8 percent) were handled at the port in The port accommodated over 13,500 ships, corresponding to an average of 40 ships a day. Throughput of the Qingdao port that is preferred for transporting containers and exporting and importing coal, crude oil, mineral and cereals, exceeded 120 million tons in That figure represents an increase by 20 percent, i.e. 20 million tons, compared to the year The container throughput of the port surpassed 3.3 million TEUs. CAPACITY OF THE PORTS INCREASES Shenzhen port has become the country s number one port within the last 20 years. With total of 13,66 million TEUs handled, the port ranked fourth in the world in That figure represented a 28 percent increase compared to With 3 new projects, additional terminals and berths are planned to be built at Shenzen. Thus, the annual capacity is planned to be increased over 18 million TEUs. 040

6 ham mineral gibi yüklerin elleçlenmesinde kullan labilecek tesisler mevcut de il. Ningbo Reform ve Geliflim Komisyonu yetkilisi Xu Qiang, bu tür limanlar n kurulabilmesi için özel sermayenin artt lmas gerekti ini düflünüyor y l bafl nda yürürlü e giren Liman Kanunu çeflitli yat - r mlar n sektöre girmesini teflvik ediyor ancak ne var ki devletin karar verici rolü halen sürüyor. Çin Limanlar ve R ht mlar Derne i yöneticisi Tu Deming e göre özel yat r mc lar n küçük ve orta ölçekli liman projeleriyle bu ifle girmeleri onlar için iyi olabilir y l na kadar ülke limanlar merkezi hükümetin do rudan kontrolü alt ndayd. fiu anda ise bölgesel idareler, limanlar n günlük operasyonlar n izliyor. Öte yandan, dünyan n önde gelen terminal ve liman devleri, ülkede bir terminal ya da ba lama yeri elde edebilmek için birbiriyle yar fl yor. Maersk Sealand, Hutchison Whampoa, Orient Overseas International gibi dünya çap ndaki birçok armatörlük firmas n n ülkede terminali var. Çin letiflim Bakanl taraf ndan yay nlanan rapora göre ülke, limanlar ndaki elleçleme kapasitesini 2010 a kadar flu ankinin 2 kat na, yani 3.5 milyar tona ç karmay hedefliyor. GEM LER N YÜZDE 15 Ç N DE ÜRET L YOR! Gemi infla sanayi de Çin ekonomisinin büyümesinden nasibini ald. Üretim, 2002 y l nda ilk defa 4 milyon DWT a ç kt te 6.41 milyon DWT oldu. Bu rakam dünya toplam n n yüzde 12 sine denk geliyordu. Çin Gemi nfla Ekonomik Araflt rma Merkezi nin aç klad na göre ülke, 2004 y - l nda 9 milyon ton gemi infla etti ki bu da dünya pazar nda infla edilen gemi miktar n n yüzde 15 ine denk geliyor. Geçti imiz sene al nan siparifller de dünya toplam n n yüzde 17 sini oluflturuyordu y l nda ülkenin 65 ila 70 milyon tonluk gemi siparifli alaca ve üretimin 10 milyon tonu geçece i tahmin ediliyor. Ülkede irili ufakl toplam 600 tersane bulunuyor. Çin tersaneleri ilk olarak 1950 li y llarda Sovyetler den gemi infla konusunda yard m almaya bafllad. Daha sonra yard m almadan Sovyet tasar mlar n kopyalamaya bafllad lar. En sonunda da kendi tasar mlar n hayata geçirdiler. Ç N GEM NfiADA NEDEN AVANTAJLI? Ülke, 2015 te dünya gemi infla s ralamas nda rakipleri Güney Kore ve Japonya y geride b rakarak 1. s raya ç kmak istiyor. Brokerlik firmas It is estimated that the city of Dalian will achieve a transportation volume of 900 million tons by Container terminals, including 20 deep-water terminals, will be built in the Dayaowan region within the next 15 years. These terminals will be used for handling super large TEU containerships. In addition, one more terminal will be built for oil tankers with over 300,000 tons of capacity. Thus, the oil handling capacity of the port will rise to 80 million tons. Moreover, an LNG terminal is planned. The annual cereal and ore handling capacity of the port will increase to 18 and 20 million tons respectively. Special berths will be built for roll-on roll-off vessels. When all these projects have been completed, the Dalian ports will transport goods to 20 routes in 2010 and 30 routes in The city will, at the same time, become a financial center. It has already attracted attention of foreign financial organizations. Xiamen ports rank seventh in China. According to Wang Yongjun, Xiamen Port Administration director, the port will need financial resources of around 1.3 to 1.7 billion dollars for the modernization of ports and terminals in the city of Xiamen within the next 6 years. FOREIGN CAPITAL DEMAND OF PORTS The biggest problem in the port sector in China is the inadequacy of privatized ports. The country is short of specialized facilities designed to handle commodities such as coal, oil and raw mineral materials. Xu Qiang, an official from Ningbo Reform and Development Commission, thinks that the amount of private capital needs to be increased for establishment of such specialized ports. Although the Harbour Law that took effect by the beginning of 2004 encourages the entry of diverse investments into the sector, the state s decisive role still continues. According to Tu Deming, director of the China Ports and Harbors Association, for private investors, the small and medium-sized port projects may be a better choice to start with. Ports in China used to be under the direct control of the central government until Now, the regional governments monitor the daily operations of the ports. On the other MARINE & COMMERCE APRIL

7 Winmar n yöneticisi Even Winje ye göre Çin in bu konuda rakiplerine göre avantajlar flöyle s ralan yor: lk olarak, Çin in k y fleridi uzunlu u toplam Güney Kore ninkinin yaklafl k 7 kat. Çin 14,500 km lik, Güney Kore ise 2,413 km lik k - y fleridine sahip. kincisi, Güney Kore ve Japon ekonomileri gemi inflayla ba lant l olan endüstriyel geliflim aflamas n çoktan aflm fl durumda. Bu olgun ekonomiler, kirli, tehlikeli ve zor olan gemi infladan kaç n yor. Bu kaç nma Çin in önünü aç yor. Çin nüfusunun üçte ikisi flehir merkezlerine gitmek ve ekonomik hayata kat lmak istiyor. Üçüncü avantaj burada ortaya ç k yor. Çin de iflçi ücretleri Güney Kore dekinin çeyre i kadar. Dördüncü avantaj, Çin deki tersane kurmaya elveriflli arazi fiyatlar m 2 bafl na 5-6 dolar aras nda iken, Güney Kore de bu rakam n m 2 bafl na dolara ç kmas. Tüm bu avantajlar n yan nda Winje ye göre Çin in baz dezavantajlar da bulunuyor. Çin tersanelerindeki düflünce sisteminin, araflt rma - gelifltirme merkezleri ve daha çok yabanc uzman arac l yla gelifltirilmesi gerekiyor. Ayr ca tedarik zincirinde yaflanan problemlerin de çözülmesi laz m. EN BÜYÜK TERSANELER Ülkenin en büyük iki gemi infla flirketinden biri olan China State fiangay // Shanghai hand, the world s leading terminal and port giants race to obtain a terminal or berth in the country. Many global shipowning companies such as Maersk Sealand, Hutchison Whampao, Orient Overseas International own terminals in China. According to the report issued by the China Ministry of Communications, the country aims to double the handling capacity of the ports (i.e. to increase to 3.5 billion tons) until PERCENT OF THE VESSELS BUILT IN CHINA! The shipbuilding industry also had its share from the growth of the Chinese economy. Production increased to 4 million DWT in 2002 for the first time and soared to 6.41 million DWT in That accounted for 12 percent of the world s total. According to China Shipbuilding Economic Research Center, the country built around 9 million tons of ships in 2004, which accounted for 15 percent of all ships built worldwide. Orders received last year accounted for 17 percent of the world s total. It is expected that China will receive orders for 65 to 70 million tons of ships and production will exceed 10 million tons in There are total of 600 shipyards, both large and small, in the country. The Chinese shipyards initially received assistance from the Soviets in shipbuilding in the 1950s. Later, they began copying the Soviet designs without assistance. And finally, they have begun developing their own designs. WHY IS CHINA ADVANTAGEOUS IN SHIPBUILDING? China aims to leave South Korea and Japan behind to become the number 1 in shipbuilding by According to Even Winje, managing director of a ship broking firm, China has several advantages to its competitors. First, the length of China s coastlines is almost seven times that of South Korea. China s coastline totals 14,500 kilometers compared with South Korea s 2,413 kilometers. Second, he Korean and Japanese economies have moved far beyond the phase of industrial development associated with shipbuilding. These mature economies avoid any economic activity that entails dirty, dangerous and difficult, like shipbuilding. So, the field is open for China. Some two-thirds of the Chinese population is eager to go to the urban centers and join the economy. The third advantage arises from that fact. The wage costs in China are a quarter of those in South Korea. And the fourth advantage is that the cost of suitable land in China is currently about 5 to 6 dollars per square meter in China. A comparative figure in South Korea is around 30 to 50 dollars per square meter. According to Winje, in addition to these advantages, China also has some disadvantages. The Chinese shipyards way of thinking should be upgraded through research and development centers and bringing in more foreign experts. Furthermore, the problems experienced in the supply chain should also be solved. THE BIGGEST SHIPYARDS China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC), one of the two biggest shipbuilding companies in China, built 3.57 million tons of ships in That figure represents a 64.5 percent growth 042

8 Tianjin Konteyner Terminali // Container Terminal Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC), 2004 te 3.57 milyon DWT luk üretim yapt. Bu rakam, bir önceki y la oranla ço unlu unu ihracat n oluflturdu u yüzde 64.5 lik bir art fl gösteriyor. fiirket, 2004 y l nda, yüzde 88.5 i yabanc armatörlerden olmak üzere 4.6 milyon tonluk siparifl ald. Tersane, 2005 te üretimini 4.36 milyon DWT a ç karmak, 2010 y l na kadar dünya s ralamas nda ilk üçe girmek, 2015 e kadar da 1 numara olmak istiyor. Bugüne kadar tersanenin ald siparifl miktar 13 milyon tona ulaflm fl durumda. Yangtze nehrinin kenar nda bulunan Çin in en büyük tersanesi Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co y l nda batakl kt. 4,500 çal flan yla 7/24 çal flan tersanedeki gemilerin yüzde 90 ndan fazlas ABD, Türkiye, Yunanistan ve Japonya için yap l yor. Dalian New Shipbuilding Heavy Industries Co. Çin in Kuzeydo u bölgesindeki Liaoning bölgesinin en büyük 2. tersanesini iflletiyor. Di er yandan, ülke dünyan n en büyük tersanesini kurmak için çal flmalar n sürdürüyor. fiangay n Yangtze nehrinin a z ndaki Changxin Adas n n 8 km lik k y s boyunca kurulacak olan tersanenin inflas sürüyor. CSSC taraf ndan yürütülen projenin maliyeti 3.6 milyar dolar. Çal flmalara 2004 Kas m ay nda baflland nin sonuna do ru bitirilmesi ve y ll k 8 milyon DWT luk kapasitesiyle 2015 te de tam anlam yla iflliyor olmas bekleniyor. CSSC Genel Müdür Yard mc s Zhou Zhenbo nun verdi i bilgiye göre, tersanede yüksek teknolojili LNG tafl y c lar, süper tankerler ve hatta lüks hat gemileri infla edilecek. Bu yat r m, çelik ve makine üretimi gibi yan endüstrilerin geliflmesini ve 70 binden fazla insan için de ifl imkan sa layacak. Projenin bir parças olarak iki büyük fiangay bazl Jiangnan ve Hudong tersaneleri de 2010 da bu yeni tersanede yeniden konumland r lacak. CSCL DEN BEKLENT LER N ÜZER NDE NET KAR Çin in en büyük armatörü China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO). fiirket yaklafl k 600 adet farkl tipte ticari geminin sahibi ve iflletmecisi. Bu gemilerin toplam tafl ma kapasitesi 35 milyon DWT u buluyor. Grubun uzmanlaflt ana faaliyet alanlar n tafl mac l k ve lojistik oluflturuyor. COSCO Baflkan Wei Jiafu nun aç klad - na göre grubun 2004 y l net kar yaklafl k 1.4 milyar dolar idi. Ülkenin en büyük ikinci konteyner operatörü China Shipping Contacompared to the previous year. The company also received orders of 4.6 million tons in 2004, 88.5 percent of which were purchased by foreign shipowners. The shipyard aims to increase its production to 4.36 million DWT in 2005, to rank among the top three until 2010, and to be the number one until By now, the total orders received by the company have reached 13 million tons. China s largest shipyard Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipbuilding Co. located on the banks of the Yangtze River was established on a marshland in The shipyard employs some 4,500 employees working 24 hours a day and seven days a week by shifts. More than 90 percent of the ships built at the yard are made for the owners in the U.S.A., Turkey, Greece and Japan. Dalian New Shipbuilding Heavy Industries Co. runs China s second biggest shipyard in northeastern Liaoning region. On the other hand, the country carries out works to establish the world s largest shipyard. Construction of the shipyard is underway along the 8-kilometer coastline of the Changxing Island situated at the mouth of the Yangtze River in Shanghai. Cost of the project implemented by CSSC is 3.6 billion dollars. Construction of the yard began in November The construction is due to be completed by the end of 2007 and the yard is expected to be fully operational by 2015 with an annual capacity of 8 million DWT. CSSC Vice General Manager Zhou Zhenbo said the yard would be capable of building high-tech LNG carriers, supertankers, and even luxury liners. It will also help boost relevant industries such as steel and engine manufacturing, and create job opportunities for more than 70,000 people. As part of the project, two existing shipyards in Shanghai, the Jiangnan and the Hudong, will be relocated to the new yard in CSCL S NET PROFIT ABOVE EXPECTATIONS China s biggest shipowner is China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO). The company owns and operates a variety of merchant fleet of some 600 vessels. The total carrying capacity of these vessels total 35 million DWT. Shipping and logistics are the core businesses in which the Group is specialized. According to Wei Jiafu, President of COSCO, the Group s net profit for the year 2004 was approximately 1.4 billion US dollars. China s second biggest container operator China Shipping Container Lines (CSCL) increased its total operating capacity by 043

9 iner Lines (CSCL) 2004 y l nda toplam operasyon kapasitesini yüzde 28.1 artt rarak 254,207 TEU ya ç kartt. Geçen sene operasyona 15 yeni büyük ölçekli gemi kat lm flt. fiirket, 2005 te de 21 geminin filoya dahil edilmesi için 759 milyon dolar harcayacak. Böylelikle gemi say s 135 e ç kacak, kapasite de TEU olacak te hat say s 8 yeni uluslararas hatt n daha aç lmas yla 83 e ç kacak. fiirketin 2004 net kar yüzde 191 lik bir art flla 486 milyon dolar oldu. Halbuki beklenen rakam 447 milyon dolard. KÖMÜR TAfiIMACILI I Devletin sahibi oldu u China Shipping (Group) Ltd. ülkenin en büyük ikinci deniz tafl mac l operatörü. fiirket 2005 te 966 milyon dolar harcayarak filosuna 39 yeni gemi katmak istiyor. Plan, 2010 itibariyle dünyan n en büyük 3 filosundan birine sahip olmak. Grup taraf ndan kontrol edilen China Shipping Development ülkenin en büyük petrol ve kömür tafl y c s. Al nacak yeni gemilerin içinde 6 tanker var ki bunlar sayesinde toplam kapasiteye 2.2 milyon ton eklenmifl olacak. fiirket, tafl mac l k hacmini yüzde artt rabilmek için milyon dolar harcamay planl yor y l n n sonunda filosunda toplam 5.24 milyon DWT kapasiteli 166 gemi bulunan flirketin tafl d petrol miktar 3.5 milyon tondu net kar yüzde 80 artarak, 222 milyon dolar oldu. China Shipping Group un flu anda 90 petrol tankeri, 120 si konteyner gemisi olmak üzere, 13 milyon DWT luk toplam 417 gemisi bulunuyor. fiirket 2004 te 100 milyon tondan fazla kömür tafl - d. Bu da ülke genelinde da t lan kömürün yüzde 5 ine denk geliyor. Amaç konteyner kapasitesini 2010 a kadar 280,000 TEU dan 650,000 TEU ya ç karmak DE NELER YAPILACAK? Çin Ulusal Geliflim ve Reform Komisyonu taraf ndan sunulan 2005 Ulusal Ekonomik ve Sosyal Geliflim Tasar Plan na göre 2005 te hedefler GSMH yi yüzde 8 büyütmek, 9 milyon ifl yaratmak, TÜFE yi 28.1 percent to 254,207 TEUs in large-scale vessels were added to the operation. The company will spend 759 million dollars to add 21 more vessels in 2005, increasing the total number of vessels to 135 and the total capacity to TEUs. The number of lines will rise to 83 with the addition of 8 new international lines in CSCL s net profit in 2004 amounted to 486 million dollars with a 191 percent increase. The expected figure was 447 million dollars. COAL TRANSPORTATION The state-owned China Shipping (Group) Ltd. is the country s second largest shipping firm. The company plans to spend 966 million dollars to add 39 new vessels to its fleet in The objective is to have one of the world s 3 largest fleets by China Shipping Development controlled by the Group is the nation s biggest oil and coal carrier. Six of the new vessels planned to be purchased will add 2.2 million tons to the total capacity. The company plans to spend 483 to 604 million dollars to be able to increase the transportation volume by 25 to 30 percent. The company had total of 166 vessels with a total carrying capacity of 5.24 million DWT by the end of 2004, and carried total of 3.5 million tons of oil. The net profit of the company increased by 80 percent and amounted to 222 million dollars in China Shipping Group currently owns total of 417 vessels, 90 of which are oil tankers and 120 containerships, with total capacity of 13 million DWT. The Group carried over 100 million tons of coals in 2004, which corresponds to 5 percent of all coal distributed throughout the country. The aim is to increase the container capacity from 280,000 TEUs to 650,000 TEUs until WHAT WILL BE DONE IN 2005? According to the 2005 Draft Plan for National Economic and Social Development issued by the China National Development and Reform Commission, the targets for the year 2005 is a GDP growth around 8 percent, creating 9 million more jobs, keeping the rise in the Ç N 2004 ULUSAL VE SOSYAL GEL fi M STAT ST K B LD R S CHINA STATISTICAL COMMUNIQUÉ OF NATIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN 2004 GDP 1,645 milyar dolar, 2003 e göre art fl yüzde 9.5. GDP 1,645 billion dollars, up by 9.5 percent compared with that Foreign exchange reserves milyar dolar, 2003 e göre art fl in Foreign exchange reserves billion dollars, an increase of milyar dolar billion dollars as compared with that in Endüstriyel giriflimciler taraf ndan elde edilen kar milyar The profits made by industrial enterprises billion dollars, dolar, 2003 e göre art fl yüzde an increase of 38.1 percent over Ülkeye turizm, ifl ya da aile ba nedeniyle gelen uluslararas ziyaretçi say s milyon, 2003 göre art fl yüzde 19. Total of million international visitors came to the country for tourism, business or family reunions, an increase of 19 percent over Araflt rma ve gelifltirme aktivitelerine ayr lan miktar 22.2 milyar The expenditure on research and development activities was 22.2 dolar, 2003 e göre art fl yüzde19.7. billion dollars, up 19.7 percent over Nüfus 1, milyon, 2003 e göre net nüfus art fl 7.61 milyon. Population was 1, million; the net population growth was Nüfusun büyüme h z 2003 e göre yüzde düfltü million compared with that in The growth rate decreased by percent compared with that Kaynak // Source: National Bureau of Statistics of China in MARINE & COMMERCE APRIL

10 ANA L MANLARDA ELLEÇLENEN YÜK M KTARI VOLUME OF FREIGHT HANDLED IN MAJOR PORTS (x 1000 ton) Seaport Toplam // Total Dalian Yingkou Qinhuangdao Tianjin Yantai Qingdao Rizhao Lianyungang Shanghai Ningbo Shantou Guangzhou Zhanjiang Haikou Basuo Sanya Di erleri // Others yüzde 4 ün alt nda tutmak, ithalat ve ihracat hacmini yüzde 15 artt rmak ve iki unsuru dengelemek, var olan kaynaklardan daha etkin biçimde yararlanmak, do um oran n mümkün oldu unca düflük tutmak, yaflam standartlar n yükseltmek, kültürel, sosyal ve teknolojik geliflmeleri h zland rmak olarak s ralan yor. Bu hedeflerden denizcilik ve tafl mac l k sektörünü ilgilendiren k - s mlar n gerçeklefltirilebilmesi için de çeflitli planlar yap lm fl. Bu planlar n içinde flunlar bulunuyor: Bohai Sea çevresindeki ve Yangtze ve Pearl nehirlerinin a zlar ndaki büyük gemi infla altyap s n ve tafl mac l k tesislerinin gelifltirilmesinin h zland r lmas. Büyük kapasiteli yüksek teknolojili gemilerin araflt r lmas ve gelifltirilmesinin organize edilmesi. Çelik, elektrolitik alüminyum, çimento ve kimyasal gübre endüstrilerinin gelifltirilmesi için planlar n yap lmas. Modern finans, modern lojistik ve bilgi servisleri gibi yeni hizmet endüstrilerinin de gelifltirilmesinin h zland r lmas. D fl ticaretin gelifltirilmesi için teknoloji ve endüstriyel yap n n gelifltirilmesi. Yabanc yat r mc lar n yeni ve yüksek teknolojili endüstrilerde, geliflmifl üretim endüstrisinde, modern hizmetlerde, modern tar mda ve çevre dostu endüstrilerde, devletin sahibi oldu u giriflimlerin yenilenmesi ve gelifltirilmesinde yat r m yapmalar için teflvik edilmesi. Uluslararas finans kurulufllar ndan ve yabanc hükümetlerden al nan kredilerden en iyi ve uygun flekilde yararlan lmas. & consumer price index (CPI) below 4 percent, increasing the total volume of imports and exports by 15 percent and balancing imports and exports, making more efficient use of resources, keeping the birthrate as low as possible, elevating the living standards, and accelerating the cultural, social and technological developments. Several plans have been drawn up for the implementation of the points related to the maritime and transportation sector. Among these plans are: Acceleration of development of the major shipbuilding infrastructure and shipping facilities around the Bohai Sea and at the estuaries of the Yangtze and Pearl rivers. Organization of research and development of large-capacity hitech ships. Preparation of plans for the development of the steel, electrolytic aluminum, cement, and chemical fertilizer industries. Acceleration of development of service industries such as modern finance, modern logistics, and information services. Development of the technological and industrial structure for the development of the foreign trade. Encouragement of the foreign investors to invest in new and high technology industries, advanced manufacturing industries, modern services, modern agriculture and environment-friendly industries, reorganization and technological upgrading of state-owned enterprises. Making good use of loans from international financial organizations and foreign governments. & Kaynaklar//Source: