FINANCING GLOBAL PUBLIC GOODS

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1 Yazar / Author: Dr. Emin Dedebek 1 k Mal ve Anahtar Kavramlar: FINANCING GLOBAL PUBLIC GOODS Abstract In our century, the concept of public goods is associated with the phenomenon of globalization. The main characteristics of non-competition and non-exclusion in consumption have been used to define public goods in conventional public finance literature; however, rapid globalization entailed new approaches and new concepts in public finance literature. Global public goods became one of the contemporary focus of interest not only for public finance and economics but also for international relations and political science. Goods and services are considered as global public goods and services only when a certain requirement and criterion are satisfied. This requirement is about possessing publicity characteristics. The criterion is the sphere of influence involving countries and generations as a part of the areas benefiting from the offering of such goods. The method of financing and actors playing a role in financing is a noteworthy headline after definition of such goods as indicated by the relatively extensive coverage given compared to other fields in the global public goods literature. The most important problem encountered in financing these goods and services is the fact that main characteristic of lack of excludability in consumption experienced with public goods also applies to global public goods. There are still de world lacking a global authority having power to charge taxes at global level as the default financing method at national level is general financing. More often than not, it is observed that these goods are not financed based on the benefit received principle, instead, they are financed based on ability-to-pay principle. In the present study, the concept of global public goods has been addressed based on the conventional finance theory and further, theoretical and practical aspects of methods used in financing global public goods have been studied as a subject that is still in the focus of debates in 1 ededebek@nku.edu.tr

2 the literature. As is the case with public goods, the first solution that comes to mind about financing global public goods is the utilization of public but global resources in financing. Sources and methods of financing global public goods are studied in four main consisting of national and international constituents, non-profit organizations, multi-national nation states, international organizations, non-profit organizations and multi-national companies for the purpose of producing global public goods, are suggested in the literature based on the and incurred as a result of consuming and producing global public goods to those involved in that production and consumption activities. Problems encountered in the present day about financing global public goods, particularly in terms of internalizing externalities show that, perhaps, the most important and effective method of financing is public sources. e genel finansman " ilk defa Kindleberger (1986) olarak (Kindleberger, 1986, s. 7-8) The International Public Goods of Antarctica: A New Politico-Economic Regime for the Word's Seventh Continent Yeni Ekonomi Politik Rejim) (Herber, 1990).

3 The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Sandler, 1999, s. 33) (Cornes & Inter (1992) evrensel kamusal mal al mal Global Public Goods: International (Kaul, Grunberg, & Stern, 1999, s. 2-3) rine ek olarak (Kaul, Grunberg, & Stern, 1999, s. 16). l Mallar (Overty Reduction and Global Public Goods) mallar, kaynaklar, hizmetler, kural veya politik sistemler (World Bank Development Committee, 2000, s. 2-3). : cak olur ise

4 Gele I., 2000, s. 298). (Kaul Hewitt (2002) Le Goulven (2002) Morrissey, Te Velde ve Hewitt an ilki Morrissey, Te Velde ve ARI MALLAR. ARIN ise Gardiner ve Le Goulven (2002) AR Morrissey, Te Velde ve Hewitt (2002, s ) mallara

5 Kaul, Grunberg ve Stern AR, fayda ve maliyetlerde ol resel kamusal mallar (Kaul, Grunberg, & Stern, 1999, s ). kamus (Morrissey, Te Velde, & Hewitt, 2002b, s ) finansal istikrar gibi soyut mallar da olabilmektedir. Ara (Kaul, Grunberg, & Stern, 1999, s. 13). mallar saf kamusal mallar ve saf olmayan kamusal mallar olarak 1999, s. 9) KAMUSAL MALLAR (Cornes & Sandler, AMUSAL MALLAR Kanbur, Sandler ve Morrison (1999), Sandler (1999) (2003) ARIN al

6 kamusal kaynaklar Tablo Vergisi) vergisi) Ulusal ya da yerel vergilerin Kaynak: (Jha, 2002, s. 195) ve (ODI, 1996, s. 1) 1 i

7 PAZAR KAR AMACI yarar (goods) ve (bads) hangi seviyede? KAR AMAC. SINIRLI kamusal KAMU ULUS u Finansmanda ULUSLARAR ULUSLARARASI hangi ulus. ve AJANSLAR Kaynak: Sagasti, F., & Bezanson, K. (2000). Financing and Providing Global Public Goods: Expectations and Prospects. Stockholm: Swedish Ministiry for Foreing Affair, s.39. (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 40).

8 2.1. DURUMLAR (Binger, 2003, s. 15). ; bireyler, organizasyonlar) elde ettikleri fayda ve mali (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s ) DURUMLAR kaynaklar kamusal kaynaklar 1 : Sigara ve alkol gibi insani Thomas, 2014), (Lorenzi, 2006). esidir. Bkz: (Lorenzi, 2004), (Hoffer, Shughart, &

9 RI kar bireyler xiii) (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. (Jacquet & Marniesse, 2006, s ). s. 64). Bireysel kaynaklar ha (Jacquet & Marniesse, 2006, (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s ). KAMU KAYNAKLARI ULUSAL KAMU KAYNAKLARI, ncelenmektedir. rin emisyon

10 rlendirilebilir. Bu kaynaklar ulusal mekanizmalar & Bezanson, 2000, s ). neden olan (Sagasti (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 47). (Jacquet & Marniesse, 2006, s. 67). Resmi (Van Kesteren, 2001, s. 206). (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s ). da mevcut mler k (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 51). n kamusal kaynaklar

11 (Kapur, 2002, s ). Bezanson, 2000, s. 52). (Sagasti & yel esel (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s. 54). hem vermektedir (Sagasti & Bezanson, 2000, s ). (Toussaint, 2004).

12 Ekonomik ve Kurul, Sekreterya, (About United Nations, 2015). yin is Nato?, 2015) (What (Sandler, 2001, s. 30) 3. So

13 Nations: adresinden Treaty Organization: Binger, A. (2003). Global Public Goods and Potential Mechanisms For Finanching Availability. Background paper prepared for the Fifth Session of the Committee for Development Policy Meeting. Cornes, R., & Sandler, T. (1999). The Theory of Externalities, Public Goods, and Club Goods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Herber, B. P. (1990). The International Public Goods Of Antarctica: A New (s ). Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Hoffer, A. J., Shughart, W. F., & Thomas, M. D. (2014). Sin Taxes and Sindustry: Kevenuey Paternalism and Political Interest. The Independent Review, Jacquet, P., & Marniesse, S. (2006). Financing Global Public Goods: Issues and Prospects. Expert Paper Cross-Cutting Seven Issues (s. 59- Jha, R. (2002). Innovative Sources of Development Finance: Global Cooperation in the Twenty-first Century. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Kanbur, R., Sandler, T., & Morrison, K. M. (1999). The Future of Development Assistance: Common Pools and International Public Goods. ODC Policy Essay. Kapur, D. (2002). The Common Pool Dilemma of Global Public Goods: s Net Income and Reserves. World Development, 30(3), Kaul, I. (2000). Governing Global Public Goods In a Multi-Actor World: Role New Perspectives: The United Nations, Security, and Governance (s ). New York: The United Nations University. Kaul, I., Grunberg, I., & Stern, M. A. (1999). Global Public Goods: International Coorperation in the 21st Century. Washington: Oxford University Press. Kindleberger, C. P. (1986). International Public Goods without International Government (Cilt Vol. 76). The American Economic Review. Kindleberger, C. P. (1986). International Public Goods without International Government (Vol. Vol. 76). The American Economic Review. Lorenzi, P. (2004, March/April). Sin Tax. Social Science and Public Policy, Lorenzi, P. (2006). The Moral Grounds of Sin Taxes. Social Science and Public Policy, 44(1), McLuhan, M. (1962). The Gutenberg Galaxy. Canada: University of Toronto Press. Mendez, R. P. (1992). International Public Finance: A New Perspective on Global Relations. New York: Oxford University Press.

14 Morrissey, O., Te Velde, D. W., & Hewitt, A. (2002). Defining International Public Goods: Incentives, Measurement and Financing (s ). London: The World Bank. Morrissey, O., Te Velde, D. W., & Hewitt, A. (2002b). Defining International ternational Public Goods: Incentives,Measurement and Financing. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ODI. (1996, February). New Sources of Finance for Development. Ocak 10, 2015 tarihinde The Overseas Development Institute: Kitabevi. Sagasti, F., & Bezanson, K. (2000). Financing and Providing Global Public Goods: Expectations and Prospects. Stockholm: Sweden Ministiry for Foreing Affair. Sandler, T. (1999). Intergenerational Public Goods: Strategies, Efficiency and In the 21St Century (s ). New York: The United Nation Devlopment Programme. Goods:Global Public Goods: International Cooperation in the 21st Century. New Yorkm: Oxford University Press. Sandler, T. (2001). On Financing Global and International Public Goods. World Bank Economic Policy Prospects Group. Toussaint, E. (2004, September 28). Committee for the Abolition of Third ubat 2, 2015 tarihinde Sixtieth Anniversary of Bretton Woods World Bank - IMF support to dictatorships: Van Kesteren, K. (2001). Global Public Goods and Official Development Assistance. C. D. Ger and Programs: Implications for Financing and Evaluation (s ). The World Bank. World Bank Development Committee. (2000, September 25). Poverty Reduction and Global PublicGoods: Issues for the World Bank in Supporting Global Collective Action. World Bank.

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