Urban Solid Waste Potential Analysis and Application for Electrical Energy Generation. Outline

Transkript

1 Outline Urban Solid Waste Potential Analysis and Application for Electrical Energy Generation Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kurban Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Aim Abstract Introduction Municipal Solid Waste and Energy Energy Production by Combustion Results and Discussion Conclusion 2 Aim The aim of the study is to examine the methods and technologies for generating electrical energy from municipal solid waste (MSW) and to discuss the generation by the incineration method based on economical and technical situations for 81 cities in Turkey. Abstract Energy production by alternative energy sources like municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most important subject of the world and Turkey due to the consumption of limited fossil fuels and global warming. MSW saved up to open area which causes the environmental and healthy problems is accepted as a low value fuel for electricity production to find a good way to solve the solid waste management problem. In Turkey, the average amount of wastes for per person in a day is kg. Approximately 68 percent of solid wastes are organics, the others are paper, rubber, leather, metal, wood, glass, ash and earthen materials. The general waste production in the country is about ton/day. There are a few large burning foundations in Turkey. Methods and technologies are examined to generate electrical energy from MSW. As a case study, the incineration method which is used to generate the electricity with a steam cycle by firing the municipal solid wastes is examined based on economical and technical situations for 81 cities in Turkey separately. The simulation results for the MSW power plants constructed in each city is given as a table

2 Introduction Biomass -has dominated global energy use. -was revived about has been more economical than the use of fossil fuels. -is seen as a preferred fuel in this respect, because it is a renewable resource, and any carbon emissions from its use. Promotion of biomass, a renewable and basically domestic resource, was now seen to provide double protection, both against rising prices due to depletion, and the political insecurity of foreign energy supply. The concerns about rising prices due to resource depletion and energy supply security subsided substantially after the sharp oil price decline of the mid-1980s. The optimal level of biomass usage is given in Figure 1. Special support for biomass use as an energy source has recently been incited by two arguments, one having to do with surplus agricultural land, the other with the environment. 5 6 Figure 1 The optimal level of biomass usage MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND ENERGY The solid waste is one of the most important problem in the world. The amount of waste increases in every year because of growing population and living standards. This is got difficult to store them orderly. Municipalities need huge storing area for municipal and dangerous waste. This situation causes the environmental and healthy problems. Producing the electricity from the garbage is a way to solve this problem. Barely, this problem is transformed to the benefit and garbage is offered to the human necessity like a low degree fuel. In Turkey, evaluating solid wastes and transforming into electricity energy is most important thing. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND ENERGY The process that has received most attention for conversion of MSW as an alternative fuel into electrical power are: Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis (as a pre-treatment step for combustion and gasification process) Anaerobic digestion. The first three are thermal conversion processes. The last one in itself is a biological conversion process. However, the biogas produced can be used for power generation, for example in gas engines or via the steam cycle

3 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND ENERGY 9 Figure 2 Combustion process diagram It is a special mode of combustion in which waste or biomass is fired in otherwise conventional power stations together with coal or other fossil fuels. For this application, the fuel often requires size reduction. It may be expected that the amount of waste or biomass that can be fired in this way will range up to 30% of the total amount of fuel on an energy basis. The precise amount will depend on the degree of contamination, the calorific value and reactivity of the cocombusted material. 10 When wastes fired, heat is produced. This heat is utilized as thermal or electricity energy. However, the first aim of the waste fired process is to get rid of the wastes. Therefore process settings, timing and chimney gas cooling process should be done according to limiting emission values and waste recycling principles. Obtaining energy system is planned according to burn waste completely and to clear chimney gas wonderfully. 70% or 80% of entering wastes are evaluated as energy. Leaving parts are lost as furnace thermal beams, slag heat, not burn material and heat loss of chimney gas. When the calorific values of entering wastes accepted 8000 kj/(kg raw waste), 1.67 kwh/(kg entering waste) energy is obtained. By combustion -Directly steam usage -Electricity production -Cogeneration There are three fired technologies: Grate furnaces Fluidized bed furnaces Rotating cylindrical furnaces Incineration is the specific name of the combusting (firing) foundation. In this process the municipal solid waste is fired at temperatures between 850 C and 1100 C, and a steam cycle is used to generate electricity. A schematic diagram of the process is shown in the Figure Figure 3 Incinerator flow diagram 3

4 Schematic plan and schematic cross section of incinerator are given in Figure 4 and Figure Figure 4 Schematic Plan of Incinerator 14 Figure 5 Schematic cross-section of Incineration ENERGY PRODUCTION BY GASIFICATION ENERGY PRODUCTION BY PYROLYSIS Figure 6 Gasification process diagram Figure 7 Pyrolysis process diagram

5 ENERGY PRODUCTION BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION As an example Eskisehir s total gathering waste amount was tonnes in 2004, in summer was tonnes, in winter tonnes. In winter, gathering household waste is increased by household ashes. Therefore 250 t/day waste amount will be used to calculation for incinerator [7,8]. The combustion line is designed to handle: 250 t/24 h = 10.5 t/h for Eskişehir based on a nominal energy content of the waste (8 MJ/kg). The input waste power value is in thermal watt: 10,5.103 kg. hour. min J = J/sth hour 60 min 60 sec kg Here J/s = W. so J/sth = 23 MWth Figure 8 Anaerobic digestion process diagram The energy balance of this system is shown in Table 1. The peculiarities of incinerator plant are given in Table 2 Table 1 Energy balance of incinerator plant Quantities Unit Value Annual electricity production is: 6,2.106 J. 60 sec. 60 min. 24 hours. 365 day. 1 = 54,3.106 kwh/yr Input -household waste (91250 t/y) MW th 23 Output -gross electricity production MW e 6,2 Internal electricity usage MW e 1,2 Net electricity production MW e 5 Boiler efficiency % 84 Gross electrical efficiency % 27 Net electrical efficiency % 22 Table 2 Pecularities of incinerator plant Pecularities Unit Value Given electricity amount to interconnection system that will be sold : J. 60 sec. 60 min. 24 hours. 365 day. 1 = 43,8.106 kwh/yr Total investment for the t/y plant amounted to USD 16,2 million. The electricity price is USD and 0,1278 TL if it is sold directly to the consumers like the TEDAS. 19 Boiler efficiency (on MSW) % 84.1 Steam temperature o C 400 Steam Pressure bar 40 Steam production - total t/h 190 Steam production - boiler kg/s The annual revenue of the system is 43,8.106 kwh/yr x 0,1278 = TL and USD This means that is 41 USD/t annual. 5

6 If the produced electricity is sold by TEIAS and TEDAS, kwh price will be TL and USD , therefore annual revenue will be TL and USD The plant operates 8760 h/yr. the service life of the grate is around 30,000 operating hours. The second superheater tubes have an operating life of 40,000 hours. The plant operates in 24 hours and 4 shift with 10 employees. The results of the incinerator method application for the MSW power plants constructed in 81 cities of Turkey are given in Table 3. In these applications, appropriate amount of municipal solid waste to obtain energy is accepted as 40% Table 3 The results for 81 cities in Turkey City Daily Appropriate Input power Net product Name Amount Amount t/d MW th x10 6 kwh Adana ,9 152,1 Adıyaman (n.e) 16,4 31,7 Afyon ,4 58,5 Ağrı (n.e) 7,9 15,1 Amasya (n.e) 19,0 36,5 Ankara ,4 430,6 Antalya ,5 155,2 Artvin (n.e) 3,6 7,0 Aydın ,7 86, Balıkesir ,6 97,5 23 Bilecik (n.e) 8,4 16,1 Bingöl (n.e) 5,9 11,3 Bitlis (n.e) 9,1 17,6 Bolu (n.e) 10,7 20,7 Burdur (n.e) 11,5 22,2 Bursa ,6 143,8 Çanakkale (n.e) 17,8 34,3 Çankırı (n.e) 6,0 11,6 Çorum ,0 40,5 Denizli ,3 46,8 Diyarbakır ,9 61,4 Edirne (n.e) 14,9 28,6 Elazığ (n.e) 13,9 26,7 Erzincan (n.e) 7,7 14,9 Erzurum ,7 49,5 Eskişehir ,8 Gaziantep ,7 64,9 Giresun (n.e) 8,6 16,5 Gümüşhane (n.e) 3,4 6,6 Hakkari 54,5 22 (n.e) 2,0 3,9 Hatay ,6 80,2 24 Isparta ,1 38,8 İçel ,7 117,1 İstanbul 12417, ,9 886,4 İzmir ,0 283,3 Kars (n.e) 7,1 13,6 Kastamonu ,6 24,3 Kayseri ,3 100,7 Kırklareli (n.e) 12,1 23,3 Kırşehir (n.e) 14,5 27,9 Kocaeli ,1 73,4 Konya ,5 130,1 Kütahya ,6 45,4 Malatya ,5 51,1 Manisa ,8 84,4 K.Maraş ,4 45,1 Mardin ,3 33,4 Muğla ,7 95,9 Muş (n.e) 4,7 9,1 Nevşehir ,0 25,1 Niğde ,5 22,1 Ordu ,2 29,3 6

7 Rize (n.e) 8,8 17,0 Sakarya ,3 43,0 Samsun ,2 65,9 Siirt (n.e) 5,1 9,9 Sinop (n.e) 6,7 12,8 Sivas ,7 63,0 Bartın (n.e) 3,6 6,9 Ardahan (n.e) 1,3 2,5 Iğdır (n.e) 4,2 8,1 Yalova (n.e) 8,3 16,0 Tekirdağ ,9 80,7 Karabük (n.e) 5,9 11,3 Tokat ,7 43,8 Trabzon ,6 31,9 Tunceli (n.e) 2,7 5,1 Şanlıurfa ,3 54,6 Uşak (n.e) 11,9 22,8 Kilis (n.e) 3,2 6,2 Osmaniye (n.e) 14,0 27,1 Düzce (n.e) 10,7 20,6 (n.e= not enough) Van (n.e) 18,1 34,9 Yozgat ,7 38,0 Zonguldak ,4 62,5 Aksaray (n.e) 9,7 18,8 Bayburt (n.e) 3,6 6,9 Karaman (n.e) 12,4 23,9 Kırıkkale ,1 40,8 Batman (n.e) 12,5 24,1 25 Şırnak (n.e) 8,9 17,1 26 Conclusion Hibrit Santral İçin Yer Durum Tespiti 27 The solid waste is an important problem in the world. Producing the electricity from the garbage is a low degree fuel is a way to solve this problem. Turkey has not enough energy resources. Due to the fact that the big part of the energy necessity is taken from the external sources. In big cities, to get rid of energy distinct and solve the garbage problem, after re-cycle from garbage and produced electricity from remaining and have to storing them is the most important subject of Turkey. According the results, incineration and combustion methods are not appropriate, because of not enough amounts of daily wastes. However, gathering garbage amount of some cities can be used in one central and necessity amount can be obtained. In the future, these methods may be used widely with their decreasing investment cost by developing technology. 28 Çalışmamızda hibrit santral (katı atık-rüzgar) için uygun şartları bulup bu santralin kurulumu için en uygun bölgenin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak Türkiye nin il bazında nüfus sayıları bulunup sonraki aşamada her ilin 50 metre üzeri rüzgar verileri değerlendirilmiştir. Hem rüzgar hem de katı atık depo gazı enerjisi bir arada kullanılarak oluşturulabilecek hibrit bir sistemde en uygun bölge analizinde bulunulmuştur. Ankara Mamak katı atık tesisi referans alınarak yapılan hesaplamalarda bölge seçimi kriterleri ele alınmıştır. 7

8 Katı Atık ve Rüzgar Verileri Katı Atık Verileri Günlük İller Katı Atık Enerji Toplam Nüfus Miktarı Miktarı Enerrji (kg/kişi) (W/kg) Miktarı (MW) Bursa ,02 2,44 6,47 Çanakkale ,11 2,66 1,29 Balıkesir ,16 2,78 3,21 Manisa ,16 2,78 3,73 İzmir ,06 2,55 10,11 Aydın ,60 3,84 3,83 Muğla ,10 2,64 2,21 Rüzgar Verileri Yıllık Birim Kurulu İller Rüzgar Çalışma Enerji Güç Rüzgar Hızı Saati (8760 (Wsaat) Üretimi Gücü (m/sn) saat/yıl) (MW) (MW) Bursa 3-4 <200 40(1752-0,3-0, Çanakkale (1752-0,98-1, , Balıkesir 40(1752-0,98-1, , Manisa 40(1752-0,98-1, , İzmir 40(1752-0,98-1, , Aydın (1752-0,8-1, ,5 Muğla 4-5 <200 40(1752-0,3-0,8 29,6 Katı Atık ve Rüzgar Verilerine Göre Yer Durum Tespiti Bu santralin kurulması bölgedeki yıllık üretilen enerjinin %21,25 ni karşılayacaktır. İzmir, Manisa ve Balikesir illerinde üretilen enerjinin de % 47,02 sini karşılaması hesaplanmıştır THANK YOU 31 8