UNIT 15 CAN I SEND A LETTER?

Transkript

1 UNIT 15 CAN I SEND A LETTER? Giriş: Modal ; Türkçe de kip olarak adlandırılabilir ve bu kelime grubu İngilizce de önemli bir rol oynar. Kipler fiile meli/-malı, -ebilmek gibi anlamlar katar. Bu yardımcı fiilleri kullanarak çeşitli durumlar için çeşitli cümleler üretilebilir. Kipler belli durumlardaki düşünce ve tutumları ifade eder. Örneğin modal kullanarak bir işin zorunluluğundan, gerekliliğinden, olasılığından, bahsedilebilir, tavsiyelerde bulunulabilir ya da tercihler ifade edilebilir. Bu ünitede yetenek, kabiliyet, rica, istek, olasılık bildiren kiplerden söz edilecektir. Modals: can/could, may/might, must, have/has to Modal verbs olarak adlandırılan kipler, yardımcı fiillerin farklı bir türüdür. Kipler, dört açıdan diğer tüm fiil ve fiil türlerinden ayrılırlar. Her kip, cümlenin eylemine (rica, istek, zorunluluk, yasaklama, yetenek v.b.) çok farklı anlamlar katar ve genellikle geniş zamanda olumlu (+), olumsuz (-) ve soru (?) cümlelerinde kullanılırlar. Geniş Zamanda, kiplerden sonra kullanılan fiiller yalın halde olur. 1) Kiplerden sonra kullanılan fiillerin önüne mastar (infinitive) eki olan to yapısı gelmez. Örn.; I can speak English fluently. (I can to speak English fluently. ŞEKLİNDE DEĞİL!) (Akıcı bir şekilde İngilizce konuşabilirim/konuşabiliyorum.) 2) Kipler ile birlikte kullanılan fiillerin sonuna, geniş zamanda özne herhangi bir 3. tekil şahıs (he/she/it) zamiri olsa bile herhangi bir değişiklik olmaz, -s eki gelemez. Örn.; Ayşe can t swim very well. (Ayşe can t swims very well. ŞEKLİNDE DEĞİL!) (Ayşe çok iyi yüzemez.) 3) Kipler ile soru (?) cümlelerini ve olumsuz (-) cümleleri do yardımcı fiiline ihtiyaç duymaksızın kurabiliriz. Örn.; Can you help me? Yes, I can. ( Bana yardımcı olabilir misin? Evet, olabilirim. ) ( Do you can help me? Yes, I do can. ŞEKLİNDE DEĞİL!) 4) Kipler hiçbir zaman mastar eki olan ve normalde fiillerden önce kullanılan to ile birlikte kullanılamaz. Kiplerin, diğer fiillerde olduğu gibi ( past participle denilen) geçmiş zaman çekimli halleri (2. ve 3. hal) yoktur. Bunun yerine geçmiş zamanlı cümlelerde kiplerin farklı şekilleri kullanılır. Can/Can t (-ebilmek/-ebilmemek; -ebilememek) (+): (?): (-): I can swim You can swim He/she/it can swim We/they can swim Can I swim? Can you swim? Can he/she/it swim? Can we/they swim? I cannot swim You cannot swim He/she/it cannot swim We/they cannot swim 92 Can yapısı olumlu cümlelerde kullanıldığı zaman özne veya nesne ile ilgili olarak cümleye a) yetenek/beceri/kabiliyet, b) olasılık ve c) izin; olumsuz cümlelerde kullanıldığı zaman cümleye a) yeteneksizlik, b) imkansızlık ve c) yasaklama/kısıtlama anlamı katarken, soru cümlelerinde kullanıldığında ise yetenek/istek/rica/temenni anlamları katar. My brother can play basketball well. (Benim erkek kardeşim iyi basketbol oynayabilir.) (Yetenek) She can t ski well. (O, iyi kayak yapamaz.) (yeteneksizlik)

2 Could (-ebilirdi; can yapısının geçmiş zamanlı şeklidir.) (?): Could I swim? Could you swim? Could he/she/it swim? Could we/they swim? When I was a little boy, I could play the piano. (Küçük bir çocukken piano çalabiliyordum.) (Geçmiş yetenek) When she was 10, she could cook delicious meals. (O, 10 yaşındayken, lezzetli yemekler yapabiliyordu.) (Geçmiş yetenek) Bu yapı, can yapısının geçmiş zamanlı şekli olmakla birlikte yaygın olarak geniş zamanlı rica, istek cümlelerinde kullanılır. Can you open the door, please? (Kapıyı açabilir misin lütfen?) Be able to (-ebilmek; bir işin üstesinden gelebilmek) (+): I am able to pass the exam. He/she is able to carry that heavy box. We/you/they are able to climb that mountain. (-): (?): I am not able to pass the exam. He/she is not able to carry that heavy box. We/you/they are not able to climb that mountain. Am I able to pass the exam? Is he/she able to carry that heavy box? Are we/you/they able to climb that mountain? Be able to yapısı, ifade ettiği anlam açısından can yapısı ile aynıdır, fakat kullanım şekli açısından can yapısından farklıdır. Be able to yapısı can yapısınıdan farklı olarak birçok zaman diliminde (Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Tense ) kullanılabilir. Elif is able to speak three languages. (Simple Present Tense) (Elif üç dil konuşabilir.) Yüksel was able to cook delicious meals when she was only 10 years old. (Past Simple Tense) (Yüksek sadece 10 yaşındayken lezzetli yemekler yapabilirdi.) Hakan will probably be able to be attorney general after four years. (Future Tense) (Hakan muhtemelen 4 yıl sonra savcı olacak.) May/May not (-ebilir; -ebilmeyebilir) (+): (-): I may swim You may swim He/she/it may swim We/they may swim I may not swim You may not swim He/she/it may not swim We/they may not swim Önemli Not: may yapısının soru cümlesi şekli ve olumsuz cümleledeki kullanımının kısaltması bulunmamaktadır. May ve might yapıları, gerek kullanım şekilleri ve cümledeki yerleri, gerekse ifade ettikleri anlamlar açısından birbirleriyle aynıdır ve geniş zamanlı istek, rica, temenni veya olasılık cümlelerinde kullanılırlar. Anlam farkı açısından bakıldığında, may = yapabilir, may not = yapmayabilir anlamlarına gelmektedir. Örn.; It is really sunny and hot. We may go on picnic. May I have a Turkish kebab, please? ( Hava gerçekten çok güneşli ve sıcak. Pikniğe gidebiliriz. ) ( Kebap alabilir miyim lütfen? ) A: May I ask a question? B: Yes, you may. We may go on picnic in the afternoon. May I bring you a can of coke? 93

3 Might/Might not Might, geniş zaman cümlelerinde kullanıldığında zayif ihtimal belirtir. (+): (?): (-): I might swim You might swim He/she/it might swim We/they might swim Might I swim? Might you swim? Might he/she/it swim? Might we/they swim? I might not swim You might not swim He/she/it might not swim We/they might not swim We might visit our relatives this weekend. (Bu hafta sonu akrabalarımızı ziyaret edebiliriz.) EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Fill in the blanks with one of the modals in brackets ( can, could, may, might, can t, couldn t, may not, might not ). 1. They (can t/might) be away for the weekend but I'm not sure. 2. You (may/might not) leave now if you want. 3. (Could/May) you open the door, please? 4. He (can/could not) be Scottish. It s obvious from his accent. 5. (May/Can) you run 100 meters in 10 seconds? 6. Listen, please You (can/can t) speak during this exam. 7. They (can't/may not) still be out! It s quite late! 8. You (can t/might not) smoke in the buildings. It s forbidden. 9. According to the weather forecast, tomorrow (can/could) be a sunny day. 10. You (can/may not) be right but I'm going back to check anyway. Exercise Choose the correct choice. 1. I... remember her nationality. A. am not able to B. can't C. know 2. Serkan... the classical guitar. A. can play B. can to play C. eats 3. My family... visit us next week if my father finishes his work. A. can't B. could C. will be able to They... go out. Because it was raining heavily. A. couldn't B. can't C. wasn't able to 5. Ece : Can you lend me your dictionary? Burak : Sorry. I.... I haven't got any either. A. can't B. am not able to C. couldn't 6. You can solve this problem,...? A. can you B. can't you C. will you

4 7. Sorry, Sir. I... do my homework. A. wasn't able to B. couldn't C. haven't been able to 8. Batıkan... pass the exam if he studied hard. A. will be able to B. can C. would be able to 9. The bus crashed into a tree, luckily the passengers... survive. A. were able to B. could C. wasn't able to 10. We... go to the party. We're going to have an exam. A. couldn't B. won't be able to C. will can't SENDING A LETTER OR A PARCEL AT A POST OFFICE A Man : Can I send these two parcels and this letter, please? Clerk : Yes, of course. Where would you like to send them? A Man : I would like to send the letter to England and parcels to Ankara. Clerk : How would you like to send them? A Man : What do you recommend? Clerk : Is it urgent? A Man : The letter is urgent. Clerk : So, you ought to send it by airmail. A Man : How should I send the parcels? Clerk : If they are not urgent, you don t have to send them by airmail. You may send them by surface mail. A Man : How much will they cost? Clerk : Can you put them on the scale, please? I must weigh them first. The letter will be 6 TL by airmail and the parcels will be 11 TL each. A Man : How much will they cost all together? Clerk : That will be 28 TL. A Man : Here it is. Clerk : Here is your change. EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Match the following questions with the answers. ( ) 1- How should I send the parcels? A- No, it is not. ( ) 2- Is it urgent? B- I would like to send it to Ankara. ( ) 3- Where would you like to send the letter? C- Yes, of course. ( ) 4- Can I send these two parcels and this letter, please? D- You may send them by surface mail. 95

5 FOR A HEALTHY LIFE A healthy life depends on physical and mental health. These days people aren t doing many things for their health because life has been very quick and busy, but it's not difficult to lead a healthy life. Your health usually depends on your habits. So you can make some changes in your habits for a healthier life. Here are some suggestions for a healthier life. Initially, you should include healthy, natural food in your diet. For example, you must eat vegetables and fruits because they involve lots of vitamins and minerals. In addition, you ought to drink plenty of water - at least 2-3 litres a day. You should also do regular exercises, it provides a healthy life because it will burn fat in your body and you will be able to control your weight. If you can't do exercise every day, you can go for a walk every day; walking is one of the best exercises. Besides, you should take up hobbies, hobbies will help you feel relaxed and happier and you can forget about the problems in your daily life. That is, hobbies are useful for our mental health. In addition, you should see your doctor for regular controls. And you should regularly see your dentist for dental care. Apart from these precautions, you should also sleep sufficiently to feel relaxed and energized. And finally you must not smoke or drink for a healthier life. When you follow these suggestions, you can lead a healthier and happier life and probably you will live a longer life. EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Answer the following questions according to the passage. True or False?(T/F) 1. These days people aren t doing many things for their health because they don t have much time. 2. For a healthier life, we must change our habits. 3. Vegetables and fruits contain a lot of vitamins and minerals. 4. Walking isn t a good exercise. 5. Hobbies are useful for our mental health. 6. When you follow these suggestions, your health will be worse. 96 Exercise Vocabulary Fill in the blanks with the following words. mental lead depends on include sufficiently 1. Sport is useful for our physical and health. 2. He has a good family, and they a happy life. 3. We must drink water. 4. His future this exam. 5. Fruits a lot of vitamins.

6 UNIT 16 I HAD BETTER TRY IT ON Giriş: Bir önceki ünitede olduğu gibi bu ünitede de kiplerden söz edilecektir. Bu bölümde işlenecek olan kipler zorunluluk, tavsiye, öğüt, ikaz, uyarı ve yasaklama anlamları taşırlar. Must / Mustn t (yapmalı / yapmamalı) (+): (?): (-): I must swim You must swim He/she/it must swim We/they must swim Must I swim? Must you swim? Must he/she/it swim? Must we/they swim? I must not swim You must not swim He/she/it must not swim We/they must not swim Must yapısı, geniş zamanlı olumlu cümlelerde vicdani, içten gelen zorunlulukları ve kişisel sorumlulukları, olumsuz cümlelerde ise kuvvetli tavsiye, öğüt, ikaz, uyarı, yasaklama v.b. durumlarını ifade etmek için kullanılır. Örn.; My room is quite dirty and untidy. I must clean and tidy it immediately. (Odam oldukça kirli ve düzensiz. Onu derhal temizlemeli ve düzenlemeliyim. Oh, you look very tired and ill! You must see a doctor right now. (Sen çok yorgun ve hasta görünüyorsun. Derhal bir doktora görünmelisin.) You mustn t smoke here! You mustn t walk on the grass. You mustn t speak loudly. (Burada sigara içmemelisin!) (Çimenler üzerinde yürümemelisin.) (Yüksek sesle konuşmamalısın!) Have-Has to / Don t-doesn t have to (yapmak zorunda / yapması gerekmez) (+): (?): (-): I have to do... He/she has to do... We/you/they have to do... Do I have to do...? Does he/she have to do...? Do we/you/they have to do...? I do not have to do... He/she does not have to do... You/we/they do not have to do... have/has to yapısı, geniş zamanlı olumlu cümlelerde çevresel, dıştan (otoriteden) gelen zorunlulukları ve toplumsal, ailesel, mesleki sorumlulukları, olumsuz cümlelerde ise yapmak zorunda olmadığımız durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Örn.; If I want to graduate from university, I have to study hard. (Eğer üniversiteden mezun olmak istiyorsam, çok çalışmak zorundayım.) Soldiers have to wear military uniform all over the world. (Tüm dünyada askerler askeri üniforma girmek zorundadır.) Civil servants do not have to go to work on official holidays. (Memurlar resmi tatillerde işe gitmek zorunda değiller.) I have to wake up early tomorrow. You have to come to work at 8:00 a.m. She has to call the police if there is any problem. He has to visit them as soon as possible. They have to bring it back to us. 97

7 Should / Shouldn t (yapmalı / yapmamalı) (+): (?): (-): I/you/he/she/it/we/they should do... Should I/you/he/she/it/we/they do...? I/you/he/she/it/we/they should not do... Bu yapı, must yapısı ile karıştırılmamalıdır. Should yapısında herhangi bir zorunluluk anlamı bulunmayıp, tavsiye, öğüt, nasihat mesajı verir. You look terrible. You should see the doctor! (Kötü görünüyorsun. Doktora görünmelisin!) Your exam results are really bad. You should study harder! (Sınav sonuçların gerçekten çok kötü. Daha çok çalışmalısın!) I have headache. Should I take this medicine? (Baş ağrım var. Bu ilacı almalı mıyım?) You have a bad cough. You shouldn t smoke! (Kötü öksürüyorsun. Sigara içmemelisin!) Had better / Had better not (yapsa iyi olur / yapmasa iyi olur) (+): (-): I had better go He/she/it had better go We/you/they had better go I had better not go He/she/it had better not go We/you/they had better not go Had better yapısında herhangi bir zorunluluk anlamı bulunmayıp, herhangi bir şeyin yapılması veya yapılmaması konusunda kuvvetli tavsiye, öğüt, nasihat anlamı vardır. Örn.; Oh! It s getting dark. I had better go! (Hava kararıyor. Gitsem iyi olur.) Past Forms of Some Modals Could/Couldn t (yapabilirdi; yapabildi/yapamazdı) (+): (-): (?): I could swim. He/She/It could swim. We/You/They could swim. Could I swim? Could he/she/it swim? Could we/you/they swim? I could not swim. He/She/It could not swim. We/You/They could not swim. Could yapısı, can yapısının geçmiş zamana göre çekimlenmiş şeklidir. Could Geçmiş Zamanlı cümlelerde kullanılmakla birlikte, Geniş Zamanlı cümlelerde istek, rica, temenni anlamlarını taşır. Örn.; When I was a child, I couldn t speak German. But, I can speak German fluently now. (Ben çocukken, Almanca konuşamazdım. Ancak şu an Almanca yı akıcı bir şekilde konuşabiliyorum.) Could you get me a cup of coffee, please? Could you open the window, please? (Bana bir fincan kahve getirebilir misin lütfen?) (Pencereyi açabilir misin lütfen?) Had to (yapmak zorundaydı) (+): (-): (?): I/you/ he/she/we/they had to study hard. Did I/you/he/she we/they have to study hard? I/you/ he/she we/they did not have to study hard. Had to yapısı, geniş zamanlı cümlelerde kullanılan have/has to ve must yapılarının geçmiş zamana göre çekimlenmiş şeklidir. Bu kip, geçmişte yapmak zorunda olduğumuz işleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. Örn.; I had to study hard before the exam, but I couldn t do. (Sınavdan önce çok çalışmak zorundaydım, ancak yapamadım.) 98

8 EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Fill in the blanks with have to/has to, must or mustn t. 1 This week I finish my English project. 2 She will wait in the queue. It s a rule. 3 All workers come on time for work. 4 We forget to take the meat out of the refrigerator. 5 If you are under 16 you get your parents' permission to marry someone. 6 Your son try on different sizes. 7 The doctor get here as soon as he can. 8 Do you work next Friday? 9 Motorists remember to signal when they turn. 10 Şeyma, you leave your clothes all over the floor like this. Exercise Fill in the blanks with don t/doesn t have to or mustn t. 1. Hey! You say awful words like that! 2. Shhhh! You pick your nose in class. It's not a good habit. 3. You finish the exercise now. You can finish it at home. 4. You drive so aggressively. You'll crash into somebody. 5. Don t worry, please. You pay now. You can pay me later. 6. You stay out so late. Otherwise, I ll get angry with you. 7. You have lunch with me. It s not necessary. 8. I forget to phone Gökhan. It's his birthday next Friday. 9. You get married if you are under We play football. We can play volleyball instead. 11. You smoke. It harms your health. 12. You be cruel to your family members. It s very rude. EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Fill in the blanks with should or shouldn t. 1. You be so rude. 2. I don't think you use alcohol so much. 3. You exercise more to be healthy. 4. I think you try to speak to her for the last chance. 5. You are overweight. You go on a diet immediately. 6. Where we park our car? 7. You never speak to the old in such a bad way. 8. The young children spend so much time in front of the TV or the computer. 9. I tell her the truth or should I say nothing? 10. I think we book our hotel rooms. BUYING A SUIT Assistant : Do you need any help? A Man : Yes, please. How much is that suit, please? Assistant : That suit is 299 TL. It was 599 TL last month. A Man : Is it in the sale? Assistant : Yes, it is. It is half price. A Man : Have you got it in blue? Assistant : Yes. What size would you like? A Man : Size 50. Assistant : Here it is. Would you like to try it on? A Man : I had better try it on. Where are the fitting/changing rooms? Assistant : Upstairs. 99

9 BUYING A SHIRT Assistant : How may I help you, madam? A Woman: I am looking for a shirt. So, could you get me a medium, please? Assistant : What colour would you like? A Woman: White, please. Assistant : Here is one. A Woman: How much is this shirt? Assistant: It is 79 TL. A Woman: It is too expensive for me, so I ll leave it. Assistant : No problem. EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Match the following questions with the answers. ( ) 1- Have you got it in blue? ( ) 2-Would you like to try it on? ( ) 3- Is this in the sale? ( ) 4- How much is that suit, please? ( ) 5- What colour would you like? A- Yes, it is. B- White, please. C- Yes, I had beter. D- 299 TL. E- Yes, here it is. MY LIFE IN FUTURE I am Ali and I am a high school student. This is my final year at university, next year I am going to take university entrance exam and I want to go to a good university after the exam. Yesterday our teacher gave us homework about our life 40 years after now. When I began to think about it, I felt very strange because many great changes will probably happen in my life 40 years later. For example, I might be married and have children. Besides, I may probably be enjoying my retirement. My children will also probably be married and they will be working on their jobs. I might even be a grandfather, too. These things don t seem very bad, but I think bad things will probably happen, too. I won t probably be living a very healthy and energetic life because I will be very old then. Perhaps life is more difficult for older people, but I think every age has its own beauty. So we must try to live every period of our life happily. 100 EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions according to the passage. True or False?(T/F) 1. Ali is a university student. 2. Ali felt unhappy when he thought about his future. 3. He might be enjoying his retirement 40 years later. 4. Ali may have lost his health 40 years later. 5. He could have had grandchildren in the future.

10 UNIT 17 THEY ARE MADE IN TURKEY Giriş: Temel cümle yapısında genellikle özne (işi yapan) ve fiil (yapılan iş) belirtilerek cümle oluşturulur ve bu tür cümlelere etken (active) cümle denir. Ancak, eylemi gerçekleştiren kişi veya nesne bilinmiyor veya belirtilmek istenmiyorsa cümle edilgen hale getirilir. Örneğin Ali camı kırdı. cümlesinde Ali cümlenin öznesidir yani işi yapan kişidir ve bu cümledeki fiil etken (active) bir fiildir. Fakat Cam kırıldı. cümlesinde cam, işi yapan değil; işten etkilenendir, dolayısıyla bu cümlenin fiili edilgen (passive) bir fiildir. Bu ünitede temel zamanların edilgen şekilleri üzerinde durulacaktır. Passive Voice (Edilgen Cümleler) Bir etken cümleyi edilgen yapabilmek için; a) etken cümlenin nesnesinin edilgen cümlenin öznesi konumuna getirilmesi, b) be nin zamanlara ve kiplere göre uygun olan şeklini kullanılması, c) cümlenin fiilinin mutlaka üçüncü halde (past participle) olması gerekir. ETKEN A B I water the flowers. I watered the flowers. I will water the flowers. EDİLGEN B A The flowers are watered by me. The flowers were watered by me. The flowers will be watered by me. Simple Present (+): (?): (-): I am invited to conferences. He/she is invited to conferences. We/you/they are invited to conferences. Am I invited to conferences? Is he/she invited to conferences? Are we/you/they invited to conferences? I am not invited to conferences. He/she is not invited to conferences. We/you/they are not invited to conferences. A: The gardener waters the flowers every day. (Bahçıvan her gün çiçekleri sular.) B: The flowers are watered (by the gardener) every day. (Çiçekler hergün (bahçıvan tarafından) sulanır.) A: My mother does the housework willingly. (Annem ev işlerini gönüllü olarak yapar.) B: Housework is done (by my mother) willingly. (Ev işleri (annem tarafından) gönüllü olarak yapılır.) A: They produce Formula 1 car tires in Kocaeli. (Onlar Formula 1 lastiklerini Kocaeli de üretirler.) B: Formula 1 car tires are produced (by them) in Kocaeli. (Formula 1 araba lastikleri (onlar tarafından) Kocaeli de üretilir.) A: Painters paint most hotel rooms every year. (Boyacılar çoğu otel odalarını her yıl boyarlar.) B: Most hotel rooms are painted (by painters) every year. (Çoğu otel odaları (boyacılar tarafından) her yıl boyanır.) 101

11 Simple Past (+): (-): (?): I was examined He/she/it was examined We/you/they were examined Was I examined? Was he/she/it examined? Were we/you/they examined? I was examined He/she/it was not examined You/we/they were not examined The letter was sent two days ago. (Mektup iki gün önce gönderildi.) The first plane was invented by Wright Brothers. (İlk uçak Wright Kardeşler tarafından icat edildi.) The burglar was arrested by the police yesterday. (Hırsız, polis tarafından dün göz altına alındı.) This car was bought this morning. (Bu araba bu sabah satın alındı.) Future (+): (-): (?): I will be examined He/she/it will be examined We/you/they will be examined Will I be examined? Will he/she/it be examined? Will we/you/they be examined? I will not be examined He/she/it will not be examined You/we/they will not be examined When will your car be repaired? (Araban ne zaman tamir edilecek?) One day the world will be ruled by the robots. (Günün birinde dünya robotlar tarafından yönetilecek.) EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Fill in the blanks with the passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1. Parcels by the postman at 8 every day. (deliver) 2. This wallet full of money on the bus yesterday. (find) 3. The dress in very hot water. (wash) 4. My car now. (repair) 5. The next Friday. (send) 6. These rooms now. (clean) 7. This report in time if you don't support me. (not finish) 8. Why the TV? (turn on) 9. This building in the 1970's. (restore) 10. Bags in the restroom. (leave) 11. The engine always when the director sees it. (test) 12. The last shoes in the morning. (sell) 13. You to arrive so late if you worked for me. (not allow) 14. The test results in two weeks. (announce) 15. All the doors and windows at the moment. (paint) 102

12 Exercise Fill in the blanks with by or with. 1. The room was cleaned my mother. 2. A lot of golden bracelets have been stolen the thefts. 3. The tree will be cut down a saw. 4. This dictionary is often used our students. 5. He was hit in the eye a ball. 6. The meatball is often eaten a fork. Exercise Rewrite the sentences in passive. 1. They make these cars in Germany. 2. You throw litter in the street. 3. Someone broke our window last night. 4. They mended our car. 5. People need public transportation. 6. They will be decorating the house next weekend. 7. You will replace the window. 8. People spent much money on clothes this year. BUYING SOME VEGETABLES AND FRUITS ONE Stoll Holder : Next, please. A Woman : How much is a kilo of apples? Stoll Holder : It is 3 TL. A Woman : What is the origin of apples? They look nice. Stoll Holder : They were produced in Turkey. A Woman : How much is a kilo of pears? Stoll Holder : It is 4 TL. A Woman : How much is a bunch of parsley? Stoll Holder : It is 1 TL. A Woman : Can I have two kilos of apples, a kilo of pears, and a bunch of parsley, please? Stoll Holder : Yes, of course. A Woman : How much will they cost? Stoll Holder : That will be 11 TL. TWO Stoll Holder : How may I help you, madam? A Woman : How much are the lemons, the cucumbers, and the tomatoes? Stoll Holder : Lemons are 60 Kr. each, the cucumbers are 1.50 TL a kilo, and the tomatoes are 2 TL a kilo. A Woman : How much is a bunch of spring onions? Stoll Holder : It s 1 TL. All of my vegetables and fruits are picked daily. They are local and fresh. A Woman : Alright then. Can I have two lemons, a kilo of cucumbers, two kilos of tomatoes, and a bunch of spring onions, please? Stoll Holder : Here are bags. Help yourself. 103

13 EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Match the following questions with the answers. ( ) 1- How much is a kilo of apples? ( ) 2- How much are the lemons? ( ) 3- Where were they produced? ( ) 4- How much is a bunch of parsley? A- It is 2 TL. B- They are 50 Kr. each C- They were produced in Turkey. D- They are 1 TL a bunch. The Selimiye was built by the chief imperial architect Sinan and the Selimiye is the peak of his career in architecture. The mosque was built in memory of the conquest of Cyprus. It was built in Edirne either because there was no suitable hilltop for the mosque in İstanbul or Selim had spent nine years of his life in Edirne. Sanbayır was chosen as the area for the mosque, it was overlooking the city. Sanbayır was covered with flower nurseries and most of them were growing tulips. A woman had a small tulip garden in this area but she didn t want to sell her land. She couldn t be persuaded by anybody to sell her land and she resisted official pressure. Eventually, the woman was taken to Sinan for agreement. After Sinan and the woman talked about the land, the woman was persuaded by Sinan, but she wanted something from him. She said you should make a sign here and that sign should symbolize my tulip garden. Sinan agreed and kept his word. An inverted tulip motif was carved on a pillar in the centre of the mosque. EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Vocabulary Match the words with their definitions. 1. Chief 2. Conquest 3. Architect 4. Overlook 5. Peak 6. Inverted 7. Persuade 8. Carve 9. Nursery 10. Cover a) the highest point; zenith; acme b) highest in rank or authority c) to decorate or form (something) by cutting or chipping d) to change the normal position of something, especially by turning it upside down e) he/she designs buildings f) plants are grown there g) to spread over the surface of something h) to cause to believe; convince i) to take control of a country or city and its people by force j) to look over or at from a higher place 104

14 Exercise Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions according to the passage. True or False?(T/F) 1. The Selimiye was built by Sinan. 2. The mosque was built in Istanbul. 3. Selim had spent nine years of his life in Istanbul. 4. Sanbayır was chosen as the area because it was in the centre of the city. 5. Sanbayır was covered with trees. 6. The woman was not willing to sell her land. 7. The woman wasn t persuaded by Sinan. 8. A tulip motif was carved on a pillar in the centre of the mosque. 9. The tulip motif symbolizes the woman s tulip garden. Exercise Answer the following questions according to the passage. 1. What is Sinan s best work in his career? 2. Why was the mosque built? 3. Why was the mosque built in Edirne? 4. Did the woman want to sell her land? 5. Was the woman persuaded by people? 6. Who persuaded the woman? 7. What did the woman want from Sinan? 8. Did Sinan accept the woman s will? 9. Why was a tulip motif carved on a pillar in the mosque? 10. What does the tulip motif symbolize? 105

15 UNIT 18 THEY WILL BE SHORTENED Giriş: Edilgen cümle kurabilmemiz için ilgili etken cümlemizin fiilinin mutlaka geçişli (nesne alan) olması gerekir. Bu ünitede de fiillerin edilgen yapıları üzerinde durulmaya devam edilecektir. Present Continuous (+): (?): (-): I am being visited now. He/she is being visited now. We/you/they are being visited now. Am I being visited now? Is he/she being visited now? Are you/we/they being visited now? I am not being visited now. He/she is not being visited now. We/you/they are not being visited now. Present Continuous Tense te edilgen yapı, içinde bulunduğumuz anda meydana gelen edilgen eylemlerden söz etmek için kullanılır. Husband: I m really hungry. Where is my soup? (Gerçekten çok açım. Çorbam nerede?) Wife: Wait a minute. It is being cooked now. (Bir dakika bekle. Şimdi pişiriliyor.) Present Perfect (+): (?): (-): I have been questioned He/she has been questioned You/we/they have been questioned Have I been questioned Has he/she been questioned? Have you/we/they been questioned? I have not been questioned He/she has not been questioned You/we/they have not been questioned Presen Perfect Tense te edilgen yapı, içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar etkisini sürdüren ve önemini koruyan geçmiş eylem veya olaylardan söz etmek için kullanılır. My house has been sold this morning. (Evim bu sabah satıldı.) İki Nesneli Fiiller Türkçe de olduğu gibi, İngilizce de de iki nesneye ihtiyaç duyan fiiller bulunmaktadır. Bu fiillerle iki şekilde edilgen cümle kurulabilir. I gave Ahmet a birthday present. VEYA I gave a birthday present to Ahmet. ( Ben Ahmet e bir doğum günü hediyesi verdim.) (Ben doğum günü hediyesini Ahmet e verdim.) Bu cümlelerin iki olası edilgen şekilleri vardır. Ahmet was given a birthday present. VEYA A birthday present was given to Ahmet. (Ahmet e bir doğum günü hediyesi verildi.) (Bir doğum günü hediyesi Ahmet e verildi.) 106

16 Edilgen Cümlelerde by Yapısının Kullanımı Edilgen cümlelerde daha çok eylem veya olayın kendisiyle ilgileniriz. Eğer eylemin veya olayın kim/ne tarafından gerçekleştirildiğini söylemek istersek by yapısını kullanırız. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. (Telefon Alexander Graham Bell tarafından icat edildi.) The stolen car was found by the police last night. (Çalınmış araba polis tarafından geçen gece bulundu.) My car will be repaired by my friend next week. (Arabam gelecek hafta arkadaşım tarafından tamir edilecek.) A new documentary is being prepared for television by our company. (Şirketimiz tarafından televizyon için yeni bir belgesel hazırlanıyor.) EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Write the passive forms of the sentences. 1. Kerem has paid the bill at the restaurant. 2. I have eaten an egg-sandwich and olives. 3. We have driven five kilometres. 4. I have opened her birthday present for me. 5. They have not read the book yet. 6. You have not sent the letter. 7. I have not agreed to this issue of taxes. 8. They have not caught the burglars. 9. Has she phoned him? 10. Have they noticed us? Exercise Write the passive forms of the sentences. 1. Dudu is drinking lemonade. 2. My father is repairing the motorbike. 3. Peasants are milking the cows. 4. The journalist is taking a picture of the president. 5. I am writing a short story. 6. We are not playing computer game. 7. Is she preparing the breakfast? 8. Are the students talking about the meeting? 107

17 Exercise Write the sentences in passive in two forms. 1. They bought me a wonderful birthday present. a) b) 2. Bestami asked Tuğba a question. a) c) 3. My family bought me this house last year. a) b) 4. She gives him a parcel. a) b) 5. I will send her an . a) b) 6. The waiter brought Caner Shish Kebab. a) b) 7. The teacher taught us English. a) b) BUYING TROUSERS 108 Assistant : You look nice, they suit you very well. A Man : I like these trousers but I don t like the colour. Assistant : What colour do you want? A Man : Have you got them in brown? Assistant : Hold on a minute, I will check. A Man : Have you found them in brown? Assistant : Yes, you are lucky today. Here they are. A Man : That s great, but they are too long for me. Assistant : No problem, I will measure your length and send them to our tailor. They will be shortened for you. A Man : Am I supposed to pay for it? Assistant : No. It is free. You don t have to pay for it. It has always been paid by our company since we opened. A Man : OK. That s lovely. Thanks.

18 EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Match the following questions with the answers. ( ) 1- They will be for you. ( ) 2- It has been always by our company. ( ) 3- It free. ( ) 4- Have you got them brown? A- shortened B- in C- paid D- is DR. JAMES BARRY ( ) Dr. James Barry was known as one of the best surgeons of his time; he served in British Army and travelled to lots of countries. However Dr. Barry had a secret and he kept it during his life. The truth was quite different because Dr. Barry was not her real name and in fact, the doctor was a woman. James Barry was her uncle s name. Her real name was Margaret Ann Bulkley and she was born in London in While she was going to school, women were not permitted to enter medical school so they made a plan and they decided that she would pretend to be a man. She was accepted by the University of Edinburgh and became a medical student at that university in She was mocked by her friends at university because she did not look like a man. She did not have a beard or moustache and she was short. However her friends never thought that she was a girl. After she graduated from university, she went to London and studied surgery there. In 1803 she joined the army and became a successful surgeon. After she joined the army, she went to many colonies such as Jamaica, Malta, and India. She was known as the best surgeon. She tried to raise the medical standards at hospitals. She had some strict rules, so some people did not like her very much. But everybody accepted her success in surgery. The doctor also had some strange behaviour. She shared rooms with male officers but she never dressed when they were in the room. They couldn t understand the reason for this behaviour. Dr. Barry was assigned to Canada as Inspector General in She worked there for two years and then she became ill and went back to London in She died in London in When she died, it was discovered that she was a woman. She was not announced by the army as a woman and she was buried as a man, Dr. Barry. 109

19 EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Vocabulary Match the words with their definitions. 1. strict 2. truth 3. pretend 4. accept 5. discover 6. join 7. bury 8. strange 9. permit 10. surgeon 11. raise 12. share 13. mock 14. graduate a) To place a dead body in grave b) To move to a higher level c) To become a member of a group d) To make fun(of) e) Different, unusual f) To find something new g) A doctor ( he performs operations) h) To finish school, university... i) Reality, facts j) disciplined k) To act, represent fictitiously l) To say yes to an offer m) To allow someone to do something n) To have or use something with others Exercise Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions according to the passage. True or False?(T/F) 1. Dr. Barry was a successful surgeon. 2. In reality James Barry was Margaret s uncle. 3. While she was a student, women could go to medical school. 4. University of Edinburgh accepted Margaret as a student. 5. Her friends at university made fun of her because she was not like a man. 6. She joined the army before she graduated from the university. 7. Everybody liked Dr. Barry. 8. The doctor went back from Canada because he did not like it. 9. Before her death it was not known that she was a woman. 10. The Army didn t see her as a woman. Exercise Answer the following questions according to the passage. 1. What was Dr. Barry s secret? 2. Who was James Barry in reality? 3. Why did she pretend to be a man? 4. Did she look like a man? 5. Why did she go to London after she graduated from the university? 6. When did she join the army? 7. Was she a strict doctor? 8. What was her strange behaviour? 9. When was her secret out? 10. Why did she go back to London after Canada? 110

20 UNIT 19 IF I WERE YOU I WOULD TAKE THAT ONE Giriş: Koşul/şart cümleleri, birbirine bağlı olan olayları (yani birinin olması, diğerinin olması şartına bağlıysa) ifade etmek için kullanılır. Şart cümleleri iki cümleden oluşur. Birisi if (eğer) kelimesiyle başlayan cümledir ki buna if clause (if cümlesi) denir. Diğeri ise if cümlesine bağlı olan cümledir. Buna ise main clause (ana cümle) denir. Cümleye if clause ya da main clause ile başlanabilir. Eğer cümleye if clause ile başlanırsa, if clause ile main clause arasına virgül konur. Diğer kullanım şeklinde ise virgüle gerek yoktur. Conditional Clauses (Koşul Cümleleri) İngilizce dilbilgisinde Conditional Clauses veya If Clause olarak adlandırılan Koşul Cümleleri, ana cümledeki (main clause) iş-oluş-eylemin gerçekleşmesinin veya gerçekleşmemesinin, yan cümledeki (subordinate clause) koşula bağlı olduğunu belirtmek için kullanılır. Bu dilbilgisi yapısının özünü oluşturan ifade, koşul durumunu belirten ve Türkçe de eğer, şayet anlamına gelen if yapısıdır. Look! If I need you, I will call you. (Bak! Eğer sana ihtiyacım olursa, seni arayacağım.) Look! I will call you if I need you. (Bak! Eğer sana ihtiyacım olursa, seni arayacağım.) Koşul cümlesi olumlu veya olumsuz olabilirken, ana cümle olumlu, olumsuz, soru veya emir cümlesi olabilir. If I learn his address, I will tell you. (Eğer onun adresini öğrenirsem, sana söyleyeceğim.) If their boss doesn t give permission to them, they cannot go on holiday this summer. (Eğer patronları izin vermezse, bu yıl tatile gidemeyecekler.) If you need any help, what will you do? (Eğer yardıma ihtiyacın olursa, ne yapacaksın?) If you need any help, let me know. (Eğer yardıma ihtiyacın olursa, bana haber ver.) If you need any help, please don t call anybody, but me. (Eğer yardıma ihtiyacın olursa, benden başka hiç kimseyi arama!) Anlam açısından bakıldığında, İngilizce de koşul cümleleri dört temel bölüme ayrılır. a) Conditional Clauses: Type 0 Bilimsel gerçekleri, doğal olayları, rutin işleri, alışkanlıkları anlatır. Örn.; If you heat water, it boils. (Eğer suyu ısıtırsan, o kaynar.) b) Conditional Clauses: Type 1 Koşula bağlı olarak şu an veya gelecekte gerçekleşmesi veya gerçekleşmemesi muhtemel olacak/olabilecek iş-oluş-eylemleri anlatır. Örn.; If you lend me your dictionary, I will be very happy. (Eğer bana sözlüğünü ödünç verirsen, çok mutlu olurum.) 111

21 c) Conditional Clauses: Type 2 Şu an gerçekleşmesi mümkün olan/olmayan iş, oluş ve eylemleri anlatır. Örn.; If I were you, I would be here. (Ben senin yerinde olsam, burada olurdum.) d) Conditional Clauses: Type 3 Geçmişe ait durumları anlatır. Örn.; If I had studied quite hard, I would have won a better programme. (Eğer çok çalışmış olsaydım, daha iyi bir yeri kazanırdım.) Her bir temel bölümün kendine ait bir zaman yapısı (tense) vardır; If Clause, Main Clause Conditional Clauses: Type 0 Present Simple Tense + Present Simple Tense Present Modals Örn.: If you heat water at 100 C, it evaporates. (Eğer suyu 100 C de ısıtırsan, o buharlaşır.) If you heat oil, it blows. (Eğer petrolü ısıtırsan, o patlar.) If you freeze water below zero, it turns into ice. (Eğer suyu sıfırın altında dondurursan, o buza dönüşür.) If you listen to music loudly with earphones, your ears get injured. (Eğer kulaklıklarla yüksek sesle müzik dinlersen, kulakların zarar görebilir.) If I wake up early at the weekend, I never get up and get out of the bed. (Eğer haftasonu erken uyanırsam, asla yataktan kalkmam.) Önemli Not: Bu dilbilgisi yapısında, if li bölümde herhangi bir modal (kip) pek kullanılmaz. Modal (kip) yapıları daha çok ana cümlede kullanılır. Conditional Clauses: Type 1 Present Simple Tense + Future Tense, will/will not (won t) can/may (not) Örn.: If you call me, I will bring some sandwiches. If someone asks me, let me know. If you need me, I can help you. If I find your keys, I will let you know. If you take more regular exercise, you will be absolutely successful. If you don t hurry, we won t catch the coach. 112 Conditional Clauses: Type 2 Örn.: Conditional Clauses: Type 3 Örn.: Past Simple Tense + would (not) + verb could (not) might (not) If I went abroad, I would go to London. If I were you, I wouldn t do that. If I had time, I would help you now. If you studied your lessons quite much, you could be very successful. If we had chance to go abroad now, we might go to California. Past Perfect Tense + would (not) have v3 could (not) have v3 might (not) have v3 If I had earned much money, I would have bought a house. If I had bought a house, I would have lived in it. If Hakan had arrived here on time, we wouldn t have missed our flight to New York. If Nisa and Caner had been to London before, they would have known the British Museum.

22 EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Fill in the blanks according to If- Clauses Type If the students late again, the lecturers will be furious. (to arrive) 2. What will you do if you for your exams. (to revise) 3. We out if it doesn t rain tomorrow. (to go) 4. You'll be really energetic tomorrow if you to bed soon. (to go) 5. If the bus on time, I won't miss the match on TV. (to be) 6. If you your homework now, you'll feel relaxed. (to do) 7. You'll be happy if you more often. (to smile) 8. If it's very hot, we for a picnic. (to go) 9. You'll learn English better if you more time on it. (to take) 10. If she going to the gym, she'll lose weight. (to keep) 11. My family will be very upset if you to phone them. (to forget) 12. I very happy if I graduate from the university. (to be) 13. If you fashionalbe clothes, they will notice you. (to wear) Exercise Fill in the blanks according to If- Clauses Type If we (have) a car, we (visit) wonderful places in Turkey. 2. If he (have) more time and opportunities, he (learn) German. 3. If they (tell) lie about the burglary, the police (be) very angry. 4. She (spend) less money on this skirt if it (be) a bargain. 5. We (help) you if we (know) your problem. 6. I (buy) a beautiful villa if I (have) money. 7. If I (feel) better, I (go) out with you. 8. If you (go) to England more often, your English (be) better. Exercise Fill in the blanks according to If- Clauses Type If I (study) for the English test, I (pass) it. 2. If you (call) me for help, I (help) you. 3. If we (go) to the theatre, we (spend) wonderful time. 4. If you (speak) English slowly, they (understand) you clearly. 5. If they (listen) to me carefully before the exam, they (be) much more successful. 6. I (send) you an if I (have) your address. 7. If you (not / break) my heart, I (take part) in your party. 8. If it (not/ start) to rain, we (walk) to the wonder land. 9. We (play) beach volley if there (not / be) so many children on the beach. 10. If she (take) a taxi, she (arrive) on time. 113

23 AT AN ELECTRONIC SHOP Assistant A Woman Assistant A Woman Assistant A Woman Assistant A Woman Assistant A Woman Assistant A Woman Assistant A Woman Assistant A Woman Assistant : Hello, can I help you? : I would like to buy a laptop. What brands do you have? : We have all main brands. : OK. How much is that? : Which one? : The smaller one. : How would you like to pay? : I can pay in cash or by credit card. : If you pay by credit card, the price will be 899 TL. : What if I pay in cash? : If you pay in cash, I will give you 10% discount. That is, the price will be 810 TL. : Can you sell it for 800 TL. : OK. I will. : Is it under guarantee? : Yes, it is under guarantee of two years. If I were you I would take that bigger one, because it is same price but it is under guarantee with four years. : No, I will take the smaller one. : You are lucky today. If you had come two days ago, you would have paid 400 TL more for that laptop. It was 1199 TL. EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Match the following questions with the answers. ( ) 1- If you pay in cash, I give you 10% discount. ( ) 2- If I you I would take that bigger one. ( ) 3- If you come two days ago, you would have paid 400 TL more. ( ) 4- If you by credit card, the price will be 899 TL. A- had B- will C- pay D- were SHAPES AND CHARACTERS People have different types of faces, and the shape of a person s face is very important for the Chinese because the shape of the face shows your general character. According to them, there are eight types of face and they all have different features: 1. If you have a round face you are very intelligent and you are confident. People with round faces usually live long. 2. Diamond is another shape of face. Usually famous movie stars have diamond faces. According to the Chinese you will be lucky if you meet someone with a diamond face before you go to a meeting. These people are usually lucky people. 3. If you have a rectangular face you are intelligent and creative. They are also hardworking and reliable people. The most important thing for them is their work. 114

24 4. Square faces are usually generous and honest. The most important thing for them is their friends. Square faces are lucky and live long. 5. People with wide forehead and a pointed chin are lively and intelligent. If you have such a face you can be depressed easily. 6. If you have a wide jaw and narrow forehead you will get many things such as money, strength, etc. during your life. 7. People with wide foreheads and square chins usually like to attract attention. They usually live long. 8. If you have wide foreheads and high cheekbones you have a strong character. These people are also very energetic. Of course these are the ideas of the Chinese. They were not confirmed scientifically. So you may have problems if you evaluate people only with these ideas. Conversation is the best way of understanding people. If you talk to people you will understand them much better. EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise Match the words with the shapes. a) rectangular b)square c)triangle d)pentagon e) diamond f) round Exercise Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions according to the passage. True or False?(T/F) 1. If you have a round face you don t live long. 2. If someone has a rectangular face you shouldn t trust him/her. 3. If you have a square face, friends are very important for you. 4. People with wide foreheads, and square chins never live long. 5. If you talk to people you can understand them better. 6. If you are only interested in shape of people s face you might have problems. Exercise Fill in the blanks with the following words. evaluated conversation according to confirm depressed 1. The president didn t the news about the economy. 2. Everybody watched their on TV. 3. the Chinese, shapes of faces have different meanings. 4. They the problem but couldn t find a solution. 5. He has many problems these days. He is. 115

25 Exercise Match the words with their definitions. 1. Dependent 2. Disappear 3. Communicate 4. Effectively 5. Boring 6. Reach 7. Search engine a) Efficiently, successfully b) A computer programme. It searches documents or files on the Internet. c) He/she needs others help. d) Uninteresting e) To get access f) To become lost or invisible, go away, vanish g) To be connected with others A LIFE WITHOUT INTERNET Today the Internet is a very important part of our life. We do most of our jobs with the help of the Internet. Although it hasn t got a very long history, people today are very dependent on the Internet and they often need it very much. But what would happen if the Internet disappeared? There are many possible answers to this question. If we didn t have the Internet everything would be much harder in life. For example, we couldn t communicate so effectively because we couldn t send, receive s and talk to our friends using some software. Life would be very boring if we didn t watch videos on Youtube, share pictures, and videos on Facebook. Besides, we couldn t reach information so easily because we can learn almost about everything with search engines such as Google, Yahoo, Lycos, etc. In short, the Internet has a lot of advantages and a lot of disadvantages but it helps us in many parts of our life. It makes many things easy and life wouldn t be very easy if we lost it. Exercise Reading Comprehension Answer the following questions according to the passage. True or False?(T/F) 1. According to the passage life would be very boring without the Internet. 2. We can share videos on Facebook. 3. The Internet has only advantages. 4. The Internet makes our life more difficult. 5. We can learn lots of things from the Internet. 6. The Internet provides a better communication. 7. Many people don t use the Internet. 116

26 UNIT 20 I WISH HE WOULD RETURN VERY SOON Giriş: İstek cümleleri gerçek dışı durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Örneğin, bir ürün satın almak istiyorsunuz ve paranız yok. Bu durumda "Keşke param olsa" gibi bir ifade kullanmak isterseniz "I wish" ifadesini kullanabilirsiniz. (I wish I had some money.) "Wish" kelimesini bu anlamı ile kullanırken cümlenin zaman yapısına dikkat etmek gerekmektedir. Wish Clauses (İstek Cümlesi) İngilizce dilbilgisinde Wish Clause olarak adlandırılan İstek Cümleleri, içinde bulunduğumuz anda gerçekleşmek isteyip de gerçekleştiremediğimiz eylemleri ve oluşları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Wish fiilini, istemek, dilemek, arzu etmek anlamlarında kullanacağımız zaman bir fiil ile birlikte kullanmamız gerekmektedir. Örn.; I wish to see the manager as soon as possible. (Müdürü mümkün olduğunca kısa sürede görmeyi istiyorum/arzuluyorum.) My brother Hakan wishes to buy a new-model car. (Kardeşim Hakan yeni model bir araba almayı istiyor/arzuluyor.) Tanrıöver family wishes to move into a new house with a garage. (Tanrıöver ailesi garajı olan yeni bir eve taşınmak istiyor/arzuluyor.) İsteğimizi bir başkası aracılığıyla gerçekleştirmek istersek wish yapısının hemen ardından nesnemizi (özel bir isim veya şahıs zamiri) getiririz. Örn.; I wish you good luck in the exam. (Sınavında sana bol şans diliyorum.) My brother Hakan wishes me swift recovery. (Kardeşim Hakan bana acil şifalar diliyor.) Tanrıöver family wishes them a worry-free journey. (Tanrıöver ailesi onlara iyi yolculuklar diliyor.) I wish... yapısı ile kullanılan isim cümlelerini Geniş Zaman veya Gelecek Zaman cümleleri yapısında kullanamayız. Bu cümleler Geniş Zaman Present Simple Tense ifadeleri için Geçmiş Zaman Simple Past Tense ; Gelecek Zaman Future Tense ifadeleri için ise kiplerin ikinci halleri kullanılarak yapılır. I wish... yapısı ile kullanılan Geçmiş Zaman cümleleri de -miş li geçmiş zaman (geçmişin geçmişi) diye ifade edebileceğimiz Past Perfect Tense yapısında kullanılır. Örn.; do => did am/is/are => was/were can => could have/has done => had done You are a quite lucky guy. I wish I were you now. (Keşke şu an senin yerinde olsam.) I can see that your assignment is quite difficult. I wish I could help you. (Keşke sana yardımcı olabilsem.) Unfortunately, I can t buy her a beautiful gift. I wish I had enough money to buy it. (Keşke onu alabilmek için yeterli param olsa.) 117