FUNCTIONAL NOTIONS ~F TURKISH VERBAL ADJECTlVES IN ADJECTIVE CONSTRUCTlONS

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1 Hü Edebyat Fakültes Der9s FUNCTIONAL NOTIONS ~F TURKISH VERBAL ADJECTlVES IN ADJECTIVE CONSTRUCTlONS 111 Dr Onsal özonlo The key to understandngthe use of adjectves n Turksh syntax s that whatever precedes, qualfes As a large group of words whch are called "adjectves" can come before a noıın and modfy t, yet some other groupsof words whch are made up of verbs may come before a noun and modfy t These "adjectves" do not lose ther verbalfunctonsn anad~ctveconstructon,thoughthey functonasadjcctves modfyng a noun,in realty these are full verbs as ther roots"ndcate Yet, some funeton as real ad~ctves when they allow adjectve comparsons Another nterestng pont n the use of these verbal adjectves s that they may functon as nouns, because they allo~ casesuffxes at the end, and they, themselves, may stand for a noun In ths case, one mght agree wth Kononov, Grönbech and AC Emre's deas on adjectves thnkng that adjectves may stand for nouns when the Subject s deleted n the deep structure (Aksan, p68) As ths s the case, one may have a soo of sub-classfcatonof Turksh Verbal Adjectves accordng to ther peculartes n, an adjectve constructon In the frst crteron, t would be suffcent to begn wth the testng of the verbal adjectves to check whether or not they have verbal pecul~rtesn an adjectve constructon If the verbaladjectves do co,me from verbs n ongn, then, they must have tense characterstcs, whch are pecular functons of verbs n general Generally speakng, Turksh verbal adjectves show FIVE characterstcs of tenses n ther partepalusages: (See; Kreder, 1964 and Lews, 1967) Past: (-dk) and the negatve counterpart SevdRm arkadaş KestRm ekmek Yazdıeı mektup Gördükler bahçe Tanımadıeım adam Olmadık şey Yapılm~dık ş (-medk): Pnnt Partcple: (-en) and the negatve counterpart (-meyen): Gelen msafr Aelayan hasta Sallanan dallar Bekleyen analar Açılan fabrka Çalışmayan öğrencler PhD, Department Qf Lngustcs, HacettepeUnversty -~

2 ' 112 Perfect Partcple: (-mş),andtheneptve Solmuş Tenkler DoRmuş çocuk Şşmş omuz Okumamış adam Artmış fat Haşlanmamış yumurta counterpart (-mamış): Future: a~ (-cak) and the negatve counterpart (-meyecek): BüyQyecek çocuk Yatacak msafr Anlamayacak öğrenc Gelmeyecek mektup Bnmeyecekler tren b (~s) and tlıe'negatve (-meyes): Kör olasıherf tanı çıkj1ujyası kadın Adı batası kfır Aorst Partcple: (-ar) and the neptve (-J1UJz): Çalar saat Akar su Çıkar yol Çıkmaz sokak Döner kebap Kırılmaz cam Paslanmaz çelk Güler yüz Çekmezkumaş _/ Ths knd of constructonsfuncton as V+N compaunds, although the fırst etemenu n the constructjon functon as adjectv~ of verbal orgn After havng observed the conştructons \ke the ones above, t s seen that verbal adjectves }1Turksh precede oth~r adjectves n an adjectve constructon When the adjectves are replaced n the constructon and ther places are changed, ncorrect constructons, f not ungrammatca1 ones, appear; The followng are ncor rect n the sense that theyare havngadverb p~ulartes, not adjectve characterstcs: Br bütünanadolu'yu dolaşmış öğretmen Esk sattı'ım araba Kaygısız necek yolcular Büyük açılacak serg Genç, güzel, dnamk çalışan kadın Nafe that these are acceptabte f and only f the ~lernentsprecedngthe verbals

3 113 functon as adverbs, not as adjectves Therefore, the semantc meanngsof the constructons are dfferent from those ohdjectve constructons Thus,a gereral rule for verbal adjectves may come out sayng that the vemal adjectves whch have dausal meanngs must come at the begnnng of the whole adjectve constructon Otherwse, other adjectves n the constructon denotng and qualfyng the verbal become adverbs, theyare not adjectves anymare: Kaygısız necek yolcular "How wll the pa88cjngersget 'off?" Dnamk çalışan kadın "How s the womanworkng?" The two examples above prove that Turksh verbal adjectves stl have ther verbal characterstcs n the adjectve constructon, because they allow adverbs to modfy thertselves The same s' true when adverbs are appled to the whol~ fve groupsof verbal adjectves: Past: Çok sevdğm arkadaş Dün kestğm karpuz Bugün beğendğnz kumaş Londra 'da gördükler bahçe Present Partcpk: Bugüngelen msafr Hastanede yatan hasta Yağmurda bekleyen analar Çftlk te oturan kız Prefect Partcple: Yen doğmuş çocuk Hep okumuş adam Artık düşmüş kadın Çabuk haşlanmış yumurta Futore: a- (-cak) Ilerde büyüyecek çocuk Bu gece yatacak msafr Hç anlamayacak öğrenc Istasyonda bnecekler tren b- (~s) Yann adı batas/kaflr Bugün kör olası herf Haftaya canı çıkası karı The ones ıbove hve been chosen from among those whch have ldolmtk meanngs However, the fouowng consıructons are of current use and grammadcal

4 114 BugUn yapılmuıı gerekın ş Yann gönderlmes gereken mektuplar Lk aat sonra gelmes gere ken haber; Th~ constructons chosen from domatc groups have the knd of verbs not hav"'g verbal pecuuartes because ofther'!,d'lcatonof AodstPartcple: Bugün çalar saat Yavaş yavaş akar su Ekser yatar koltuk Şmd döner kebap Yarın kınlmaz cam cunn~ someone As t s seen above, when adverbs are added,the constructon becomes ungramrnatcal though the verbals modfy the nouns and they are thou~ that they most allowadverbs Whereasthey do not In ths case, t s thoughtthatthe knd of V+N constructons n the form of Aorst Partclples must form a spec:alsemantco-syntactc constructon n whch they functon as nether verbs noradjectves, When the (-en) suffx s put to the end of some of the verbs mendoned above, the constructon becomes grammatcal and acceptble, because n the deep strocture the verbal' adjectves show ther verbal characterstcs by permttng adverbs to modfy themsems: /' s ~,,,/VP~ AOV V -EN Saat Bugün çaı- an Saat whenı"" fltst s deteted, the followlng,trudure appean:

5 115 /~ VP ~ AOV V - EN \ \ Bugün Çal - an Saat If the same process s appled to the other eonstructons takng (en)~es, the followng eo,nstruetons eome out: Yavaş yavaş akan su Ekser yatan koltuk Şmd atan damar, ete The same process can not be appled to the verbals takng (-ar) sufflxes The deep structure of the mentcmed verbal adjeetves s shown n the dımme befo'w The takng (-ar) or (-mez) suffıx does not aeeept an adverb n the deep structure: /S~ ~~ VP /~ ADV V - -AR ~ Su \ Ak - ar su Smlary, f thefrst s deleted, an ncorrect stroout'e resu1ts R tfıe acfedve constructonbwı they are1l'aıpmatcal'and corrett f ttıey are ~ nwrttd sen~nees ---~ ~--

6 116 yavaş yavaş ak -ar su As t s seen n the dg~amme above, the sooqlled verbal adjectves takng (-ar) and/or (-mez) suffıxes seem to lose ther verbal characterstcs and fonctons by not allowng adverb modfcaton n an adjf\<:tveconstructon Now there cames to appear a very nteresthg case wth the Aorst Partcples, whch are adjectves The so-called verbals takng (-ar) suffx n Turksh always come just before the noun head r an adjectve çonstr:ucton If one puts any other adjectves between the verbal adjectve andthe no un head, an ncorrect order of acjjectves n the constructon appearsas n the followng: Temz, berrak akar su, Akar, temz, berraksu- Büyük atar damar But:, Atar, büyk damar Yaşlı, bakarkör But: But: Bakar, yaşlı kör Küçük, çalar saat But; çtzlar, küçük saat Kırmızı, yatar koltuk But: Yatar, kırmızı koltuk In Turksh when the same order s appled to the Aorst Partcples wth (-mez) suffxes, the same resultsare obtaned: Yeşl tükenmez kalem But: Ttkenmezyeşl kalem So, t s concluded that there seems to be some $ort of ether morphologc or semantc connecton between the (-ar) and (-mez) suffıxes and the noun-they modfy The,constructons of ths sort seem to serve \Sc()mpounds,n other words There mustbe s()mcıhng-whçh makes t,hem~sepmblefrom the noun as t s n the case of plac~adjectlves n the followng constructons:

7 Güzel alt geçt But not: Alt güzelgeçt Yuvarlak üst kapak But not: üst yuvarlak kapak Mavyan kapı But not: Yan mav kapı 117 Ths knd of analyss and speculatonmav take one to the arguments n semantcs between name and sense As Bloomfıeld püt forward n hs often quoted Formula, a word s a mnmumfree form In ths case, n the constructons: Çalar saat Akar su Kırılmaz cam Döner kebap Çekmez kumaş apart from saat, su, cam, kebap and kumaş, çaloor,ak-ar, kır-ıl-maz,dön-er and çekmez should be assumed as ml11numfree forms On the otherhand, the verba' a~je-ctves n thesecompounds seem to convey a gerıeraland dfferent sense other than ther own meanngs So, oney mav get to the dea that Ullmann put forward years lago: Bloomfıeld's deamav, be regarded as the borderlne case between words and phrases, as compounds form and exceptonal case for Bloomfeld'sFormula In the case of the Englsh word breakfast, for nstance, there s no evdence/0f,the verb break and the noun fast as mnmum meanngful free forms The same mght be true for the Turksh constructons mentonedabove The second crt~ronmav lead one to apont where one can test the adje-ctval characterstcs of the Turksh verbal adjectves If they functon lke adjectves n ther modfcaton of a nou", then they must allow adjectve comparsons Generally, n Turksh, comparson s made bythe use of other words modfyng the adjectves Also, generauy speakng, n Turksh, Oualfcatve Adjectves allow comparson most of the tme These adjectves have the noun qualty of sze, age, shape, atttude,' colour and place These qualtes mav vary n degrees so as to make comparsons When a verbal adjectve qualfes a noun n an adjectve constructon, t mav be possble to make comparsons f the verbal element has a sort of acton whch allows comparson At ths pont t s necessaryfor an observer not to complcate adjectve comparson wth adverb comparson, as adverbs, too, canallow comparsons n the same way In Turksh, comparatye forms are made by the use of DAHA, and superlatve forms by the use of EN n front of adjectves Takng ths crteron n hand, the followng verbal adjectves n ther comparatveand superlatveforms can be examn" ed: Past: Dahasevdğm arkadaş En kestğm ekmek Daha yazdlğı mektup Daha beğendğnz kumaş En gördükler bahçe

8 118 ı-ct t~:, DtIh",elen rn$afr En olmg)'gn hasta- EııceptebulUnGII çaı DMG ne" SGlGII kız Padcple: Bntlo'MUf çoc;uk~ Enlımı o,,z Daha $olmuş renkler Daha artmtşfat, En okumuş adam Daha duşnl kadın En hatlanmıı yumurta Lı s obrved that the comtrucons wthouı ~sterskş are not ungrammatcal" an theyare ı-d w&h comparatve and superlatve degrees, buı n ths knd of constnaons, adjtcdves functon as adverbs tho!!lh they modfy the nooo 'UDIR: (-e4k): DahıJbüyüyecek (a) : DGhG anlomtycıccık çocuk örenc En bllmeyecekler tren Daha yatacak msafr DaM CGIIIç,,,,,,, herf En yere batasıkadn Dahl k,örolosıkafr AeıW P8ıtcple: Dahtı çtıltır saat En çıılort DaM çı1ear yol En çıkar yol Dahl çık~ sokak DahIL dörnr kebap En kırılrmz cam En paıliınnuız çelk ejwnnn the examples abo\'e, one may get toa sort of concıusonon the UI8of vetbal adjectves allowng ~ree compatsons as other classes-ofadje-ctves oae can PtJW ths kncof verbal adjectves n THREE mans\tb-categoresa~d these aiiow co~: 41- TOO verbıl adjectves wh(h are made up of verbs of process: Daha dıj"" dünya Daha büyümü, ftelanlar

9 119 b- Those verbal adjecıves whch are made up ıaf verbs of nert cognton: paha nanmış adam En blmş adam c- Those verbaladjeetves whch are made up of verbs of a(lje etve orgns; and ths group covers a large number of verbals: Zayıflayan çocuk Kuvvetlenen adam Sertleşen peynr Yumuşa~ş pasta Dernleşen yara Daralonyol AydmIGnmış bna GeVfeyecek kemer Çabuklaşan adımlar Beyazlaşan çamaşırıar etc As t has been seenn the frst crlteron, Turksh verb~1adjectves mght form some sort of compounds wth thenouns, whch brng onıy,ne se nse to the hearer's mnd n faet, Ko~nov, Grönbech and AC Emre and so"" other Turkologsts had Iong ago concluded sayng that adjectves may stand for no~ns f they are not used wth the noun5they modfy It wll be seen below that all ve~al adjectves may stand for nolns on the surface t may not be easy to seeths knd pf development Whena sentence lke: ' (Benm tanıdılım adam gelyor) s taken, and when t~ dagrammed: S VP S Ben br adam tanıdım adam gelyor ~

10 120 ' In the dagramme aboy~t may be dffıtult to see the underlyng strngs of the embedded sentente But wh~ the underlyng componentsare shown more c!early, the followng dagrammecommo~: VP V -[)IK Poss -tm Ben-m adam tanf-dık adam gelyor In ths dagramme, for the verbal adjectve to be used as the noun, the followngdevelopmentsare se~: 1 Relatvzaton has been appled :f-object o~the yp has been deleted 3 --DıK partcple s used 4 Snce S remans,possessveagreeswth the Subject S -In mo~ cases n Turksh, thesu,ct may alsobe deleted, so the sentence: "Tanıdıgım gelyor " comes ou~on the surfaçe structure In ths case one ~y conclude that Turksh ~rbaf adjectves,!ke other adjectves n th~lexcon, may stand for nouns and they allow case suffxes 3t ther fnal syllablesths facı can be observed n the followng examples:

11 Past: Bldlm var Tanıdılım gelyor Dedklerm yaz, Present Partcple: Gelenler karşıla Olmayanları lsteden Çıkar 'Bekleyenler gelsn Cebnde bulımanları ver 121 Perfect Partcple: Solmamışlnı bulamadım Hç haşlanmış var mı? Artmamışı var mı? ' Future: a- (-cak): Yyecekler gelyor (In the sense that persons are comng) Çekecelm var b- (-es): Kör olası mı yaptı bunu? Canı çıkasıca gelyor Adı bataslcayl bu şe karıştırma Aorst Partkple: Yazar geld m? Düşünürlerne demş? Laf anlamazlarla l:jğraşma The functonal notons of the Turksh verbal adjectvesclarfy the pont that n a constructon the ad~ctves seem to functon morelke adverbalsand nouns rather than adjectves More frutful studes may gve satsfactory results whch would enlghten many dark ponts n the syntactc and semantc structures of Turksh language REFERENCES 1 -AKSAN, DOÖAN, (Ed), Sözcük Türler, TDK Yayınları, AüBaaımev, 2 - KREIDER, Ankara, 1976 HERMAN H:, Essentals of Modem Turksh, Amerkan Neşryat Bürosu, 3 - LEWIS, tstanbul, 1964 ' GL, Turksh Grammar, Oxford, UNDERRILL, ROBERT, "Turksh Paıtcples", Lngustc lnqury, VoL3, Nol, USA,