1. BÖLÜM 1. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (BELİRLİ TANIMLIK) NO ARTICLE

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1 1. BÖLÜM 1. THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (BELİRLİ TANIMLIK) 1. Belirli, bilinen nesnelerle ya da aynı isimden ikinci defa bahsederken kullanırız. I saw a woman yesterday. The woman was too old. The car we bought last year was very expensive. 2. Belirli bir sinema ya da tiyatrodan bahsetmesek de bu yer adlarının önünde the kullanılırız. He is planning to go to the cinema. We will meet at the theatre. 3. Evrende tek olarak bulunan varlık ya da nesnelerin önünde the kullanırız. The sky, the world, the sun, the moon. 4. Sıfatlar en üstünlük derecesi ile kullanıldığında bu sıfatlardan the kullanırız. That is the most amazing city I have ever visited. My mother is the most beautiful woman in the World. 5. İsim kullanmadan sadece unvan belirttiğimizde : The queen, the president 6. Çoğul isimli ya da birden fazla parçadan oluşan ülkeler: The United States 7. Sıradağlar: The Himalayas 8. Ada Grupları: The British Isles, The Canary Islands 9. Nehirler, okyanuslar, denizler, çöller, kanallar: The Mississippi River, The Pasific Ocean, The Marmara Sea, The Kızılırmak 10. Hayvanat Bahçeleri: The American Zoo 11. Herkes tarafından bilinen tanınmış yapılar: The World Trade Center, the Eiffel Tower 12. Coğrafi Bölgenin bir bölümü: the Southwest, the Middle East, the South of Turkey Üniversite+İsim: the university of London 14. Gazeteler: The New York Times 15. Müzik Aletleri: The drums, the piano NO ARTICLE 1. Kişi İsimleri: Thomas Watson 2. Unvan ve İsim: Queen Elizabeth, President Obama.. 3. Şehirler, Eyaletler, Ülkeler, Kıtalar: İzmir, London, Brazil, Turkey 4. Dağlar: Mount Everest 5. Adalar: Fraser Island

2 16 YDS KONU ÖZETLİ SORU BANKASI 6. Göller: Lake Akşehir 7. Plajlar: Camel Beach 8. Caddeler: Girne Avenue, Wall Street 9. Parklar: Central park 10. Yönler: North, South, East. 11. İsim + üniversite: Dokuz Eylül University, Hacettepe University Dergiler: Time, Newsweek 13. Oyun ve Spor Aktiviteleri: football, basketball 14. Diller: English, French, Spanish 2. NOUNS Suffix Noun -age wastage, postage -al approval, withdrawal -ant disinfectant, itinerant -dom kingdom, wisdom -ee referee, tutee -er,-or runner, actor -hood childhood -ing building, fencing -ism socialism, idealism -ist artist, realist -ity identity -ment amazement, containment -ness fitness, toughness -ship ownership -tion,-sion addition, extension -tude altitude, multitude -y entry, discovery Some Common Non Countable Nouns advice help sand baggage information bread knowledge soap cheese luck snow truth electricity luggage water fun patience weather furniture violence happiness progress rain

3 YDS KONU ÖZETLİ SORU BANKASI 17 Food and Drink bread juice spaghetti cake milk spinach cheese oil sugar coffee Pasta tea rice water fruit salad yoghurt jam salt Liquids, Gases and Solids adhesive fog petrol air fuel plastic cement fur sand cloth gravel smoke concrete lotion soap cotton medicine toothpaste deodorant metal wool dye fabric paint ointment Non Countable Nouns which end in s School/University/Subjects Physical Activities Diseases Games civics athletics shingles bowls classics aerobics measles billiards linguistics callisthenics mumps darts mathematics gymnastics dominoes physics politics 3. SOME PREPOSITIONS About: 1. En sık on the subject of anlamında kullanılır. I am not sure about that. I have already told him what she feels about him. 2. Diğer bir kullanımı round, around anlamındadır. He was running about the forest all day. She will be in the office about 8 o clock. 3. Belli bir konu üzerine on anlamında kullanılr. She wants to write an essay about Ernest Hemingway. İsim sonrası: anxiety argument complaint concern debate discussion doubt idea information statement sorry point talk worry

4 18 YDS KONU ÖZETLİ SORU BANKASI Fiil sonrası: ask bother care complain feel forget hear know Sıfat sonrası: cautious concerned enthusiastic excited happy upset worried talk read think wonder worry write learn pessimistic sceptical sorry sure unhappy nervous optimistic Above: Higher than, over, upper level anlamını verir. Zıt anlamda ise below ve beneath kullanılabilir. Kişiler ve eşyalar arasında temas yok iken kullanılır. Over kullanımında ise temas olabilir. Sayılarla kullanımda normalde above yerine over tercih edilir. We want to have a small cottage above the village. She put a very nice coat over her dress. Some cities in Turkey are above the sea level. (higher) Her exam result was above the class average. You are allowed to watch that film if you are over 18. We have to pay over a million to buy that kind of home. Across: Across ve over bazen birbirlerinin yerine kullanılabilirler. They walked on across the bridge to reach the home. They walked on over the bridge to reach the home.

5 YDS KONU ÖZETLİ SORU BANKASI 19 Against: İsim Sonrası: accusation action appeal battle case complain evidence Fiil sonrası: act advise argue be decide demonstrate fight law prejudice protection reaction rebellion guard react rebel struggle testify vote Except: Genelleme yapılmış olan insan ya da nesneler dışında kalanları tanımlamak için kullanılır. After the earthquake, nothing now remains except a few homes. Everyone thought it s useful except me. I have never been to İstanbul except to visit my aunt. (except+to+v1= In order to) Except for: Arkasından isim cümleciği (NP) alır. We couldn t find any place to stay except for that expensive hotel. They had a lot of books except for a Mathematic course book. Like: (Similar to) Genellikle look, sound, feel, seem, taste fiilleri ile kullanılr. It looks like a big project. He is like his brother. It sounds like a good idea. I want to go somewhere hotter like Antalya. Be like ve Look like aynı değildir. Be like karakteristik ya da kişisel özellikleri gösterirken, look like dış görünümü gösterir.

6 20 YDS KONU ÖZETLİ SORU BANKASI Be like (personality) Look like (appearance) What s she like? She is very kind and patient. What does she look like? She is tall and beautiful. 4. DETERMINERS İki şey ya da iki kişi için kullanılanlar Both Either Neither Each Üç ve daha fazla şey ya da kişi için kullanılanlar None Every All Each A number of Each Every + Sayılabilen Tekil İsim + Tekil Fiil Either Neither One student is waiting for you in the teacher s room. Every university student takes these final exams. Each book was useful for me. I checked the flights, but neither one is suitable for us. No Sayılamayan isim All + ya da Most (of the) Çoğul isim No sugar is needed. All the information was given by him. All mothers try to grow up their children well. Most (of the)money is saved. Most (of the students) are preparing for the exam now. Some some pens, some flour Any Sayılamayan isim any pencils, any money Plenty of + ya da plenty of flowers, plenty of money A lot of Çoğul isim a lot of salt, a lot of advantages

7 YDS KONU ÖZETLİ SORU BANKASI 21 Each & Every 1. İki kişi ya da nesneden bahsederken each kullanımı: Each of the girls was at the party last night. 2. İkiden fazla kişi ya da nesnede each ve every kullanımı: Each person in the class made an experiment. Every passanger in the plane looked nervous. 3. Nearly & Not dan sonra every kullanmalıyız. Nearly every teenager behaves childishly. Not every information is easy to use. Everyone Anyone Each Everybody Anybody Either Everything Anything Neither IS Someone No one Somebody Nobody Something Nothing The rich The poor ARE The sick The poor were helped by the government. Many ve Much Many+ Sayılabilen çoğul isim Much+ Sayılamayan İsim Many children/ many teachers How much time do you have? Did you solve many problems? She doesn t have much money. I didn t know many people in the party. There isn t much information in the book How many English classes have you got this semester? Much daha çok soru ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılırken, Many tüm cümle türlerinde kullanılır. Does she have many problems? She doesn t have many problems. There are many books in this library. Does she drink much milk? He doesn t drink much milk.

8 22 YDS KONU ÖZETLİ SORU BANKASI A few ve A little A few+ Sayılabilen Çoğul İsim A few children/ a few magazines Do you have a few questions? She wants to explain a few problems. I bought a few shirts for him. A little+ Sayılamayan İsim A little time/ a little money There is a little money in my wallet. There was a little time to catch the bus. I wasn t hungry so I drank a little coffee. A few, sayılabilen isimlerle kullanılır ve birkaç anlamına gelir. A little sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılır biraz anlamındadır. Her ikisi de cümleye yeterli anlamını katar. A few few/ A little little A few- few+ sayılabilen çoğul isim A little- little+ sayılamayan isim I have a few options to get there. (Birkaç seçeneğim var ve yeterli) I have few options (Birkaç seçeneğim var ama yetersiz) Julia has a few plans for tonight. Martin has few difficulties in Spanish. She didn t eat anything but she drank a little coffee. (az ama yeterli) A: Can you speak English? B: A little (az ama yeterli) There is little water in the bottle. We need more. (az ve yetersiz) I cannot afford that home since I have little money. (az ve yetersiz) Other The Other Another Other (Başka, başkaları, diğer, diğerleri) Other çoğul isimleri göstermek için kullanılır. Başka, diğer, başkaları gibi anlamlar verir. Some people like coffee while other people like tea. Some people like coffee while others like tea. While some people like tea, others prefer coffee. The Other (Öteki) The Other öteki ya da diğeri anlamına gelir. Daha önce bahsedilen bir grup içinden geriye kalan veya kalanları belirtmek için kullanılır. Bu yapı 3 şekilde kullanılabilir: 1. The other + tekil ism 2. The other + çoğul isim

9 YDS KONU ÖZETLİ SORU BANKASI The other + zamir (cümlede nesne ya da özne) There were two candidates. One was hardworking and the other candidate was lazy. There are two students. One is 7 and the other is 10. Of the 15 people in the group, only 4 of them wanted to learn Italian. The other people prefered Spanish. Of the 15 people in the group, only 4 of them wanted to learn Italian. The others prefered Spanish. Another Genellikle tekil isimle kullanılır çünkü bir diğeri anlamındadır. Hem zamir hem de sıfat olarak kullanılabilir. Ancak zaman, mesafe ve para ifadelerinde another dan sonra çoğul kelime gelebilir. Örnekleri inceleyiniz. My car was too old, so I had to buy another car. My car was too old, so I had to buy another. Another ten years (Bir on yıl daha)another ten dollars (Bir on dolar daha) Another ten kilometers (Bir on kilometre daha) 5. SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT (Özne Fiil Uyumu) Aşağıdaki cümlelerin Özne/Yüklem uyumlarını inceleyiniz. 1. The number of hotels in Turkey is increasing. A number of people object to the plan. 2. Half of the money is.. Half of the books are % of the population speaks 75% of the people are 4. Neither the students nor the teacher is Neither the teacher nor the students are. (Neither. nor kalıbıyla kurulmuş bir cümlenin tekil ya da çoğul olarak kullanımı son sözcüğün tekil ya da çoğul olma durumuna bağlıdır.) 5. Not only the president but also the Prime Minister is. (sonuna göre) Not only the teacher but also the students are All she wants is a good job. 7. Both Erol and his girl friend are students.

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