Myra-Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Kaz s ve Duvar Resimlerini Belgeleme, Koruma-Onar m Çal flmalar 2004

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1 Myra-Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Kaz s ve Duvar Resimlerini Belgeleme, Koruma-Onar m Çal flmalar 2004 Excavations at the Church of St. Nicholas in Myra-Demre and the Conservation-Restoration and Documentation of the Wall Paintings 2004 S. Y ld z ÖTÜKEN - Nilay ÇORA AN - Bülent filer Kültür Bakanl ve Hacettepe Üniversitesi ad na yürütülen Demre Aziz Nikolaos Kilisesi Kaz s 27 A ustos- 21 Kas m 2004 tarihleri aras nda gerçeklefltirildi. Bu kampanyada kilisenin kuzey avlusunun bat s ndaki D yap s (Plan 1) ve ayn avludaki yap kal nt s n n iç ve d fl nda, kilisenin kuzey ekinin K6 bölümü d fl nda ayr ca kilisenin bat avlu güneyinde yer alan E yap s nda çal fl lm flt r (Plan 2). Bat alanda 11. yy. da zemin yükseltme amac yla yap lan toprak dolgu yay nlar m zda belirtti imiz gibi 4. yy. dan 11. yy. a uzanan süreyi kapsayan kar fl k buluntu içerir te bu alanda alt açma 1.40 m. kottan 0.30 m. ye inilerek bitirildi; eski yap kal nt s nda zemin döflemesi bulundu. Dolgudaki küçük buluntular genelde alüvyon alt ndaki ilk toprak tabakas nda, m. de, ayr ca 7. yy. buluntular n içeren m. de yo unlafl r. Bat alanda D yap s nda bu y l güneydeki kare planl yap n n güney duvar tümüyle aç lm fl ve 1.15 m. kotta bir kap, ayn duvara bitiflik enlemesine yerlefltirilen alt taflla kapat lan bir mezar ortaya ç kar lm flt r. Ayn mekan içindeki arkosolium un 1.37 m. kotta zemini düzgün kesme tafl döflelidir. Zemin üstündeki devflirme levhalar kald r ld nda örme tekni inde iki sand k mezar ortaya ç km flt r. Mezarlardaki iskeletler Hacettepe Üniversitesi Antropoloji Bölümü uzmanlar nca de erlendirme amac yla Ankara ya getirilmifl; kuzey mezar hizas ndaki fresko Ark. Rest. R. fller taraf ndan bir panoya geçirilerek galeride korumaya al nm flt r. Kare planl yap n n bat cephesine ayn dönemde infla edilen kuzey-güney do rultusundaki dikdörtgen planl küçük ekin ifllevi sorunludur. Bu yap 0.30 m. kottaki düzgün tafl zemin döflemelerini örten 0.90 m. kottundaki dolgu toprak üzerine Excavations at the Church of St. Nicholas in Myra-Demre, conducted by Hacettepe University under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism were carried out from August 27 th to November 21 st This campaign entailed work inside and outside Structure D to the northwest of the north courtyard (Plan 1), inside and outside the building remains in the same courtyard, the outside of K6 of the northern annex of the church as well as Structure E, to the south of the western courtyard (Plan 2). The earth filling of the 11 th century in the western area has yielded mixed finds dating from the 4 th through the 11 th century, mentioned in our previous publications. Six trenches were excavated from 1.40 m down to 0.30 m in 2004; and the floor paving of the building remains was reached. The small finds from the filling usually came from the first stratum ( m) under the alluvial layer and those dating to the 7 th century came mainly from a depth of m. In Structure D in the western area, the southern wall of the square-building was entirely exposed and a doorway at 1.15 m and a tomb, covered with six slabs and adjoining the same wall, were uncovered. The arcosolium in the same room has a floor paved with flagstones at a depth of 1.37 m. When the reused slabs were removed, twochest type graves of masonry were discovered. The skeletons were taken to Ankara for them to be examined by anthropologists at Hacettepe University. The fresco by the northern grave was transfered onto a panel by R. fller, restorer archaeologist, for preservation purposes in the gallery. 51

2 Plan 1 52

3 Plan 2 infla edilmifltir. Dolguda dikkati çeken en yo un buluntu m. de 514 deniz kabu udur. Zemin döflemesi üzerinde kuzey-güney do rultusunda uzanan duvar n uzant s kuzeyde, d flta ortaya ç kan Roma Dönemi duvarlar d r. Kuzey bölüm içindeki çal flma 2003 te bafllam fl, 2.50 m. kotuna kadar yo un moloz temizlenmifl, 2004 te ise yap - n n içinde güneyde 0.40 m. kotunda düzgün tafl levha döfleme ve toprak üzerine s vanan harç tabakas na inilmifltir. Bat duvar nda 1.25 m. genifllikte, 0.90 m. kotunda bir kap bulunmufltur. D yap s içinde en zengin buluntu 1684 veri ile kuzey yap n n iç mekan ndaki açmalard r; en yo un tabakalar 568 buluntuyla m. ve 441 buluntu ile m. kotlar d r. Maden buluntular aras nda dört sikke, bronz kap, kandil zinciri, fibula, büyük bir kap ya ait mentefle, anahtar gibi ögeler dikkati çeker. Ayn mekanda delik ifli tafl levhalar n çeflitlemeleri görülür (Res. 1). Kuzey yap n n kuzey cephesindeki arkad kemeri alüvyondan temizlenmifltir. Cephenin alt nda 0.20 m. yüksekli inde bir tafl seki ve önünde 0.90 m. kotunda harç zemin tabakas ortaya ç km flt r. Do u cephenin kuzey köflesinde d flta yap lan açmada do u-bat do rultusunda 0.42 m. kotta eski bir duvar ve 0.30 m. kotta düzgün tafl levha zemin vard r. Benzer kottaki tafl döflemeler güney yap n n d fl nda, D yap s orta bölümün içinde, kuzey yap n n iç ve d fl nda görülür. Kuzey bölümün d fl nda, bat da L biçiminde 0.64 m. genifllikte bir duvar, yap n n alt na uzan r. Duvar n s n rlad 1/3 lik bölüm 0.35 m. kotunda düzgün kesme tafl levhayla döflelidir. Kuzeyde birbirine yaklafl k paralel kuzey-güney yönünde iki duvar ve The function of the the small rectangular annex, orientated in a north-south direction and built on the western wall of the square structure in the same period, remains unclear. This structure was built on an earth filling at 0.90 m, which concealed the dressed stone pavement at a depth of 0.30 m. The 514 recovered seashells are the most worthy find, recovered from a depth of m. The wall extending in the north-south direction over the floor pavement, continues outside to the north as the Roman wall. The work on the northern part was initiated in 2003 and the extensive rubble reaching a depth of 2.50 m was removed. In 2004, a dressed stone pavement and a level of mortar plastered on top of earth was reached at 0.40 m in the southern part, inside the structure. A doorway 1.25 in width and 0.90 m elevation was found in the western wall. The trenches inside the northern structure yielded a wealth of 1684 finds during the work on Structure D. The stratum of m with 568 finds and that of m with 441 finds were the richest layers. Four coins, a bronze vessel, lamp chain, fibula, hinge belonginig to large door and keys are worthy of note amongst the finds of metal. A variety of openwork stone plaques have also been recovered from the same room (Fig. 1). The arch of the arcade on the northern facade of the northern structure was cleaned of debris and at its base, a stone bench 0.20 m in height and a floor mortar layer in front at 0.90 m was uncovered. In the trench outside the northern corner of the eastern facade is an ancient 53

4 Res. 1 / Fig. 1 Res. 2 / Fig. 2 aralar nda 0.34 m. kotunda harçl zemin bulunmufltur. D yap s içinde ve d fl nda güney, kuzey ve bat alanlarda ortaya ç kan duvarlar Roma Dönemi ne ait olup ifllevleri genel bir çal flmada sunulacakt r. Kilisenin kuzey ek yap s K6 bölümü d fl nda, yap lan kaz da belirginleflen do u-bat yönündeki duvar n oturma kotu 1.10 m. üst kotu ise 3.24 m. dir. Bu nedenle duvar yy. yap dönemlerine tarihleyebiliriz te kilisenin bat s ndaki avluyu s n rlayan E yap s nda çal fl lm flt r. Avlu güney ve bat dan iki katl yap larla, do uda kilisenin d fl narteksiyle çevrelenir; yap n n alt kat mekanlar ndan bat daki Peschlow un plan nda ifllenmifl, ancak mimari ve ifllev özellikleri tart fl lmam flt r. Avlunun güney ve bat s ndaki iki katl mekanlardan oluflan E yap s nda, güneyindeki mekan n alt kat n dolduran alüvyon temizlenmifltir (Plan 2, Res. 3). çte 14.00x 3.75 m. boyutlar ndaki yap ya girifl, do u cephedeki yuvarlak kemerli bir aç kl kla sa lan r. Mekan duvar payeleri üzerinde yükselen üç bas k yuvarlak kemer ve bir kemerli kap ile befl bölüme ayr l r. Yap da pencere yoktur; güney ve kuzey duvarlarda kare nifller ve d fltaki arkosolium hizas nda mazgal tipinde bir aç kl k bulunur. Örtü sistemi do u-bat yönünde düzensiz beflik tonozdur. çte yap lan sondajda eksi 0.30 m. kota kadar toprak boflalt lm fl, ancak zemin döflemesi bulunamam flt r; beden duvarlar 0.00 m. kotta topra a oturur. Duvar örgüsü kaba yonu kesme tafl, tonozda ise moloz taflla örülmüfltür. Yap da ortaya ç kan 4604 küçük buluntudan en önemlileri s rl seramikler (Res. 2) ve Avrupa kökenli üç gümüfl sikkedir. wall at 0.42 m and a dressed stone pavement at 0.30 m. Stone pavings at similar depths are also found outside the southern structure, inside the middle part of Structure D and both inside and outside the northern structure. Outside the northern part, an L-shaped wall to the west extends under the structure. The 1/3 area bordered by the wall has a dressed stone paving at 0.35 m. To the north are two walls, almost parallel to each other, and a mortar floor between at 0.34 m. The walls uncovered in the north, south and western parts inside and outside Structure D date from the Roman Period and will be presented within a general study. Excavations outside K6 of the northern annex of the church exposed a wall built in an east-west direction. The wall s base is at 1.10 m and reaches an elevation of 3.24 m. It is therefore possible to date it to the building phases of the 11 th -12 th century. Work was also conducted in 2004 on Structure E, bordering the western courtyard. The courtyard is surrounded by two-storied structures to the west and south, while with the outer narthex of the church borders it to the east. The western room in the lower story of the structure is shown in the plans by Peschlow but no comment was made regarding either its architecture or its function. The two-storied Structure E bordering the courtyard on the south and west was cleaned of the alluvial filling in the ground floor (Plan 2, Fig. 3). This structure measures 54

5 Yap n n kuzey cephesine bitiflik arkosolium içinde yer alan 1118 tarihli fresko kitabe Peschlow a göre bir terminus post quem dir. Bas k tonozlu olmas, yap n n penceresinin olmamas ve bir kafatas buluntusu gömü yerine iflaret eder kaz s nda 22 sikke bulunmufl; bunlardan onüçü okunmufltur. ki sikke Roma, alt sikke Bizans ve bir sikke Selçuklu Dönemi ne aittir. Ortaça a ait dört gümüfl sikke ise Avrupa kökenlidir. Bizans Dönemi sikkeleri aras nda II. Basileios dönemine ait Anonim A2 daha önce bulunan befl örnekle dikkati çeker; I. Alexios Komnenos döneminde yap lan bat avludaki arkosolium un yan s ra bu imparatora ait kaz m zda bugüne kadar dört sikke bulunmas Akdeniz çana nda Myra kentinin ekonomik olarak rahatlad na iflaret eder te Bizans Anonim H grubuna ait X. Konstantin ve VII. Mikael Dukas sikkelerine bu y l bir örnek daha eklenmifltir. Daha önceki y llarda ortaya ç kan 7. yy. Heraklios ve o lu sikkelerinin yan s ra bu y l ilk kez mparator Phokas ve mparator Heraklonas ve II. Konstans sikkeleri bulunmufltur ün en önemli sikkesi Selçuklu Sultan II. zzettin Keykavus a ( ) aittir te Nikolaos Kilisesi nin güneyindeki mezar odas nda Nikolaos siklusuna ait 11 duvar resminin restorasyonu tamamlanm flt r. Bu sahnelerden Nikolaos un bir hastay iyilefltirmesi (Res. 4), Nikolaos un Basileos u Araplardan kurtar fl, Deniz mucizesi, Nikolaos un çocu u 14.00x3.75 m on the inside. It is accessed via the roundarched doorway in the eastern facade. The room is divided into five bays with three low-arches rising on pilastres and a round-arched doorway. No windows have been found;, but there are square niches in the south and north walls and a loophole aperture at the level of the arcosolium on the outside. The room is covered by an irregular barrel vault in an east-west direction. The sounding inside reached m but revealed no floor. The walls rest on the earth at 0.00 m and they are built from roughly cut stones, while the vault is of rubble. Among the 4604 small finds recovered here, noteworthy are the glazed pottery (Fig. 2) and three silver coins. The fresco inscription dating to 1118 in the arcosolium provides a terminus post quem according to Peschlow. The fact that this structure lacks windows, it has lowarched vault and a skull recovered from here suggest its function as a burial site. 22 coins, 13 of which have been identified, were found during the 2004 campaign. Two are Roman, six Byzantine and one is Seljuck. Four medieval silver coins are of European origin. An Anonymous A2 from the reign of Basileios II is noteworthy amongst the Byzantine coins, with five other examples recovered previously. Alongside the arcosolium built in the western courtyard during the reign of Emperor Alexis I Komnenus, four Res. 3 / Fig. 3 55

6 coins dating from the reign of the same emperor that have been recovered during the course of our excavations suggest that Myra s economy prospered during the reign of this emperor. A further example of Byzantine Anonymous H coins of the Emperors Constantine IX and Michael VII Doukas was found in this year s campaign in addition to the 7 th century coins of Heraklios and his son Constans II recovered in past campaigns. The most important coin found in 2004 dates from the reign of the Seljuck Sultan Izzeddin Keykavus II ( ). Res. 4 / Fig. 4 olmayan bir kad na yard m, üç general hapiste, üç generalin Nikolaos a teflekkürü, üç general Konstantin önünde sahneleri ve üç bekâr k z n öyküsü ortaya ç kar lm flt r. Ayr ca mekandaki büst fleklinde yedi aziz, baflmelek ve piskopos figürleri ile ayakta tasvir edilen 25 tek aziz, piskopos, martir ve keflifl figürlerinin koruma ve onar m çal flmalar tamamlanm flt r. Kitabeleri okunan figürler, kuzey duvarda bat dan ikinci niflin kemer iç yüzeyinde; H. Abibos, H. Samonias ve H. Gurias; güney duvarda bat daki niflin duvar ve kemer iç yüzeyinde H. Eutymios, H. Antonius, H. Sabas, H. Abibos, H. Ephraim Syros, H. Stilites, Hosios Teodosius Sönebiark; ayn duvarda bat dan ikinci niflin duvar ve kemer iç yüzeylerinde, H. Eleutherius, H. Polykarpos, H. Nikandros tur. Ayr ca restorasyon çal flmalar sonucu ikonografik özellikleri belirginleflen, ancak kitabesi okunamayan baz azizlerin H. Theodoros Studites ve H. Stephanos oldu u anlafl lm flt r. The restoration of 11 wall paintings from the St. Nicholas cycle in the southern burial chamber was completed in The scenes of: Nicholas healing a patient (Fig. 4), Nicholas saving the Basileios from the Arabs, The Miracle sea, Nicholas helps a childless Woman, The Three Generals in prison, The Three Generals thank Nicholas, and The Three Generals before Constantine and the story of Three Maidens have been revealed. In addition, seven figures, busts depicting saints, archangel and bishops as well as 25 other standing full single figures of saints, bishops, martyrs and monks have been conserved and restored. The saints identified are as follows: H. Abibos, H. Samonias and H. Gurias on the inner side of the arch of the second niche from the west on the north wall; H. Eutymios, H. Antonius, H. Sabas, H. Abibos, H. Ephraim Syros, H. Stilites, Hosios Theodosios Sönebiark on the inner and outer sides of the arch of the western niche on the south wall; H. Eleutherius, H. Polycarp and H. Nicandros on the inner and outer sides of the arch of the second niche from the west on the south wall. Due to this restoration, two other saints, whose inscriptions could not be read, were identified from their iconography: H. Theodoros Studites and H. Stephanos. 56