Likya da Bizans Dönemi Araflt rmalar 2003 Surveys of Byzantine period in Lycia, 2003

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1 Likya da Bizans Dönemi Araflt rmalar 2003 Surveys of Byzantine period in Lycia, 2003 Sema DO AN 1998 y l ndan itibaren sürdürülen Likya da Bizans Dönemi Araflt rmalar konulu yüzey araflt rmas n n bu y l plânlanan bölümü, A ustos 2003 tarihleri aras nda gerçeklefltirilmifltir. Bu y l, Bizans evresi saptanan 13 yerleflim ve yap da incelemelerde bulunulmufl, 2 kilisenin plânlar n n kroki çizimleri yap larak envanterlenmifl ve görsel kay tlarla belgelenmifltir. Yap ve yerleflimlerdeki 8 mimari tafl eserin envanteri yap lm fl, böylece 1998 y l ndan itibaren projemiz çerçevesinde belirlenen tafl eser say s, bu y l 356 ya ulaflm flt r y l çal flmalar nda Antalya li, Kumluca, Finike ve Elmal lçeleri merkez al narak çevresindeki yerleflimler incelenmifltir. Kumluca lçesi, Mavikent Beldesi nin Aktafl Mevkii ndeki Gagae antik yerlefliminde 2002 y l nda bafllayan çal flmalar, bu y l da sürdürülmüfltür. Geçen y l bir topo raf eflli inde elektronik theodolitle kentin ve kiliselerin plân ç kar lm fl, al nan noktalar ülke koordinatlar nda yerlefltirilerek bilgisayar ortam na aktar lm fl ve AutoCad program ile çizimler yerinde yap lm flt (Res. 1). Bu y l ise kentin Afla Yerleflimi ndeki Hamam yap s n n plân ç kar lm fl, Yukar ve Afla Kale deki eksik ölçüler tamamlanm fl, tarihlendirmeye iliflkin malzeme ve teknik özellikler tüm kent duvarlar nda incelenmifltir. Kent, Yukar ve Afla Kale ile Afla Yerleflim olarak adland rd m z üç farkl seviyedeki Bizans Dönemi surlar içinde, sivil ve savunma ifllevli yap lar içermektedir. Yukar Kale, kentin en yüksek noktas nda kurulmufl, yaklafl k x77.00 m. boyutlar ndad r. Surlarda k smen Hellenistik duvarlar, büyük k sm nda Erken, Orta ve Geç Bizans Dönemi duvarlar belirlenmifltir. Yukar Kale deki Hellenistik duvarlarla kesiflen bir kilise, 3 nefli bazilikal plânl, do usu içte ve d flta yar m daire biçiminde apsislidir (Res. 2). Afla Kale, tepenin daha alçak bir seviyesinde, yaklafl k x42.00 m. boyutlar ndad r. Surlar, duvar tekni i ve malzeme nitelikleri The Byzantine Period Surveys in Lycia have continued since 1998, and this year s program was conducted from the 16th to the 29 th of August, This year 13 sites and structures, where Byzantine phases were discovered, have been surveyed, the sketch plans of two churches were drawn and their inventories plus their visual documentation were accomplished. This season 8 stone architectural elements were inventoried, bringing the total of Byzantine architectural elements recorded to 356 since In the 2003 surveys, Kumluca, Finike and the Elmal townships of Antalya, and their environs were surveyed. The work initiated in 2002 at the ancient site of Gagae in the Aktafl area of the Mavikent district of the township of Kumluca was continued. In the preceding year, the plans of the city and the churches were drawn, using electronic surveying equipment accompanied by a topographer, the survey points obtained were placed within the coordinates of the area, and the digital information was fed into the computer and plans were drawn up using the AutoCad program (Fig. 1). In 2003, the plan of the baths in the Lower City was prepared; the missing dimensions from the Upper and the Lower Fortresses were obtained; the material and the technical features of the city walls, paying regard to dating, were examined. The city included civilian and defensive structures within the Byzantine walls at three levels, which we have called: the Upper and the Lower Fortresses and the Lower City. The Upper Fortress is located on the highest point of the site and covers an area of approximately by square meters. These walls partially date from the Hellenistic period, but are largely to be dated to the Early, Middle and Late Byzantine periods (Fig. 2). In the Upper Fortress, the church intersecting with the Hellenistic period wall, is a three aisled 90

2 Res. 1 / Fig. 1 YÜZEY ARAfiTIRMA RAPORLARI ile Bizans Dönemi ne aittir. Afla Yerleflim ise, kentin en alt düzlemdeki bölümüdür; yaklafl k x39.00 m. boyutlar ndad r. Surlar n kuzeybat köflesinde bir kiliseye ait apsis duvar ayaktad r; yap n n di er bölümleri mevcut de ildir. Bu y l, Autocad program nda plân ve çizimleri tamamlanan Hamam yap s, duvarlar n n malzeme ve teknik niteliklerine göre, bölgedeki Bizans Dönemi nin ünik bir örne idir. Yerleflimin d fl nda geçen y l belgelenen tonozlu bir yap n n, bu y l tamamen ve kireç oca n n k smen çevredeki sera sahipleri taraf ndan y k lm fl oldu u görülmüfltür. Bu durum, bir rapor ve görsel belgelerle Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi ne taraf m zdan bildirilmifltir. Gagae den sonraki 10 günlük sürede, afla da söz etti imiz yerleflim ve yap larda çal fl lm flt r: Finike lçesi Asarönü Köyü ndeki Asar Tepe de Bizans Dönemi ne tarihledi imiz olas l kla yerleflime ait duvar kal nt lar ile iki sarn ç yap s bulunmufltur. Köyün bat - s nda Gülmezasar olarak tan mlanan tepenin yamac nda ise bir di er Bizans yerleflimi belirlenmifltir. Burada yerleflime girifl oluflturan yap dan geçilerek ulafl lan bazilikal plânl bir kilise ve mimariye ait tafl ö eler envanterlenmifltir. Finike lçesi nde Asarönü Köyü nün do usunda bulunan Kefllik Da, bu mevkiideki en yüksek da olarak dikkati çekmektedir ve zirvesinde bir Bizans yerleflimi bar nd rmaktad r. Bu yerleflime ait duvarlar n ve bir sarn ç yap s n n yan s ra, 3 nefli, güneydo usunda ek yap lar n yer ald, duvar resimleriyle bezenmifl oldu u kimi izlerden anlafl lan, bazilikal plânl bir kilise saptanarak kroki plân çizimi yap lm flt r. Ayn zamanda kilisenin liturjik ifllevli elemanlar na ait tafl ö eler envanterlenmifltir. basilica and has an apse of semicircular form, both on the interior and exterior. The Lower Fortress is located at a lower point on the same hill and it covers an area of approximately by square meters. The masonry and the materials employed in the construction, date these walls to the Byzantine Period. The Lower City is to be found at the lowest level and it covers an area of approximately by square meters. In the northwest corner of the walls there is an apse wall of a church, the rest of this building is no longer extant. This year, the plans and drawings of the baths, were completed, using AutoCad. These baths are a unique example from the Byzantine Period in the region due to the masonry technique and the materials employed in its walls. Regrettably a vaulted structure outside the settlement, that was studied the previous year, had been entirely ruined by the time of our visit in 2003; while a lime kiln had been partially ruined by the actions of greenhouse owners in the area. This situation was reported in writing, with additional visual documentation, to the Antalya Museum. In the 10 days remaining, following our work at Gagae, the following settlements and structures were surveyed: The remains of walls and two cisterns that were dated to the Byzantine Period were discovered at Asar Tepe, in the Asarönü village of Finike township. Another Byzantine settlement was discovered on the slopes of Gülmezasar hill to the west of the village. Here, a basilical church that was accessed through a structure serving as a vestibule and the visible elements of stone architecture were inventoried. Mount Kefllik to the east of Asarönü village is the tallest peak in the region and has a Byzantine settlement on its summit. The walls of this settlement and a cistern were documented, Res. 2 / Fig. 2 91

3 Kumluca lçesi Alt nyaka/gödene Beldesi ne ba l Güneflli Mahallesi nde yer alan Gedelma antik yerleflimindeki Kale nin arkas ndaki tepede yo un bitki örtüsü aras nda izlenebilen duvar kal nt lar ile k smen ayakta kalan Kilise, yerleflimin Bizans Dönemi ne iliflkin verilerdir. Tek nefli, do usu Likya n n bölgesel özelli i olan üç yaprakl yonca (trichonchos) plânl kilise, güneydo usunda farkl bir evreye ait tek nefli bir flapel ile s n rlan r. Burada da yap kompleksinin kroki plân çizimi yap lm flt r. Kumluca lçesi Alt nyaka/gödene Beldesi nde Kotanna antik ad yla bilinen yerleflim, beldenin bat s ndaki tepe üzerinde yer al r. Tepenin en üst düzleminde bir TV vericisinin yerlefltirilmesi, tepeye ç k fl sa layan genifl bir yolun aç lmas na neden olmufltur. Uydunun bulundu u alan da dikenli tellerle çevrilmifl ve aç lan yol düzlenmifltir; bu çal flma s ras nda y k lm fl olan yerleflime ait duvarlar n molozlar ve hatta üzeri resimli duvar s valar yol kenar nda gözlenmektedir. Yamaçta kalan duvar kal nt lar olas l kla bir savunma yap s na aittir. Tepenin alt k sm nda 1955 tarihli Alt nyaka Merkez Camii nin avlusunda ise kentten al nm fl mimari ifllevli ve Bizans Dönemi ne tarihledi imiz 3 tafl ö enin, devflirme ve bahçe düzenlemesinde kullan ld saptanarak envanterlenmifltir. Kumluca lçesi Gölcük Köyü ndeki Kale - Yerleflim (Kitanaura?), düzlükte yer alan köyün hemen yan nda yükselen tepenin üst düzlemindeki genifl alanda yer almaktad r. Surlarla çevrili yerleflimdeki yap kal nt lar, duvar malzeme-tekni i ve an tsal nitelikleriyle Roma Dönemi - ne ait olmal d r. Burada herhangi bir çal flma yap lmam flt r. Elmal lçesi nde Karam k Köyü nün güneydo usundaki Podalia Kale, yüksek bir tepenin üst düzlemi ile yamac nda iç ve d fl kaleden oluflmaktad r. ç Kale yaklafl k m. lik bir alan kaplamaktad r. Yamaçtaki D fl Kale de sura bitiflik mekan düzenlemesi yap lm flt r. Duvar malzeme ve tekni i Roma özelliklerini yans tmaktad r. Elmal lçesi nin Çobanisa Köyü nde, karayolunun hemen kenar ndaki üç bölümlü tepenin güney k sm nda yer alan Gilevgi Kale, surlarla çevrili kent görünümündedir. Kente kuzeydo uda bir kap ile girilmektedir. Bat cephede dörtgen kulelerle desteklenen surlar n içinde kimi yap kal nt lar yer al r. Yerleflimin düzgün, kesme tafl örgü duvarlar n n malzeme ve teknik özelli i, Roma Dönemi niteliklerini yans t r. Elmal lçesi nde Zümrütova Köyü ndeki kale, köyün yan nda yer alan tepe üzerindedir. Yaklafl k m. boyutlar ndaki alanda kale duvarlar do u, bat, güney yönlerde yap lm fl; kuzeyde ise kayal klara yaslanm flt r. together with a three aisled basilical church with some annexes to the southeast, the church originally was decorated with wall paintings as can be understood from the remaining traces and a sketch plan of this church was drawn. Moreover, those stone elements related to the liturgy were inventoried. The walls that are discernible through the dense vegetation and the remains of a still partially standing church on the hill behind the fortress, comprise the Byzantine data that is presently available from the ancient site of Gedelma, in the Güneflli neighborhood of the Alt nyaka/gödene district of Kumluca township. The single aisled church, having a triconch apse to the east, a type peculiar to Lycia, is bordered by a single aisled chapel, constructed at a different date, to the southeast. A sketch plan of this complex was prepared. The ancient settlement of Kotanna extends over a hill to the west of Alt nyaka/gödene district of Kumluca. A wide road was opened when a television transmitter was erected on top of this hill, and the area around the transmitter is fenced off and the road was stabilized. This road construction resulted in the destruction of some structures, as the traces of wall plaster with painting and the rubble from the walls can be observed along the road. The wall remains on the slope probably belong to a defensive structure. In the courtyard of the Alt nyaka Merkez Mosque that was built in 1955, three stone elements that had obviously been taken from the ancient site were inventoried. The fortress settlement (Kitanaura?) in the Gölcük village of Kumluca township is situated on a wide flat area on top of the hill, adjacent to the lower lying village on the plain. These building remains are encircled with walls and belong to the Roman Period based on the masonry employed, the material features of the walls and their monumentality. No work was done here. Podalia Fortress, lying to the southeast of Karam k village of the Elmal township, has both an inner and an outer fortress, with the inner fortress located on the flat area on top and the outer fortress on the slope. The Inner Fortress covers an area of approximately 60 by 70 m. The Outer Fortress on the slope has an arrangement of rooms adjoining the walls. The masonry technique and the materials employed have Roman characteristics. The Gilevgi Fortress on the southern part of the tripartite hill by the road in the Çobanisa village of Elmal township seems to have been a fortified city. The entrance to the city was through a gate to the northeast. Inside the western wall, which is rein- 92

4 Res. 3 / Fig. 3 Res. 4 / Fig. 4 Bat da duvarlar kayalar üzerine oturtulmufltur. Surlar n güneyinde sura bitiflik iki kare plânl mekan, kale mimarisinde ço unlukla görülen bir özelliktir. Elmal lçesi nin Avdan Köyü ndeki Kale, tepenin do u k sm ndaki düzlükte yer alan yaklafl k 200x0.80 m. boyutlar nda surlar ile içinde pek çok yap içermektedir. Duvarlar n malzeme ve tekni inin yan s ra yerleflimde envanterledi imiz mimari ifllevli bir tafl eser, kalenin Bizans Dönemi ne ait oldu una iflaret etmektedir. Elmal lçesi nin Ovac k Köyü ndeki Kale, yaklafl k 0.70x0.80 m. lik bir alanda yer alan sur duvarlar ile içinde güney ve bat surlara bitiflik mekanlardan oluflmaktad r. Duvarlar harçs z, y ma tekni inde, tafllar oldukça düzgün ifllenmifltir. Elmal lçesi nin Yuva Köyü ndeki Asar Tepe, tepenin bat s ndaki alçak düzlükte yer alan küçük bir savunma yap s içermektedir. Kayalar üzerine oturan duvarlar olas l kla sur niteli indedir. Bat kayal klardaki oyma bir nifl, boyutlar nedeniyle mezar nifli olmal d r. Duvarlar n ve bu niflin niteli i, yerleflimin Bizans Dönemi ne ait oldu unu düflündürmektedir. Likya n n kuzeyinde, özellikle Elmal çevresinde belirledi imiz büyük boyutlu olmayan bu yap lar n, olas l kla savunma ve gözlem amaçl yap ld klar n ve küçük topluluklar bar nd rd klar n düflünüyoruz. Tepelerin üst noktalar na kurulmufl bu yerleflimlerde, k y bölgelerden farkl bir malzeme ve duvar tekni i izlenmektedir. Gilevgi Kale ise, boyutlar yla, içindeki çeflitli yap larla ve surlar n özenli malzeme ve tekni i ile bu gruptan ayr lmaktad r. Bu y l araflt rma program plânland gibi uygulanm fl; incelenen 13 yerleflimin 8 inde Bizans Dönemi ne ait dinsel, savunma ifllevli ve günlük yaflama iliflkin yap lar forced with rectangular towers, are the remains of some buildings. The fine dressed stone masonry technique and the materials employed at this site suggest a Roman date. The fortress of Zümrütova village of Elmal township is on a hill next to the village. The fortress encloses an area of 70 by 80 square meters and has man-made walls to the east, the south and the west while on the north side are rocks. On the west side the walls stand upon rocks. To the south of the walls, two square rooms that adjoin the walls, are quite a common feature of fortress architecture. The fortress in the Avdan village of Elmal township has walls that enclose an area of 200 by 80 square meters on the flat part of the east of the hill, this wall encircles many structures. The materials and masonry technique employed in the walls, plus a stone architectural element, suggest a Byzantine date for this fortress. The fortress situated in the Ovac k village of Elmal township encloses an area of 70 by 80 square meters and has rooms adjoining the western and southern walls on the inside. The walls do not have mortar and the stones are fine worked. Asar Tepe, in the village of Yuva, in Elmal township, has a small defensive structure on the lower flat area to the west of the hill. The walls standing on rocks were probably built for fortification purposes. A carved niche in the western rocks, from its dimensions, should be a burial niche. The walls and the niche suggest a Byzantine date for this settlement. We are of the opinion that these small structures that we have surveyed in northern Lycia, especially those around Elmal, were probably built for defensive and observation purposes and seem to have housed only 93

5 belirlenmifltir. Bölgedeki araflt rmalar m z sürdürülürken, proje kapsam nda Likya n n Bizans tafllar üzerine bir kitap haz rlanmaktad r (Res. 3-4). small groups of inhabitants. Those settlements that are located on hilltops are constructed from materials and employ masonry techniques different from those employed along the coasts. The Gilevgi Fortress distinguishes itself from this group because of its size, the structures inside, and fine workmanship and materials employed in this fortress-settlement. The program for 2003 was accomplished as planned, with those Byzantine period religious, defense and habitation structures recorded at 8 sites out of a total of 13. As our surveys of the Byzantine remains in the region continue, we are preparing a book of our findings concerning the Byzantine stone repertory of Lycia, within the framework of this project (Fig. 3-4). 94