THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE IN ISTANBUL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BY ISTANBUL AHKÂM REGISTERS ( )

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1 Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute Yıl/Year: 2015 Cilt/Volume: 12 Sayı/Issue: 29, s THE CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LIFE IN ISTANBUL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BY ISTANBUL AHKÂM REGISTERS ( ) M. Burak BULUTTEKİN Dicle Üniversitesi, Hukuk Fakültesi, Mali Hukuk Anabilim Dalı, Abstract This study, which aims to evaluate the social and economic life of Istanbul in the 18th century, is based on the classification of Istanbul Ahkâm Registers in the period of In order to classify the provisions of Ahkâm Registers; (a) registry (book) numbers, (b) application areas, (c) conflict issues, (d) the social position of the litigants, (e) the religion of the litigants, and (f) application years were chosen as the basic analysis variables. Each judgement, which were based on this systematic, were examined in themselves. 531 provisions of the social and economic life were determined in Istanbul Ahkâm Registers in the period of January 1755-December The analysis of this Ahkâm Books (between 3-7 books), the maximum provisions were found with 6st part (31.6%) of them. The most problems of the social and economic life of Istanbul were crime and punishment (50.8%) and heritage (23.3%). Moreover, the most social and economic problems occurred in Uskudar (38.6%) region. Also, the most social problem in Surici was placement of the Muslim and Non-Muslim neighborhoods (19 cases); in Galata, Uskudar and Haslar was banditry, home invasion, murder, wounding, pounding, extortion, theft and cruelty (respectively 36, 101 and 54 cases). The social and economic problems of Istanbul in the 18th century occurred between the reaya. Both the applicants and the complainees were intensity composed by the Muslims reaya which were dwelling in centrum. It was determined that 35.4% of this social and economic problems occured in the period of Keywords: 18th century, The social life of İstanbul, Istanbul Ahkâm Registers İSTANBUL AHKÂM DEFTERLERİ NE GÖRE 18.YÜZYILIN İKİNCİ YARISINDA İSTANBUL DAKİ SOSYO-EKONOMİK HAYATIN TASNİFİ ( ) Özet 18.yüzyılda İstanbul daki toplumsal yaşamı değerlendirme amacındaki bu çalışma, yılları arasındaki döneme ait İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri nin tasnifine yöneliktir. Ahkâm defterlerinde yer alan kayıtlardaki hükümleri tasnif edebilmek için; (a) defter numaraları, (b) başvuru yerleri, (c) ihtilaf konuları, (d) ihtilafın taraflarının sosyal konumları, (e) ihtilafın taraflarının dinleri ve (f) başvuru yılları, temel analiz değişkenleri olarak seçilmiştir. Her bir hüküm, bu sistematiğe göre -öncelikle kendi içlerinde ve daha sonra da genel analize tabi tutularak- incelenmiştir. İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri Kayıtları nda, Ocak 1755-Aralık 1764 tarihleri arasındaki dönemde, sosyal hayat ile ilgili olarak 531 tane hüküm

2 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) tespit edilmiştir. 3-7 arasında yer alan ilgili Ahkâm defterindeki bu hükümlerden, en fazla kaydın 6 numaralı defterde (%31,6) yer aldığı görülmüştür. İstanbul da yaşanan toplumsal sorunların, yoğunluklu olarak cürüm ve ceza (%50,8) ve miras (%23,3) konularıyla ilgili oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte en fazla toplumsal sorun, Üsküdar (%38,6) bölgesinde yaşanmıştır. Yine, Suriçi kazasında sıklıkla Müslim ve Gayrimüslim mahallelerinin yerleşimi (19 karar); Galata, Haslar ile Üsküdar kazalarında yoğunlukla eşkiyalık, ev basma, katl, yaralama, darp, gasp, hırsızlık ve zulüm (sırasıyla 36, 101 ve 54 karar) konularına ilişkin sorunlar yaşanmıştır. 18.yüzyılda İstanbul daki toplumsal sorunların, çoğunlukla yönetilenler (reaya) arasında yaşandığı belirlenmiştir. Hem müracaat eden ve hem de şikayet edilen taraflar, çoğunlukla şehir merkezinde yaşayan Müslüman yönetilen reayadan müteşekkildir. İncelenen dönemdeki sorunların %35,4 ünün, yılları arasındaki dönemde yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: 18. yüzyıl, İstanbul daki sosyal hayat, İstanbul Ahkâm Defterleri I. Introduction In this archival research that we strive to depict the social and economic life in Istanbul in the second half of the 18th century, our basic research field is Istanbul Ahkâm (Judgements, Decisions, Verdicts, Orders) Registers. The Ottoman State has created a unique social structure with its religious, administrative and economic characteristics. The formation of a class of social stratification (as bourgeoisie) in the country has been prevented by means of Vahdet (Wahdat, Unity) principle, state ownership of the basic production factor, the principle of not-collecting the capital in the certain hands and small economic system built around townships. In the Ottoman State, the solution place of social conflicts is the central administration. The problems, upon the application of the complainant, are examined by the central decision-making body called Divan-ı Humayun (Council of Ottoman State). The relevant township is notified in writing about the disputes settled by Sultan or the council established having the force of Sultan s commandment. The judgements are binding. However each decision made is compiled -systematically according to cities- and is archived recording to the books called Ahkâm Registers. For these reasons, Ahkâm Registers can be considered as the main arguments showing the overall socio-economic characteristics of the period to which they relate. Considering that they can describe the social and economic life in Istanbul in the second half of the 18th century, Istanbul Ahkâm Registers of the period have been classified in this study. To analyze social and economic problems experienced in Istanbul between the 1755 and 1765, Istanbul Ahkâm Registers transcribed by the team created in the editorship of KAL A were examined (TABAKOĞLU et.al., 1998) and 531 decisions considered to be related to social and economic life were determined. In order to classify these judgements in the book records, fundamental analysis variables were 348

3 M. Burak BULUTTEKİN chosen as; (a) registry (book) numbers, (b) application areas, (c) conflict issues, (d) the social positions of the parties to the dispute (litigants), (e) the religion of the parties to the dispute and (f) the application years. Each judgement is examined (primarily in itself and then subjecting to general analysis) based on this systematic. Classifications were recorded in an Excel, and all the data was made available for evaluation in tables. While keeping the records of Istanbul Ahkâm Registers, the registers (books) are numbered. This numbering forms a systematic for archival records of the judgements. In this framework, our first classification variable is register numbers. Problems related to social and economic life in Istanbul within the scope of the classification, were seen to take place in the registers between 3-7 numbers. The center of religious, administrative, political and economic systems in the Ottoman Empire is Istanbul. Until the end of 19th century, Istanbul (Dersaadet) city is divided into regions as; (a) the Surici (Istanbul city center) and (b) Bilad-ı Selase (Three Towns: Galata, Uskudar and Haslar) in terms of administrative and judicial structures. In Ahkâm Registers, the places where judgements are held(in other words, the application places), is described as sub-district (townnship, nahiyah). From this point, firstly, sub-districts within the hinterland of these four townships composing Istanbul in that period, have been identified. In accordance with this assessment, book judgements are subjected to place classification as Surici, Galata (Beyoglu), Uskudar and Haslar (Eyüp, Outside the city walls) regions and their subdistricts. Explanations about judgements given also take place in the records of Ahkâm Registers. From this data, one can reach to a general agreement about the reasons problem arising from. In the scope of the study, firstly, we tried to determine what the problems might be encountered in social and economic life. Taking into consideration the socio-economic structure of the period, the subjects of social conflicts in Istanbul are classified as follows; (i) family [ family order and divorce, mehir(bride price) ], (ii) heritage ( seizure of the heritage by one of heirs, seizure of the heritage by someone apart from heirs, share conflict or division, guardian and writing the probate ), (iii) safe conduct ( the safe conduct given for heritage, the safe conduct given for visit, the safe conduct given for a specific reason related to person and the safe conduct for official duty and appointment ), (iv) religious works [ imamate duty, sheikhdom, zawiya duty (Islamic monastery), curatorship and lodge and church, priest, patriarch ], (v) urbaniteism ( the care and protection of the city, placement and environment, placement of the Muslim and Non-Muslim neighborhoods and disturbing the order and inhabitants ), (vi) the crime and punishment [ banditry, home invasion, murder, wounding, pounding, extortion, theft and cruelty, bad words, inside informing, slander and falsehood and misconduct of regent, kadi, subasi (commander of the town), imams, sirdar (commander-in-chief) and janissaries ] 349

4 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) and (vii) general issues. In this context, in order to determine the social and economic problems experienced in Istanbul, each judgement was shaped according to the division of subjects of conflicts that we have created. Judgements given for the solution of economic problems in Istanbul townships, as you know, is intended to solve the problems between the two parties. Within the study, these two parties, according to their social position, are called as (1) applier/complainant party (in other words, the one having problem with the judgement given, the plaintiff), applicant and (2) the party caused the application (in other words the one caused the problem in the judgement given, the defendant), complainee and according to this distinction, the classification of judgements on the basis of parties was made. As is known, in classical Ottoman administrative classification, social positioning is divided as follows in general framework; (a) askeri (governor) (class who have a say in the management of state, military) and (b) reaya (governed) (people who live as resident within the borders of state, rayah). However, by making a sub-grouping, these askeri and reaya division, could be divided again according to the place of settlements as (i) urbanite (living in the city centre) or (ii) villager (living in the village). For this reason, from the general information given in book of judgements, the parties social position, (a) their general division as askeri and reaya and (b) their place of settlements as urbanite and villager have been determined. In Ahkâm records, religious knowledge about the parties of the dispute is also included. Based on the division in the Registers, it was thought that a classification according to religious division must be performed in this study as well. General division based on religion of the parties of the dispute, was made as (a) Muslim and (b) Non-Muslim. However, Non-Muslims also have been divided into the sub-categories as stated in Ahkâm Registers- as (i) Dhimmi (Zimmi), (ii) Jews and (iii) Nazarene (Nasrani). While the decisions made in relation to the problems in Istanbul are recorded to Istanbul Ahkâm Registers, the time of disclosure of judgements -in line with the book archive systematic- is stated by dates. Considering the period of our study is the second half of the 18th century, judgements covering the period between the dates of January 1755-December 1764 of decisions made in Registers related to social and economic life in Istanbul, were included in the classification. To sum up, the time of this study will be identified as the second half of the 18th century, the center of study is Istanbul, the main area of study is social and economic life, and focus point of the study is Istanbul Ahkâm Registers. 350

5 M. Burak BULUTTEKİN II. Classification of Social And Economic Life In Istanbul By The 18th Century Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) To be able to depict the social and economic life in Istanbul in 18th century, Ahkâm Registers of the period were analyzed. In the registers examined, 531 cases were found to be made as regards to social and economic life in Istanbul in that period. According to the data obtained from these records between the dates of August 1742-December 1749, the social and economic life in Istanbul were classified as; (a) book numbers in Ahkâm archival registers, (b) its distribution in Istanbul townships and sub-districts, (c) problems subject to judgement, (d) social position and religion of the parties related to judgements, and (e) years where problems occur. The classification made for each Ahkâm Register can be examplified as Table 1 [Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (BOA, Office of the Prime Minister Ottoman Archives), Bab-ı Asafi Divan-ı Hümayun Sicilleri İstanbul Ahkâm Defteri (A. DVNS. AHK. İS. d.) 6, p. 17, c. 51, August 1761]. Table 1: The Classification System Sample of Istanbul Ahkâm Regısters A. Classification of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul by their Numbers in Istanbul Ahkâm Registers of 18th Century Judgements given about the social and economic life in Istanbul in the period between the years , take place in books numbered between 3-7 of Ahkâm Registers. Identity indication of judgements in footnotes -taking into consideration the condition of place- is made as BOA book number / case number. General identities of relevant registers take place in references. Table 2: Classification of the Social and Economic Problems in Istanbul in the 18th Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers REGISTRY (BOOK) NUMBER TOTAL CASES PERCENTAGE 3.6% 24.7% 19.6% 31.6% 20.5% %100 As shown in Table 2, when the distribution of decisions in the registers made regarding Istanbul social and economic life in that period is examined, it will be seen that most of the decisions takes place in the book numbered 6 (31.6%) (In 6th 351

6 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) book: BOA 6/1, BOA 6/8, BOA 6/20, BOA 6/34, BOA 6/35, BOA 6/37, BOA 6/39, BOA 6/45, BOA 6/46, BOA 6/47, BOA 6/51, BOA 6/73, BOA 6/81, BOA 6/97, BOA 6/103, BOA 6/109, BOA 6/114, BOA 6/117, BOA 6/123, BOA 6/130, BOA 6/147, BOA 6/161, BOA 6/167, BOA 6/169, BOA 6/175, BOA 6/177, BOA 6/179, BOA 6/186, BOA 6/195, BOA 6/201, BOA 6/202, BOA 6/208, BOA 6/209, BOA 6/225, BOA 6/231, BOA 6/245, BOA 6/248, BOA 6/251, BOA 6/255, BOA 6/256, BOA 6/268, BOA 6/269, BOA 6/283, BOA 6/298, BOA 6/301, BOA 6/307, BOA 6/322, BOA 6/324, BOA 6/326, BOA 6/327, BOA 6/335, BOA 6/343, BOA 6/349, BOA 6/352, BOA 6/362, BOA 6/364, BOA 6/368, BOA 6/369, BOA 6/377, BOA 6/381, BOA 6/382, BOA 6/390, BOA 6/394, BOA 6/403, BOA 6/407, BOA 6/413, BOA 6/415, BOA 6/428, BOA 6/438, BOA 6/457, BOA 6/506, BOA 6/516, BOA 6/520, BOA 6/543, BOA 6/544, BOA 6/559, BOA 6/561, BOA 6/565, BOA 6/577, BOA 6/584, BOA 6/586, BOA 6/587, BOA 6/593, BOA 6/596, BOA 6/601, BOA 6/604, BOA 6/605, BOA 6/615, BOA 6/616, BOA 6/631, BOA 6/634, BOA 6/638, BOA 6/640, BOA 6/650, BOA 6/651, BOA 6/657, BOA 6/668, BOA 6/680, BOA 6/682, BOA 6/710, BOA 6/711, BOA 6/713, BOA 6/714, BOA 6/716, BOA 6/718, BOA 6/720, BOA 6/730, BOA 6/735, BOA 6/739, BOA 6/743, BOA 6/744, BOA 6/750, BOA 6/755, BOA 6/758, BOA 6/768, BOA 6/769, BOA 6/770, BOA 6/773, BOA 6/786, BOA 6/787, BOA 6/794, BOA 6/797, BOA 6/807, BOA 6/813, BOA 6/828, BOA 6/829, BOA 6/831, BOA 6/866, BOA 6/868, BOA 6/881, BOA 6/882, BOA 6/883, BOA 6/886, BOA 6/894, BOA 6/892, BOA 6/898, BOA 6/901, BOA 6/904, BOA 6/906, BOA 6/909, BOA 6/913, BOA 6/924, BOA 6/928, BOA 6/929, BOA 6/932, BOA 6/913, BOA 6/934, BOA 6/935, BOA 6/936, BOA 6/937, BOA 6/938, BOA 6/939, BOA 6/940, BOA 6/941, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/944, BOA 6/945, BOA 6/946, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/954, BOA 6/959, BOA 6/969, BOA 6/970, BOA 6/991, BOA 6/1005, BOA 6/1014, BOA 6/1019 and BOA 6/1021). Decisions within the scope of our study are mostly take place in the last two books ( In 7th book: BOA 7/1, BOA 7/5, BOA 7/6, BOA 7/17, BOA 7/24, BOA 7/33, BOA 7/41, BOA 7/49, BOA 7/50, BOA 7/53, BOA 7/64, BOA 7/69, BOA 7/74, BOA 7/79, BOA 7/83, BOA 7/88, BOA 7/93, BOA 7/95, BOA 7/101, BOA 7/109, BOA 7/110, BOA 7/113, BOA 7/122, BOA 7/124, BOA 7/125, BOA 7/126, BOA 7/128, BOA 7/129, BOA 7/131, BOA 7/137, BOA 7/138, BOA 7/142, BOA 7/145, BOA 7/148, BOA 7/151, BOA 7/153, BOA 7/155, BOA 7/156, BOA 7/157, BOA 7/160, BOA 7/164, BOA 7/167, BOA 7/172, BOA 7/173, BOA 7/179, BOA 7/182, BOA 7/185, BOA 7/189, BOA 7/190, BOA 7/196, BOA 7/198, BOA 7/199, BOA 7/203, BOA 7/208, BOA 7/209, BOA 7/211, BOA 7/213, BOA 7/217, BOA 7/222, BOA 7/231, BOA 7/238, BOA 7/245, BOA 7/248, BOA 7/249, BOA 7/257, BOA 7/270, BOA 7/271, BOA 7/275, BOA 7/277, BOA 7/279, BOA 7/283, BOA 7/286, BOA 7/287, BOA 7/303, BOA 7/322, BOA 7/328, BOA 7/335, BOA 7/343, BOA 7/345, BOA 7/350, BOA 7/351, BOA 7/359, BOA 7/361, BOA 7/366, BOA 7/381, BOA 7/390, BOA 7/395, BOA 7/396, BOA 7/399, BOA 7/400, BOA 7/407, BOA 7/415, BOA 7/421, BOA 7/422, BOA 7/425, BOA 7/431, BOA 7/433, BOA 7/436, BOA 7/438, BOA 7/441, BOA 7/445, BOA 7/446, BOA 7/447, BOA 7/454, BOA 7/462, BOA 7/463, BOA 7/464, BOA 7/

7 M. Burak BULUTTEKİN and BOA 7/480), and only 19 decisions are found in book numbered 3 (In 3rd book: BOA 3/1214, BOA 3/1225, BOA 3/1248, BOA 3/1264, BOA 3/1273, BOA 3/1276, BOA 3/1279, BOA 3/1286, BOA 3/1292, BOA 3/1304, BOA 3/1305, BOA 3/1312, BOA 3/1319, BOA 3/1344, BOA 3/1347, BOA 3/1350, BOA 3/1366, BOA 3/1368 and BOA 3/1386. Moreover, in 4th book: BOA 4/2, BOA 4/7, BOA 4/13, BOA 4/14, BOA 4/27, BOA 4/23, BOA 4/33, BOA 4/51, BOA 4/58, BOA 4/66, BOA 4/67, BOA 4/68, BOA 4/70, BOA 4/75, BOA 4/78 BOA 4/79, BOA 4/93, BOA 4/97, BOA 4/100, BOA 4/104, BOA 4/109, BOA 4/114, BOA 4/120, BOA 4/142, BOA 4/148, BOA 4/158, BOA 4/165, BOA 4/171, BOA 4/176, BOA 4/178, BOA 4/179, BOA 4/183, BOA 4/188, BOA 4/193, BOA 4/212, BOA 4/215, BOA 4/218, BOA 4/222, BOA 4/243, BOA 4/246, BOA 4/261, BOA 4/262, BOA 4/272, BOA 4/284, BOA 4/306, BOA 4/315, BOA 4/320, BOA 4/327, BOA 4/333, BOA 4/339, BOA 4/352, BOA 4/361, BOA 4/364, BOA 4/376, BOA 4/377, BOA 4/393, BOA 4/427, BOA 4/432, BOA 4/434, BOA 4/444, BOA 4/445, BOA 4/453, BOA 4/457, BOA 4/481, BOA 4/490, BOA 4/493, BOA 4/494, BOA 4/513, BOA 4/514, BOA 4/525, BOA 4/528, BOA 4/568, BOA 4/572, BOA 4/580, BOA 4/583, BOA 4/587, BOA 4/588, BOA 4/589, BOA 4/600, BOA 4/609, BOA 4/615, BOA 4/630, BOA 4/645, BOA 4/655, BOA 4/660, BOA 4/673, BOA 4/678, BOA 4/685, BOA 4/687, BOA 4/692, BOA 4/710, BOA 4/714, BOA 4/715, BOA 4/723, BOA 4/730, BOA 4/733, BOA 4/743, BOA 4/755, BOA 4/761, BOA 4/785, BOA 4/827, BOA 4/835, BOA 4/854, BOA 4/858, BOA 4/859, BOA 4/860, BOA 4/866, BOA 4/867, BOA 4/876, BOA 4/881, BOA 4/890, BOA 4/895, BOA 4/896, BOA 4/910, BOA 4/919, BOA 4/928, BOA 4/941, BOA 4/955, BOA 4/964, BOA 4/969, BOA 4/974, BOA 4/977, BOA 4/984, BOA 4/989, BOA 4/998, BOA 4/999, BOA 4/1002, BOA 4/1009, BOA 4/1018, BOA 4/1029 and BOA 4/1030. Also, in 5th book: BOA 5/15, BOA 5/16, BOA 5/17, BOA 5/18, BOA 5/22, BOA 5/24, BOA 5/26, BOA 5/31, BOA 5/52, BOA 5/54, BOA 5/58, BOA 5/61, BOA 5/67, BOA 5/80, BOA 5/92, BOA 5/97, BOA 5/111, BOA 5/114, BOA 5/124, BOA 5/127, BOA 5/136, BOA 5/170, BOA 5/196, BOA 5/201, BOA 5/215, BOA 5/252, BOA 5/266, BOA 5/273, BOA 5/285, BOA 5/291, BOA 5/302, BOA 5/310, BOA 5/327, BOA 5/328, BOA 5/331, BOA 5/333, BOA 5/344, BOA 5/347, BOA 5/348, BOA 5/366, BOA 5/373, BOA 5/375, BOA 5/379, BOA 5/403, BOA 5/408, BOA 5/431, BOA 5/442, BOA 5/449, BOA 5/484, BOA 5/491, BOA 5/512, BOA 5/520, BOA 5/521, BOA 5/526, BOA 5/534, BOA 5/547, BOA 5/549, BOA 5/554, BOA 5/556, BOA 5/574, BOA 5/599, BOA 5/607, BOA 5/609, BOA 5/623, BOA 5/624, BOA 5/636, BOA 5/638, BOA 5/645, BOA 5/661, BOA 5/667, BOA 5/678, BOA 5/683, BOA 5/691, BOA 5/692, BOA 5/695, BOA 5/699, BOA 5/700, BOA 5/711, BOA 5/727, BOA 5/728, BOA 5/731, BOA 5/735, BOA 5/739, BOA 5/744, BOA 5/758, BOA 5/760, BOA 5/763, BOA 5/833, BOA 5/834, BOA 5/842, BOA 5/856, BOA 5/862, BOA 5/867, BOA 5/899, BOA 5/916, BOA 5/928, BOA 5/930, BOA 5/936, BOA 5/958, BOA 5/979, BOA 5/991, BOA 5/1001, BOA 5/1011 and BOA 5/1012). 353

8 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) 531 cases about Istanbul social and economic life, can also be elaborated according to our study period, the years between Table 3: Distribution of Istanbul Ahkâm Registers Related to Istanbul Social and Economic Life in 18th Century By Years ( ) YEAR REGISTRY (BOOK) NUMBER TOTAL TOTAL As seen in Table 3, the problems experienced in the social and economic life of Istanbul in that period, have usually been concentrated in The concentration in books was evident in 1764 (no.7). Towards the middle of the century, the reduction in decisions has been noticed. Indeed, only 14.3% of the total decisions covers the years 1755 and B. Classification of the Social and Economic Problems in Istanbul in the 18th Century by Topics To find out what are the problems experienced in Istanbul society life in the period between , each Ahkâm Register has been classified by five general topics we have identified as the main social problems. The social and economic problems experienced in Istanbul in the 18th century can be held as (i) family, (ii) heritage, (iii) safe conduct, (iv) religious affairs, (v) urbaniteism, (vi) crime and punishment and (vii) general issues. Table 4: Social and Economic Problems Encountered in Istanbul in the 18th Century CONFLICT ISSUES CASES PERCENTAGE A. FAMILY % B. HERITAGE % C. SAFE CONDUCT % D. RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS % E. URBANITEISM, PUBLIC WORKS, ARCHITECTURE, % NEIGHBORHOOD, ENVIRONMENT AND LIFE F. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT % G. GENERAL ISSUES 8 1.5% 354

9 M. Burak BULUTTEKİN As a result of classification of book records by these conflict issues and elaborated in table 4; the problems of social and economic life in Istanbul in that period have been determined to be related to crime and punishment (BOA 3/1214, BOA 3/1248, BOA 3/1279, BOA 3/1286, BOA 3/1292, BOA 3/1312, BOA 3/1319, BOA 3/1344, BOA 4/7, BOA 4/13, BOA 4/14, BOA 4/75, BOA 4/100, BOA 4/120, BOA 4/142, BOA 4/158, BOA 4/165, BOA 4/171, BOA 4/176, BOA 4/179, BOA 4/212, BOA 4/215, BOA 4/218, BOA 4/262, BOA 4/272, BOA 4/320, BOA 4/327, BOA 4/339, BOA 4/361, BOA 4/364, BOA 4/377, BOA 4/427, BOA 4/434, BOA 4/444, BOA 4/453, BOA 4/457, BOA 4/490, BOA 4/494, BOA 4/514, BOA 4/568, BOA 4/587, BOA 4/588, BOA 4/589, BOA 4/600, BOA 4/655, BOA 4/660, BOA 4/673, BOA 4/687, BOA 4/714, BOA 4/715, BOA 4/723, BOA 4/733, BOA 4/743, BOA 4/785, BOA 4/835, BOA 4/859, BOA 4/860, BOA 4/890, BOA 4/895, BOA 4/910, BOA 4/928, BOA 4/941, BOA 4/955, BOA 4/964, BOA 4/977, BOA 4/989, BOA 4/1029, BOA 4/1030, BOA 5/18, BOA 5/22, BOA 5/24, BOA 5/26, BOA 5/31, BOA 5/54, BOA 5/67, BOA 5/92, BOA 5/111, BOA 5/201, BOA 5/252, BOA 5/273, BOA 5/285, BOA 5/291, BOA 5/331, BOA 5/333, BOA 5/344, BOA 5/347, BOA 5/348, BOA 5/366, BOA 5/403, BOA 5/408, BOA 5/526, BOA 5/549, BOA 5/599, BOA 5/623, BOA 5/638, BOA 5/645, BOA 5/661, BOA 5/667, BOA 5/678, BOA 5/683, BOA 5/691, BOA 5/692, BOA 5/695, BOA 5/699, BOA 5/700, BOA 5/711, BOA 5/727, BOA 5/731, BOA 5/739, BOA 5/760, BOA 5/833, BOA 5/834, BOA 5/842, BOA 5/862, BOA 5/867, BOA 5/930, BOA 5/936, BOA 5/979, BOA 5/991, BOA 5/1001, BOA 5/1011, BOA 5/1012, BOA 6/20, BOA 6/37, BOA 6/45, BOA 6/73, BOA 6/114, BOA 6/123, BOA 6/161, BOA 6/167, BOA 6/175, BOA 6/202, BOA 6/208, BOA 6/209, BOA 6/231, BOA 6/245, BOA 6/248, BOA 6/251, BOA 6/256, BOA 6/268, BOA 6/269, BOA 6/301, BOA 6/307, BOA 6/322, BOA 6/327, BOA 6/335, BOA 6/343, BOA 6/352, BOA 6/362, BOA 6/369, BOA 6/377, BOA 6/381, BOA 6/382, BOA 6/390, BOA 6/403, BOA 6/407, BOA 6/415, BOA 6/506, BOA 6/520, BOA 6/543, BOA 6/544, BOA 6/559, BOA 6/565, BOA 6/586, BOA 6/587, BOA 6/593, BOA 6/604, BOA 6/615, BOA 6/616, BOA 6/638, BOA 6/640, BOA 6/651, BOA 6/682, BOA 6/710, BOA 6/716, BOA 6/718, BOA 6/720, BOA 6/739, BOA 6/744, BOA 6/758, BOA 6/768, BOA 6/769, BOA 6/773, BOA 6/786, BOA 6/794, BOA 6/831, BOA 6/866, BOA 6/868, BOA 6/881, BOA 6/882, BOA 6/886, BOA 6/894, BOA 6/892, BOA 6/898, BOA 6/904, BOA 6/909, BOA 6/913, BOA 6/928, BOA 6/929, BOA 6/932, BOA 6/913, BOA 6/934, BOA 6/935, BOA 6/936, BOA 6/937, BOA 6/938, BOA 6/939, BOA 6/940, BOA 6/941, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/944, BOA 6/945, BOA 6/946, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/954, BOA 6/959, BOA 6/991, BOA 6/1019, BOA 6/1021, BOA 7/6, BOA 7/17, BOA 7/24, BOA 7/49, BOA 7/50, BOA 7/53, BOA 7/64, BOA 7/93, BOA 7/101, BOA 7/125, BOA 7/142, BOA 7/151, BOA 7/153, BOA 7/157, BOA 7/167, BOA 7/173, BOA 7/182, BOA 7/196, BOA 7/198, BOA 7/199, BOA 7/208, BOA 7/211, BOA 7/213, BOA 7/238, BOA 7/245, BOA 7/248, BOA 7/249, BOA 7/257, BOA 7/270, BOA 7/271, BOA 7/275, BOA 7/283, BOA 7/303, BOA 7/322, BOA 7/328, BOA 7/343, BOA 7/345, BOA 355

10 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) 7/350, BOA 7/351, BOA 7/359, BOA 7/361, BOA 7/395, BOA 7/396, BOA 7/407, BOA 7/438, BOA 7/441, BOA 7/454, BOA 7/462, BOA 7/473 and BOA 7/480) and heritage (BOA 4/51, BOA 4/188, BOA 4/193, BOA 4/306, BOA 4/333, BOA 4/432, BOA 4/494, BOA 4/528, BOA 4/580, BOA 4/609, BOA 4/660, BOA 4/673, BOA 4/678, BOA 4/710, BOA 4/755, BOA 4/854, BOA 4/858, BOA 4/867, BOA 4/876, BOA 4/881, BOA 4/974, BOA 4/984, BOA 4/998, BOA 4/999, BOA 4/1002, BOA 4/1018, BOA 5/17, BOA 5/58, BOA 5/61, BOA 5/80, BOA 5/97, BOA 5/111, BOA 5/114, BOA 5/124, BOA 5/127, BOA 5/170, BOA 5/196, BOA 5/215, BOA 5/266, BOA 5/291, BOA 5/310, BOA 5/327, BOA 5/328, BOA 5/373, BOA 5/379, BOA 5/431, BOA 5/442, BOA 5/491, BOA 5/512, BOA 5/520, BOA 5/521, BOA 5/534, BOA 5/547, BOA 5/574, BOA 5/624, BOA 5/636, BOA 5/728, BOA 5/744, BOA 5/763, BOA 5/856, BOA 5/899, BOA 5/928, BOA 5/958, BOA 5/1012, BOA 6/8, BOA 6/35, BOA 6/46, BOA 6/47, BOA 6/51, BOA 6/81, BOA 6/97, BOA 6/103, BOA 6/130, BOA 6/161, BOA 6/177, BOA 6/186, BOA 6/195, BOA 6/201, BOA 6/202, BOA 6/283, BOA 6/326, BOA 6/349, BOA 6/364, BOA 6/394, BOA 6/413, BOA 6/428, BOA 6/457, BOA 6/577, BOA 6/584, BOA 6/596, BOA 6/605, BOA 6/631, BOA 6/650, BOA 6/657, BOA 6/668, BOA 6/680, BOA 6/735, BOA 6/743, BOA 6/755, BOA 6/786, BOA 6/813, BOA 6/828, BOA 6/924, BOA 6/929, BOA 6/969, BOA 6/970, BOA 6/1005, BOA 7/74, BOA 7/95, BOA 7/126, BOA 7/128, BOA 7/129, BOA 7/189, BOA 7/217, BOA 7/245, BOA 7/381, BOA 7/390, BOA 7/399, BOA 7/400, BOA 7/415, BOA 7/425, BOA 7/433, BOA 7/447 and BOA 7/464) topics generally. While these problems are followed by urbaniteism, public works, architecture, neighborhood, environment and life (BOA 3/1273, BOA 3/1279, BOA 3/1304, BOA 3/1319, BOA 4/27, BOA 4/70, BOA 4/93, BOA 4/104, BOA 4/109, BOA 4/148, BOA 4/178, BOA 4/179, BOA 4/243, BOA 4/246, BOA 4/284, BOA 4/315, BOA 4/376, BOA 4/481, BOA 4/513, BOA 4/525, BOA 4/583, BOA 4/630, BOA 4/645, BOA 4/687, BOA 4/723, BOA 4/733, BOA 4/827, BOA 4/866, BOA 4/896, BOA 4/919, BOA 4/969, BOA 5/15, BOA 5/16, BOA 5/52, BOA 5/375, BOA 5/484, BOA 5/554, BOA 5/556, BOA 5/609, BOA 5/758, BOA 5/760, BOA 5/916, BOA 5/930, BOA 6/34, BOA 6/39, BOA 6/117, BOA 6/147, BOA 6/167, BOA 6/179, BOA 6/225, BOA 6/248, BOA 6/377, BOA 6/381, BOA 6/382, BOA 6/390, BOA 6/403, BOA 6/438, BOA 6/561, BOA 6/634, BOA 6/638, BOA 6/710, BOA 6/711, BOA 6/716, BOA 6/720, BOA 6/758, BOA 6/794, BOA 6/901, BOA 6/906, BOA 6/928, BOA 6/991, BOA 6/1019, BOA 6/1021, BOA 7/5, BOA 7/6, BOA 7/49, BOA 7/125, BOA 7/153, BOA 7/172, BOA 7/335, BOA 7/422, BOA 7/431 and BOA 7/473) and safe conduct (BOA 3/1225, BOA 3/1264, BOA 3/1276, BOA 3/1305, BOA 3/1347, BOA 3/1350, BOA 3/1366, BOA 3/1368, BOA 3/1386, BOA 4/2, BOA 4/58, BOA 4/67, BOA 4/68, BOA 4/78, BOA 4/79, BOA 4/97, BOA 4/183, BOA 4/222, BOA 4/352, BOA 4/493, BOA 4/572, BOA 4/588, BOA 4/615, BOA 4/685, BOA 4/692, BOA 4/730, BOA 4/761, BOA 5/302, BOA 5/758, BOA 6/109, BOA 6/298, BOA 6/324, BOA 6/368, BOA 6/713, BOA 6/714, BOA 6/730, BOA 6/750, BOA 6/770, BOA 6/787, BOA 6/797, BOA 6/807, BOA 6/883, BOA 7/33, BOA 7/69, BOA 7/79, BOA 7/83, BOA 7/88, BOA 7/109, BOA 7/110, BOA 7/113, BOA 7/131, BOA 7/137, BOA 7/138, BOA 356

11 M. Burak BULUTTEKİN 7/145, BOA 7/148, BOA 7/155, BOA 7/156, BOA 7/164, BOA 7/179, BOA 7/185, BOA 7/190, BOA 7/203, BOA 7/222, BOA 7/231, BOA 7/279, BOA 7/286, BOA 7/287, BOA 7/421, BOA 7/436 and BOA 7/445) respectively, it has been noticed that the problems as religious affairs (BOA 3/1273, BOA 4/66, BOA 4/93, BOA 4/114, BOA 4/261, BOA 4/434, BOA 4/445, BOA 4/1009, BOA 5/449, BOA 5/607, BOA 5/758, BOA 5/936, BOA 6/1, BOA 6/169, BOA 6/225, BOA 6/255, BOA 6/829, BOA 6/1014, BOA 7/1, BOA 7/151, BOA 7/160, BOA 7/172 and BOA 7/271), family (BOA 4/23, BOA 4/33, BOA 4/193, BOA 5/92, BOA 5/136, BOA 5/266, BOA 5/327, BOA 5/645, BOA 5/739, BOA 6/544, BOA 6/601, BOA 7/41, BOA 7/122, BOA 7/124 and BOA 7/463) and general issues in Istanbul in that period are relatively few. These fundamental problems can be elaborated as follows; family order (BOA 4/23, BOA 4/33, BOA 5/92, BOA 5/136, BOA 5/645, BOA 5/739, BOA 6/544, BOA 6/601 and BOA 7/41) and divorce, mehir (bride price) (BOA 4/193, BOA 5/92, BOA 5/327, BOA 7/124 and BOA 7/463), seizure of heritage by one of heirs (BOA 4/193, BOA 4/609, BOA 4/876, BOA 4/1018, BOA 5/196, BOA 5/491, BOA 5/856, BOA 6/51, BOA 6/97, BOA 6/364, BOA 6/584, BOA 6/596, BOA 6/631, BOA 6/657, BOA 6/668, BOA 6/743, BOA 6/755, BOA 6/786, BOA 7/126, BOA 7/128, BOA 7/381, BOA 7/390, BOA 7/400, BOA 7/415 and BOA 7/425), seizure of heritage by someone apart from heirs (BOA 4/333, BOA 4/432, BOA 4/580, BOA 4/660, BOA 4/673, BOA 4/678, BOA 4/710, BOA 4/755, BOA 4/854, BOA 4/867, BOA 4/974, BOA 4/998, BOA 4/1002, BOA 5/17, BOA 5/80, BOA 5/127, BOA 5/170, BOA 5/373, BOA 5/431, BOA 5/442, BOA 5/512, BOA 5/521, BOA 5/574, BOA 5/624, BOA 5/636, BOA 5/728, BOA 5/899, BOA 6/8, BOA 6/46, BOA 6/47, BOA 6/81, BOA 6/103, BOA 6/161, BOA 6/177, BOA 6/186, BOA 6/195, BOA 6/202, BOA 6/349, BOA 6/394, BOA 6/413, BOA 6/457, BOA 6/680, BOA 6/929, BOA 6/1005, BOA 7/74, BOA 7/95, BOA 7/129, BOA 7/189, BOA 7/217, BOA 7/245, BOA 7/433 and BOA 7/447), share conflict or division (BOA 4/51, BOA 4/188, BOA 4/306, BOA 4/858, BOA 4/881, BOA 4/984, BOA 4/1018, BOA 5/58, BOA 5/61, BOA 5/111, BOA 5/291, BOA 5/310, BOA 5/327, BOA 5/491, BOA 5/520, BOA 5/534, BOA 5/744, BOA 5/763, BOA 6/35, BOA 6/195, BOA 6/326, BOA 6/364, BOA 6/428, BOA 6/584, BOA 6/596, BOA 6/813, BOA 6/828 and BOA 7/126), guardian (BOA 4/974, BOA 5/17, BOA 5/97, BOA 5/114, BOA 5/124, BOA 5/215, BOA 5/266, BOA 5/624, BOA 5/636, BOA 5/928, BOA 6/8, BOA 6/103, BOA 6/394, BOA 6/413, BOA 6/457, BOA 6/657, BOA 6/668, BOA 6/924 and BOA 6/969), writing the probate (BOA 4/858, BOA 4/876, BOA 4/998, BOA 5/547, BOA 5/1012, BOA 6/428, BOA 6/605 and BOA 6/631), the safe conduct given for heritage (BOA 3/1225, BOA 3/1347, BOA 3/1350, BOA 3/1366, BOA 3/1386, BOA 4/67, BOA 4/68, BOA 4/78, BOA 6/750, BOA 6/807, BOA 7/33, BOA 7/69, BOA 7/79, BOA 7/83, BOA 7/131, BOA 7/137, BOA 7/145, BOA 7/155, BOA 7/156, BOA 7/203, BOA 7/231 and BOA 7/279), safe conduct given for visit (BOA 3/1305, BOA 3/1347, BOA 3/1368, BOA 4/97, BOA 4/183, BOA 5/758, BOA 6/324, BOA 6/368, BOA 6/787 and BOA 7/421), safe 357

12 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) conduct given for a specific reason related to person (BOA 3/1264, BOA 3/1276, BOA 4/2, BOA 4/79, BOA 4/588, BOA 4/615, BOA 4/692, BOA 5/302, BOA 6/730, BOA 6/883, BOA 7/109, BOA 7/138, BOA 7/148 and BOA 7/190), safe conduct for official duty and appointment (BOA 4/58, BOA 4/493, BOA 4/572, BOA 4/685, BOA 6/298, BOA 6/713, BOA 6/714, BOA 6/770 and BOA 7/436), imamate duty, sheikhdom, zawiya duty (Islamic monastery), curatorship and lodge (BOA 3/1273, BOA 4/66, BOA 4/93, BOA 4/261, BOA 4/445, BOA 4/1009, BOA 5/449, BOA 6/169, BOA 6/255, BOA 6/829, BOA 6/1014, BOA 7/151 and BOA 7/271), church, priest and patriarch (BOA 4/114, BOA 4/434, BOA 5/607, BOA 5/758, BOA 5/936, BOA 6/1, BOA 6/225, BOA 7/1, BOA 7/160 and BOA 7/172), the care and protection of the city, placement and environment (BOA 3/1273, BOA 3/1279, BOA 4/27, BOA 4/70, BOA 4/148, BOA 4/243, BOA 4/246, BOA 4/284, BOA 4/513, BOA 4/525, BOA 4/583, BOA 4/827, BOA 4/896, BOA 5/15, BOA 5/16, BOA 5/609, BOA 5/916, BOA 6/34, BOA 6/117, BOA 6/179, BOA 6/561, BOA 6/901 and BOA 6/906), placement of the Muslim and Non-Muslim neighborhoods (BOA 3/1304, BOA 4/70, BOA 4/179, BOA 4/315, BOA 4/513, BOA 4/583, BOA 5/16, BOA 5/916, BOA 6/179, BOA 6/561 and BOA 6/634), disturbing the order and inhabitants (BOA 3/1319, BOA 4/27, BOA 4/104, BOA 4/109, BOA 4/315, BOA 4/481, BOA 4/630, BOA 4/866, BOA 4/969, BOA 5/760, BOA 5/930, BOA 6/39, BOA 6/147, BOA 6/167, BOA 6/225, BOA 6/248, BOA 6/377, BOA 6/381, BOA 6/382, BOA 6/390, BOA 6/403, BOA 6/438, BOA 6/638, BOA 6/710, BOA 6/711, BOA 6/716, BOA 6/720, BOA 6/758, BOA 6/794, BOA 6/928, BOA 6/991, BOA 6/1019, BOA 6/1021, BOA 7/5, BOA 7/6, BOA 7/49, BOA 7/125, BOA 7/153, BOA 7/335, BOA 7/422, BOA 7/431 and BOA 7/473), banditry, home invasion, murder, wounding, pounding, extortion, theft and cruelty (BOA 3/1214, BOA 3/1248, BOA 3/1286, BOA 3/1292, BOA 3/1312, BOA 3/1319, BOA 4/7, BOA 4/14, BOA 4/75, BOA 4/100, BOA 4/120, BOA 4/142, BOA 4/158, BOA 4/165, BOA 4/171, BOA 4/176, BOA 4/179, BOA 4/212, BOA 4/215, BOA 4/218, BOA 4/262, BOA 4/272, BOA 4/320, BOA 4/327, BOA 4/339, BOA 4/361, BOA 4/364, BOA 4/393, BOA 4/427, BOA 4/444, BOA 4/453, BOA 4/457, BOA 4/490, BOA 4/494, BOA 4/568, BOA 4/600, BOA 4/655, BOA 4/687, BOA 4/714, BOA 4/715, BOA 4/743, BOA 4/835, BOA 4/859, BOA 4/895, BOA 4/910, BOA 4/928, BOA 4/955, BOA 4/964, BOA 4/977, BOA 4/989, BOA 4/1029, BOA 5/22, BOA 5/24, BOA 5/26, BOA 5/31, BOA 5/54, BOA 5/92, BOA 5/111, BOA 5/201, BOA 5/252, BOA 5/273, BOA 5/285, BOA 5/331, BOA 5/333, BOA 5/344, BOA 5/347, BOA 5/348, BOA 5/366, BOA 5/408, BOA 5/526, BOA 5/599, BOA 5/623, BOA 5/638, BOA 5/667, BOA 5/678, BOA 5/683, BOA 5/691, BOA 5/692, BOA 5/695, BOA 5/699, BOA 5/700, BOA 5/727, BOA 5/731, BOA 5/739, BOA 5/760, BOA 5/833, BOA 5/834, BOA 5/842, BOA 5/867, BOA 5/930, BOA 5/979, BOA 5/1001, BOA 5/1011, BOA 6/20, BOA 6/37, BOA 6/45, BOA 6/114, BOA 6/167, BOA 6/175, BOA 6/208, BOA 6/209, BOA 6/231, BOA 6/245, BOA 6/251, BOA 6/256, BOA 6/268, BOA 6/301, BOA 6/307, BOA 6/322, BOA 6/327, BOA 6/335, BOA 6/343, BOA 6/352, BOA 6/362, BOA 6/369, BOA 6/377, BOA 6/381, BOA 6/382, BOA 6/403, BOA 6/407, BOA 6/415, BOA 6/506, BOA 6/520, BOA 6/559, BOA 358

13 M. Burak BULUTTEKİN 6/565, BOA 6/587, BOA 6/593, BOA 6/615, BOA 6/616, BOA 6/640, BOA 6/651, BOA 6/682, BOA 6/716, BOA 6/718, BOA 6/739, BOA 6/744, BOA 6/758, BOA 6/768, BOA 6/769, BOA 6/786, BOA 6/794, BOA 6/831, BOA 6/866, BOA 6/868, BOA 6/881, BOA 6/886, BOA 6/894, BOA 6/892, BOA 6/898, BOA 6/904, BOA 6/928, BOA 6/991, BOA 6/1019, BOA 6/1021, BOA 7/17, BOA 7/24, BOA 7/49, BOA 7/50, BOA 7/64, BOA 7/125, BOA 7/153, BOA 7/167, BOA 7/173, BOA 7/182, BOA 7/198, BOA 7/199, BOA 7/208, BOA 7/211, BOA 7/213, BOA 7/238, BOA 7/248, BOA 7/249, BOA 7/257, BOA 7/270, BOA 7/271, BOA 7/275, BOA 7/283, BOA 7/303, BOA 7/322, BOA 7/328, BOA 7/343, BOA 7/345, BOA 7/350, BOA 7/351, BOA 7/359, BOA 7/361, BOA 7/395, BOA 7/396, BOA 7/407, BOA 7/438, BOA 7/441, BOA 7/454, BOA 7/462, BOA 7/473 and BOA 7/480), bad words, inside informing, slander and falsehood (BOA 3/1344, BOA 5/331, BOA 5/403, BOA 5/862, BOA 5/867, BOA 5/930, BOA 6/248, BOA 6/269, BOA 6/543, BOA 6/604, BOA 6/913, BOA 7/6 and BOA 7/182), misconduct of regent, kadi subasi (commander of the town), imams, sirdar (commander-in-chief) and janissaries (BOA 4/377, BOA 4/434, BOA 4/514, BOA 4/660, BOA 4/673, BOA 4/785, BOA 4/859, BOA 4/860, BOA 4/941, BOA 4/1030, BOA 5/18, BOA 5/67, BOA 5/291, BOA 5/645, BOA 5/691, BOA 5/711, BOA 5/834, BOA 5/991, BOA 5/1012, BOA 6/73, BOA 6/123, BOA 6/161, BOA 6/202, BOA 6/209, BOA 6/269, BOA 6/322, BOA 6/543, BOA 6/544, BOA 6/586, BOA 6/638, BOA 6/710, BOA 6/720, BOA 6/929, BOA 6/932, BOA 6/913, BOA 6/934, BOA 6/935, BOA 6/936, BOA 6/937, BOA 6/938, BOA 6/939, BOA 6/940, BOA 6/941, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/944, BOA 6/945, BOA 6/946, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/954, BOA 6/959, BOA 7/53, BOA 7/93, BOA 7/101, BOA 7/151, BOA 7/182, BOA 7/199, BOA 7/245, BOA 7/322) and general issues (BOA 5/735, BOA 6/516, BOA 6/711, BOA 6/882, BOA 7/209, BOA 7/277, BOA 7/366 and BOA 7/446). These social problem issues experienced in Istanbul, were analyzed according to Istanbul s main areas in that period (Surici, Galata, Uskudar and Haslar) and the distribution of religion of the parties. 359

14 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) Table 5: Distribution of Social and Economic Problems Experienced in Istanbul in the 18th Century, by Istanbul s Townships and Religion of Parties When the results of classification shown in Table 5 are evaluated, the social issues experienced in Istanbul in 18th century as banditry, home invasion, murder, wounding, pounding, extortion, theft and cruelty (36.7%) mainly arise in the Uskudar district and among Muslim citizens. Indeed, in the analysis of the problems in Istanbul social and economic life, carried out according to the Istanbul s townships, it has been seen that; in Surici township placement of the Muslim and Non-Muslim neighborhoods (19 cases) issue; in Galata, Uskudar and Haslar townships banditry, home invasion, murder, wounding, pounding, extortion, theft and cruelty (respectly 13 and 56 cases) issues are generally the main topics. However, when religious distribution of these social and economic problems is analyzed; while the Muslim citizens usually have problems like banditry, home invasion, murder, wounding, pounding, extortion, theft and cruelty (37.6%) and seizure of the heritage by someone apart from heirs (9.5%), it has been observed that Non-Muslim citizens usually have problems related to banditry, home invasion, murder, wounding, pounding, extortion, theft and cruelty (33.6%) and misconduct of regent, kadi, subasi, İmams, sirdar and janissaries (24.1%). C. Classification of Social and Economic Problems Encountered in Istanbul in the 18th Century by Townships and Sub-districts While the decisions made by Divan-ı Humayun are saved to the Ahkâm Registers, the related place of judgements is explained according to the subdistricts. In order to examine the judgements according to the place where the 360

15 M. Burak BULUTTEKİN application is made, in the scope of the study; the sub-districts specified in the judgements have been classified by Surici and Bilad-ı Selase townships of that period. In this context, in which hinterland (Surici and Bilad-ı Selase) the subdistricts described in each book record are situated, has been determined and in this way, data related to the place where judgements are made is compiled. To be able to make classification related to place, firstly, subdistricts of Surici, Galata, Uskudar and Haslar region have been researched. Next, based on the subdistricts stated in judgements, judgements have been classified by region and subdistrict. Table 6: Places in Istanbul where Social and Economic Problems Experienced in the 18th Century REGION TOTAL SURICI GALATA USKUDAR HASLAR CASES PERCENTAGE 10% 22.4% 38.6% 29% 100% As classified in Table 6, in book records, for Surici 53 (BOA 3/1279, BOA 3/1304, BOA 3/1344, BOA 4/13, BOA 4/27, BOA 4/51, BOA 4/70, BOA 4/93, BOA 4/97, BOA 4/445, BOA 4/513, BOA 4/514, BOA 4/630, BOA 4/685, BOA 4/723, BOA 4/859, BOA 4/860, BOA 4/890, BOA 4/984, BOA 4/998, BOA 4/999, BOA 4/1002, BOA 4/1009, BOA 4/1030, BOA 5/15, BOA 5/16, BOA 5/52, BOA 5/67, BOA 5/547, BOA 5/554, BOA 5/609, BOA 5/645, BOA 5/700, BOA 5/728, BOA 5/758, BOA 5/916, BOA 5/936, BOA 5/958, BOA 6/1, BOA 6/130, BOA 6/179, BOA 6/516, BOA 6/561, BOA 6/587, BOA 6/604, BOA 6/634, BOA 6/711, BOA 6/901, BOA 7/1, BOA 7/211, BOA 7/422, BOA 7/431 and BOA 7/446), for Galata 119 (BOA 3/1214, BOA 3/1273, BOA 4/23, BOA 4/33, BOA 4/243, BOA 4/246, BOA 4/272, BOA 4/306, BOA 4/315, BOA 4/339, BOA 4/376, BOA 4/457, BOA 4/490, BOA 4/583, BOA 4/609, BOA 4/655, BOA 4/743, BOA 4/827, BOA 4/835, BOA 4/866, BOA 5/17, BOA 5/22, BOA 5/333, BOA 5/347, BOA 5/379, BOA 5/484, BOA 5/520, BOA 5/521, BOA 5/526, BOA 5/556, BOA 5/607, BOA 5/735, BOA 5/744, BOA 5/763, BOA 5/899, BOA 5/991, BOA 5/1012, BOA 6/73, BOA 6/123, BOA 6/161, BOA 6/177, BOA 6/202, BOA 6/208, BOA 6/255, BOA 6/326, BOA 6/352, BOA 6/362, BOA 6/364, BOA 6/394, BOA 6/415, BOA 6/428, BOA 6/438, BOA 6/543, BOA 6/544, BOA 6/586, BOA 6/593, BOA 6/605, BOA 6/615, BOA 6/638, BOA 6/651, BOA 6/735, BOA 6/744, BOA 6/755, BOA 6/768, BOA 6/769, BOA 6/786, BOA 6/813, BOA 6/829, BOA 6/881, BOA 6/882, BOA 6/886, BOA 6/906, BOA 6/924, BOA 6/928, BOA 6/929, BOA 6/932, BOA 6/913, BOA 6/934, BOA 6/935, BOA 6/936, BOA 6/937, BOA 6/938, BOA 6/939, BOA 6/940, BOA 6/941, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/944, BOA 6/945, BOA 6/946, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/954, BOA 6/959, BOA 6/1005, BOA 7/53, BOA 7/74, BOA 7/93, BOA 7/95, BOA 7/101, BOA 7/129, BOA 7/172, BOA 7/182, BOA 7/189, BOA 7/198, BOA 7/208, BOA 7/213, BOA 7/217, BOA 7/245, BOA 7/249, BOA 7/286, BOA 7/287, BOA 7/303, BOA 7/322, BOA 7/345, BOA 7/390, BOA 7/425, BOA 7/454, BOA 7/463, BOA 7/464 and BOA 7/480), for Uskudar 361

16 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) 205 (BOA 3/1286, BOA 3/1292, BOA 3/1312, BOA 3/1319, BOA 4/7, BOA 4/66, BOA 4/104, BOA 4/109, BOA 4/114, BOA 4/120, BOA 4/142, BOA 4/148, BOA 4/165, BOA 4/171, BOA 4/176, BOA 4/178, BOA 4/212, BOA 4/218, BOA 4/261, BOA 4/284, BOA 4/320, BOA 4/327, BOA 4/333, BOA 4/361, BOA 4/364, BOA 4/377, BOA 4/432, BOA 4/434, BOA 4/444, BOA 4/453, BOA 4/481, BOA 4/494, BOA 4/525, BOA 4/528, BOA 4/568, BOA 4/587, BOA 4/589, BOA 4/645, BOA 4/660, BOA 4/673, BOA 4/678, BOA 4/687, BOA 4/714, BOA 4/715, BOA 4/733, BOA 4/755, BOA 4/854, BOA 4/858, BOA 4/867, BOA 4/881, BOA 4/895, BOA 4/910, BOA 4/928, BOA 4/955, BOA 4/964, BOA 4/969, BOA 4/989, BOA 4/1018, BOA 5/18, BOA 5/24, BOA 5/26, BOA 5/58, BOA 5/61, BOA 5/80, BOA 5/92, BOA 5/97, BOA 5/114, BOA 5/124, BOA 5/136, BOA 5/196, BOA 5/215, BOA 5/252, BOA 5/266, BOA 5/273, BOA 5/285, BOA 5/291, BOA 5/344, BOA 5/366, BOA 5/373, BOA 5/375, BOA 5/403, BOA 5/431, BOA 5/442, BOA 5/449, BOA 5/491, BOA 5/512, BOA 5/534, BOA 5/549, BOA 5/574, BOA 5/599, BOA 5/623, BOA 5/624, BOA 5/636, BOA 5/638, BOA 5/661, BOA 5/678, BOA 5/683, BOA 5/691, BOA 5/692, BOA 5/699, BOA 5/711, BOA 5/727, BOA 5/731, BOA 5/739, BOA 5/760, BOA 5/833, BOA 5/856, BOA 5/928, BOA 5/930, BOA 5/1001, BOA 5/1011, BOA 6/8, BOA 6/20, BOA 6/35, BOA 6/37, BOA 6/45, BOA 6/46, BOA 6/47, BOA 6/51, BOA 6/81, BOA 6/97, BOA 6/103, BOA 6/114, BOA 6/147, BOA 6/167, BOA 6/175, BOA 6/186, BOA 6/195, BOA 6/201, BOA 6/256, BOA 6/268, BOA 6/269, BOA 6/283, BOA 6/324, BOA 6/335, BOA 6/349, BOA 6/369, BOA 6/381, BOA 6/382, BOA 6/390, BOA 6/407, BOA 6/457, BOA 6/520, BOA 6/559, BOA 6/584, BOA 6/596, BOA 6/616, BOA 6/640, BOA 6/650, BOA 6/680, BOA 6/682, BOA 6/710, BOA 6/716, BOA 6/718, BOA 6/720, BOA 6/739, BOA 6/743, BOA 6/758, BOA 6/794, BOA 6/831, BOA 6/866, BOA 6/868, BOA 6/894, BOA 6/909, BOA 6/913, BOA 6/969, BOA 6/970, BOA 6/991, BOA 6/1019, BOA 6/1021, BOA 7/5, BOA 7/6, BOA 7/17, BOA 7/24, BOA 7/41, BOA 7/125, BOA 7/126, BOA 7/128, BOA 7/153, BOA 7/155, BOA 7/157, BOA 7/167, BOA 7/179, BOA 7/196, BOA 7/203, BOA 7/209, BOA 7/248, BOA 7/257, BOA 7/277, BOA 7/283, BOA 7/335, BOA 7/343, BOA 7/350, BOA 7/351, BOA 7/361, BOA 7/395, BOA 7/396, BOA 7/400, BOA 7/407, BOA 7/421, BOA 7/436, BOA 7/438, BOA 7/441, BOA 7/447 and BOA 7/473) and for Haslar with the largest land border 154 (BOA 3/1225, BOA 3/1248, BOA 3/1264, BOA 3/1276, BOA 3/1305, BOA 3/1347, BOA 3/1350, BOA 3/1366, BOA 3/1368, BOA 3/1386, BOA 4/2, BOA 4/14, BOA 4/58, BOA 4/67, BOA 4/68, BOA 4/75, BOA 4/78, BOA 4/79, BOA 4/100, BOA 4/158, BOA 4/179, BOA 4/183, BOA 4/188, BOA 4/193, BOA 4/215, BOA 4/222, BOA 4/262, BOA 4/352, BOA 4/393, BOA 4/427, BOA 4/493, BOA 4/572, BOA 4/580, BOA 4/588, BOA 4/600, BOA 4/615, BOA 4/692, BOA 4/710, BOA 4/730, BOA 4/761, BOA 4/785, BOA 4/876, BOA 4/896, BOA 4/919, BOA 4/941, BOA 4/974, BOA 4/977, BOA 4/1029, BOA 5/31, BOA 5/54, BOA 5/111, BOA 5/127, BOA 5/170, BOA 5/201, BOA 5/302, BOA 5/310, BOA 5/327, BOA 5/328, BOA 5/331, BOA 5/348, BOA 5/408, BOA 5/667, BOA 5/695, BOA 5/834, BOA 5/842, BOA 5/862, BOA 5/867, BOA 5/979, BOA 6/34, BOA 6/39, BOA 6/109, BOA 6/117, BOA 6/169, BOA 6/209, BOA 6/225, BOA 6/231, 362

17 M. Burak BULUTTEKİN BOA 6/245, BOA 6/248, BOA 6/251, BOA 6/298, BOA 6/301, BOA 6/307, BOA 6/322, BOA 6/327, BOA 6/343, BOA 6/368, BOA 6/377, BOA 6/403, BOA 6/413, BOA 6/506, BOA 6/565, BOA 6/577, BOA 6/601, BOA 6/631, BOA 6/657, BOA 6/668, BOA 6/713, BOA 6/714, BOA 6/730, BOA 6/750, BOA 6/770, BOA 6/773, BOA 6/787, BOA 6/797, BOA 6/807, BOA 6/828, BOA 6/883, BOA 6/892, BOA 6/898, BOA 6/904, BOA 6/1014, BOA 7/33, BOA 7/49, BOA 7/50, BOA 7/64, BOA 7/69, BOA 7/79, BOA 7/83, BOA 7/88, BOA 7/109, BOA 7/110, BOA 7/113, BOA 7/122, BOA 7/124, BOA 7/131, BOA 7/137, BOA 7/138, BOA 7/142, BOA 7/145, BOA 7/148, BOA 7/151, BOA 7/156, BOA 7/160, BOA 7/164, BOA 7/173, BOA 7/185, BOA 7/190, BOA 7/199, BOA 7/222, BOA 7/231, BOA 7/238, BOA 7/270, BOA 7/271, BOA 7/275, BOA 7/279, BOA 7/328, BOA 7/359, BOA 7/366, BOA 7/381, BOA 7/399, BOA 7/415, BOA 7/433, BOA 7/445 and BOA 7/462) cases related to social and economic life were found. At this point, it is determined that social and economic problems in Istanbul have occurred mostly in the Uskudar (38.6%) region. In the evaluation of the judgements on the basis of the place, distinction of the sub-districts in the hinterland of Bilad-ı Selase has been made according to Galata, Uskudar and Haslar regions. Table 7: Distribution of Judgements Given Related to Social and Economic Life in Galata District by Their Sub-districts GALATA TOWNSHIP CASES PERCENTAGE TOWNSHIP CASES PERCENTAGE BANDIRMA % ISTINYE 1 0.8% BEYOGLU 2 1.7% KAPUDAGI % CORLU 1 0.8% MARMARA % ERDEK 4 3.4% MUDANYA 1 0.8% UNKNOWN 9 7.6% TOTAL % The concentration of judgements in Galata district boundaries by the township is indicated in Table 7. Galata region in Istanbul in the 18th century is divided into sub-district as; Bandirma (BOA 4/23, BOA 4/33, BOA 4/655, BOA 4/743, BOA 4/866, BOA 5/484, BOA 5/526, BOA 5/763, BOA 6/735, BOA 6/755, BOA 6/786, BOA 6/1005, BOA 7/74, BOA 7/129, BOA 7/189, BOA 7/245, BOA 7/249, BOA 7/286, BOA 7/345 and BOA 7/425), Beyoglu (BOA 4/243 and BOA 4/246), Corlu (BOA 6/438), Erdek (BOA 4/272, BOA 4/609, BOA 5/556 and BOA 6/651), Istinye (BOA 7/53), Kapudagi, Marmara, Mudanya (BOA 7/287), Mahmutpaşa, Kasimpasa, Pinarhisar, Erdek, Gemlik and Yenikoy. In the classification of book judgements made by this distinction, it is seen that the judgements entering the Galata district boundaries are mainly related to Kapudagi (42.9%) (BOA 3/1214, BOA 4/339, BOA 4/376, BOA 4/457, BOA 4/490, BOA 5/17, BOA 5/333, BOA 5/347, BOA 5/520, BOA 5/521, BOA 5/744, BOA 5/899, BOA 5/991, BOA 5/101, BOA 6/208, BOA 6/326, BOA 6/352, BOA 6/362, BOA 6/364, 363

18 The Classifıcation of Social and Economic Life in Istanbul in the Second Half of the Eighteenth- Century by Istanbul Ahkâm Registers ( ) BOA 6/394, BOA 6/428, BOA 6/615, BOA 6/744, BOA 6/813, BOA 6/829, BOA 6/882, BOA 6/924, BOA 6/928, BOA 6/929, BOA 6/932, BOA 6/913, BOA 6/934, BOA 6/935, BOA 6/936, BOA 6/937, BOA 6/938, BOA 6/939, BOA 6/940, BOA 6/941, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/944, BOA 6/945, BOA 6/946, BOA 6/949, BOA 6/954, BOA 6/959, BOA 7/303, BOA 7/322, BOA 7/454, BOA 7/463 and BOA 7/480) and Marmara (25.2%) (BOA 4/306, BOA 4/835, BOA 5/22, BOA 5/379, BOA 6/73, BOA 6/123, BOA 6/161, BOA 6/177, BOA 6/202, BOA 6/415, BOA 6/543, BOA 6/586, BOA 6/593, BOA 6/605, BOA 6/638, BOA 6/768, BOA 6/769, BOA 6/881, BOA 6/886, BOA 7/93, BOA 7/95, BOA 7/101, BOA 7/172, BOA 7/182, BOA 7/198, BOA 7/208, BOA 7/213, BOA 7/217, BOA 7/390 and BOA 7/464) townships. Uskudar, another Bilad-ı Selase district, is composed of; Adalar (BOA 4/114, BOA 4/148, BOA 4/261, BOA 5/375, BOA 5/431 and BOA 7/6), Agacli (BOA 4/955, BOA 6/520, BOA 7/196, BOA 7/396 and BOA 7/438), Begkoz, Gekbuze, Geyve (BOA 7/179 and BOA 7/203), Kandiri (BOA 4/66, BOA 4/895, BOA 4/1018, BOA 6/97, BOA 6/718 and BOA 7/395), Karamursel, Kartal (BOA 4/434, BOA 4/645, BOA 4/660, BOA 4/673, BOA 4/989, BOA 5/373, BOA 5/1011, BOA 6/175 and BOA 6/680), Kaymas (BOA 3/1319, BOA 4/120, BOA 4/453, BOA 4/494, BOA 4/589, BOA 4/854, BOA 4/881, BOA 5/196, BOA 6/186, BOA 6/559, BOA 6/596, BOA 6/913 and BOA 7/343), Kocaili (BOA 7/155 and BOA 7/436), Samandıra, Seyhler (BOA 5/18, BOA 6/8, BOA 6/716 and BOA 7/128), Sile, Taskopri (BOA 4/165, BOA 4/361, BOA 5/661, BOA 6/20, BOA 6/256, BOA 7/400 and BOA 7/441), Tekfurdag, Tuzla, Yalakabad (BOA 4/7, BOA 4/327, BOA 5/366, BOA 5/727, BOA 5/760, BOA 6/794, BOA 6/969 and BOA 7/283) and Yoros (BOA 5/574, BOA 5/1001, BOA 6/147 and BOA 6/407) townships in the 18th century. Table 8: Distribution of Judgements Given Related to Social and Economic Life in Uskudar District by Their Sub-districts USKUDAR TOWNSHIP CASES PERCENTAGE TOWNSHIP CASES PERCENTAGE ADALAR 6 2.9% KAYMAS % AGACLI 5 2.4% KOCAILI 2 1% GEKBUZE 41 20% SEYHLER 4 2% GEYVE 2 1% SILE 47 23% KANDIRI 6 3% TASKOPRI 7 3.4% KARAMURSEL 43 21% YALAKABAD 8 3.9% KARTAL 9 4.4% YOROS 4 2% UNKNOWN 8 3.9% TOTAL % As can be seen in Table 8, those who have problems in Uskudar district reside mostly- in Sile (23%) (BOA 3/1286, BOA 3/1312, BOA 4/333, BOA 4/377, BOA 4/444, BOA 4/481, BOA 4/528, BOA 4/678, BOA 4/687, BOA 4/714, BOA 4/755, BOA 4/858, BOA 4/867, BOA 4/910, BOA 4/928, BOA 4/964, BOA 5/136, BOA 5/252, BOA 5/344, BOA 5/442, BOA 5/449, BOA 5/512, BOA 5/549, BOA 5/636, BOA 5/691, BOA 5/692, BOA 5/731, BOA 5/739, BOA 5/856, BOA 5/930, 364