Editör Yrd. Doç. Dr. Muharrem ÖZTEL Arş. Gör. Hüseyin BURGAZOĞLU

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4 Editör Yrd. Doç. Dr. Muharrem ÖZTEL Arş. Gör. Hüseyin BURGAZOĞLU

5 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı I Kırklareli Üniversitesi Yayınları: 2 İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları: 1 Yayın Koordinatörü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Baki Çakır Editör Yrd. Doç. Dr. Muharrem Öztel Arş. Gör. Hüseyin Burgazoğlu Yayıncı adresi: Kırklareli Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Kültür Merkezi A Blok / KIRKLARELİ Tel: (10 Hat) Fax: Web: KIRKLARELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ Bu kitabın bütün yayın hakları Kırklareli Üniversitesi ne aittir. Kapak Tasarımı Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet Han Ergüven Abdurrahim Yüce İç Düzen Abdurrahim Yüce Baskı Sayısı 1. Basım Baskı Adedi 2000 ISBN Baskı Tarihi Nisan 2011 Baskı Yeri Erkam Matbaası Organize Sanayi Bölgesi Turgut Özal Cad.No: 117/2 A-D İkitelli / İstanbul

6 İÇİNDEKİLER Takdim... Önsöz... Açılış Programı / Openning Program... 1 GİRİŞİMCİLİK ÖRNEKLERİ EXAMPLES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP The Relationship between Government Investments and Firm Agglomerations at TR21 Sub-Region: Panel Causality Analysis Research Assistant Ibrahim AL, Associate Professor Mustafa Kemal DEGER, Research Assistant Murat Can GENC Role of Entrepreneurship of Private Sector: An Overview to Sugar Industry Samet KAVOĞLU Geleneksel Gıdalarda Pazarlama ve Girişimcilik: Tekirdağ Peynir Helvası Örneği Marketing and Entrepreneurship in Traditional Foods: Tekirdag Cheese Halva as an Example Öğr. Gör. Tuna ŞENER, Öğr. Gör. Cem KOLUKIRIK, H. Selçuk ETİ GİRİŞİMCİLİK - KADIN GİRİŞİMCİLİĞİ ENTREPRENEURSHIP - WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP Sosyal Girişimcilik Social Entrepreneurship Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tülay GÜZEL Kadın Girişimciliği ve Kooperatifler Women Entrepreneurship and Cooperatives Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gülen ÖZDEMİR, Arş. Gör. Dr. Emine YILMAZ VII IX XI

7 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu Kadın Girişimcilerin Ekonomik Sürece Katılımları ve Örgütlenme Yaklaşımları Women Enterprises Participation to Economic Process and Organization Approaches Dr. Emine YILMAZ, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gülen ÖZDEMİR, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yasemin ORAMAN, Dr. Sema KONYALI ALTERNATİF ENERJİ KAYNAKLARI ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Enerji Verimliliği Kapsamında Yapılarda Doğal Aydınlatma Yöntemleri: Kırklareli Örneği Natural Illumination Methods as Part of Efficient Use of Energy: Kirklareli as an Example Öğr. Gör. Sertaç GÖRGÜLÜ, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Süreyya KOCABEY, Yrd. Doç. Dr. İzzet YÜKSEK, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Bahtiyar DURSUN Trakya Bölgesinin Biyogaz Potansiyeli ve Mevcut Potansiyelin Bölge Ekonomisine Katkısı Üzerine Bir İnceleme A Review for the Biogas and Contribution of Present Potential to the Economy of the Region Arş. Gör. Cem DOĞRU Organik Atıklardan Biyogaz Üretimi Production of Biogas from Organic Waste Prof. Dr. Aydın GÜREL, Arş. Gör. Zeynep ŞENEL GİRİŞİMCİLİK - EĞİTİM İLİŞKİSİ ENTREPRENEURSHIP - EDUCATION Innovative Entrepreneurship in Selected Countries: The Case of Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania Öğr. Gör. Dr. A.Orçun SAKARYA Farklı Eğitim Düzeyindeki Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Konusunda Görüş Farklılığının Araştırılması Research on Diversity of Views of University Students in Different Levels of Education about Entrepreneurship Prof. Dr. Cengiz YILMAZ, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tuncer ÖZDİL, Arş. Gör. Didem TEZSÜRÜCÜ, Öğr. Gör. Yasin KARADENİZ Meslek Yüksekokulu Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Eğilimleri: Yalova Ve Kadir Has Üniversitelerinde Yapılan Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma Inclination to Entrepreneurship of Vocational High School Students: A Comparative Research by Yalova and Kadir Has Universities Yrd. Doç. Dr. Orhan KOÇAK, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ersin KAVİ KIRSAL KALKINMA RURAL DEVELOPMENT KÖYDES Project as a Instrument of Rural Development and Its Effect on the Infrastructure of Villages of Kırklareli Dr. Gökhan ZENGİN XII

8 İçindekiler Şikago Kenti Örneğinde Ekonomik Coğrafyanın Yeniden Keşfi ve Trakya Bölgesi İçin Çıkartılabilecek Dersler Reassessment of Chicago Economic Geography and Lessons for Thrace Mehmet Lütfi ARSLAN Trakya Bölgesindeki Tarımsal Üreticilerin Ek Gelir Olanakları: Tarım Turizmi Additional Income Opportunities for the Agricultural Producers in Thrace: Agricultural Tourism Dr. Harun HURMA, Doç. Dr. Ahmet KUBAŞ, Öğr. Gör. Çağdaş İNAN TURİZM - MARKALAŞMA TOURISM - BRANDING Destinasyon Markalaşması: Vize nin Turizm Destinasyonu Olarak Pazarlanması ve Markalaşması Destination Branding: Marketing and Branding of Vize as a Touristic Destination Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kamil MALKOÇLU, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nihat Kamil ANIL, Öğr. Gör. Ebru BİLGEN 231 City-Branding and It s Effect on the Local Development: Can Kırklareli Become A City Brand? Arş. Gör. İskender GÜMÜŞ, Arş. Gör. Gökhan ÖVENÇ Şehir Markası Yaratma Süreci ve Marka Şehir Çerçevesinde Kırklareli İlinin Değerlendirilmesi Contributions of City-branding to Socio-economic Development Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gülnur ETİ İÇLİ, Arş. Gör. Beste Burcu VURAL TURİZM VE BÖLGESEL KALKINMA TOURISM AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Bölgesel Kalkınmada Turizmin Etkisi: Bozcaada-Gökçeada Arz Kesimi Üzerine Araştırma The Role of Tourism in Regional Development: A Research on Tourism Supply of Bozcaada and Gökçeada Öğr. Gör. Murat AKSU, Öğr. Gör. Bahadır SEZER, Öğr. Gör. Ali ÇAKIR Çiftlik Turizminin Sosyoekonomik Kalkınmaya Etkileri: Trakya Bölgesi İçin Oluşturulabilecek Stratejiler Effects of Farm-based Tourism on Socio-Economic Development: Possible Strategies for Thrace Region Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kaplan UĞURLU Bölgesel Kalkınma Farklılıklarının Giderilmesinde Turizm Sektörünün Rolü ve Önemi The Role and Importance of Tourism Industry about Removing Regional Development Differences Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nur ERSUN, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kahraman ARSLAN XIII

9 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu XIV YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ VE KALKINMA RENEWABLE ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT Kırklareli İlinde Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Kullanımının Bölgesel Kalkınmaya Olan Etkilerinin İncelenmesi A Research on Effects of Using Renewable Energy Resources on Regional Development in Kirklareli Yrd. Doç. Dr. Bahtiyar DURSUN, Öğr. Gör. Tarkan PERAN Kırsal Turizmde Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Kullanılması: Poyralı Köyü nde Uygulanabilirliği Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Rural Tourism: Practicability in Village of Poyrali Öğr. Gör. Ali ÇAKIR, Öğr. Gör. Gülay ÇAKIR, Sibel DURSUN, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Bahtiyar DURSUN Dönemi Organik Tarım Uygulamaları, Trakya Bölgesi nin Görünümü ve Gelecek Perspektifi Organic Agricultural Applications Between , The Current Outlook of Thrace and its Future Perspective Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa CANBAZ, Arş. Gör. Can Ahmet GENERAL, Arş. Gör. Ülfet İŞÇİ Tarımsal Atıkların Değerlendirilmesinin, Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, Tekirdağ İli Uygulaması Evaluation of Using Agricultural Waste as Renewable Energy Resources and Sustainable Development: An Application in Tekirdag Prof. Dr. Necdet ÖZÇAKAR, Hasan BAKIN BÖLGESEL VERİMLİLİK REGIONAL PRODUCTIVENESS Kriz Ortamında Kırklareli İlinde Bulunan Firmaların Verimlilik Analizi Efficiency Analysis of Firms in Kirklareli in Economic Crisis Öğr. Gör. Fatma BUTUŞ, Öğr. Gör. Ayşe ANIL, Öğr. Gör. Tülay TOP ISO 9001 Kalite Yönetim Sisteminin KOBİ lerin Performanslarına Etkisi: Kırklareli İlinde Bir Uygulama Effects of ISO9001 Quality Management Systems on SMEs: An Application in Thrace Arş. Gör. Öznur AYDINER, Öğr. Gör. Yasin ÇAKIREL, Öğr. Gör. Ali GÖRENER Otel İşletmelerindeki İşgörenlerin İş Tatmini: Kocaeli ve Yalova Örneği Work Satisfaction of Employees in Hotels: Kocaeli and Yalova as examples Prof. Dr. Derman KÜÇÜKALTAN, Arş. Gör. Duygu TALİH, Öğr. Gör. Şeniz ÖZHAN EMEK - İSTİHDAM İLİŞKİSİ LABOR - EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP Sosyal İçerme Açısından Eski Hükümlülerin Girişimciliğe Yönlendirilmesi ve Denetimli Serbestlik Faaliyetleri Orientation of Old Prisoners to Entrepreneurship in the Perspective of Social Inclusion and Applications of Supervised Liberty Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ersin KAVİ, Öğr. Serdar Altun

10 İçindekiler Labor Market in Health Sector in Republic of Bulgaria, Ass. Prof. N. Atanasov, PhD, Ass. R. Stoianova Edirne Sanayi Sitesinde Çalışan İş Görenlerin Mobbinge Uğrama Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Yapılan Bir Araştırma A Research Conducted to Determine Level of Mobbing on Employees in Edirne Industrial Estate Doç. Dr. Agah Sinan ÜNSAR FİNANSAL GELİŞMELER VE TİCARET FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND TRADING Trakya Bölgesinin Kalkınmasında Bölgesel Planlama Yaklaşımı İhtiyacı ve Planlama Modeli Önerisi The Need for a Regional Planning Perspective on Development of Thrace and Planning Model Suggestion Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nur ERSUN, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kahraman ARSLAN Türkiye de Kalkınma Ajansları: Trakya Kalkınma Ajansı Örneği Turkish Development Agencies: Thracian Development Agency as an Example; Thracian Development Agency Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nihat Kamil ANIL, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kamil MALKOÇLU, Öğr. Gör. Ömer Sinan PEHLİVAN BÖLGESEL KALKINMANIN TARİHSEL BOYUTU HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT Osmanlı Döneminde Balkan Kökenli İşgücünün ve İşletmecilerin Ereğli Madenlerinin Gelişmesine Katkıları The Contributions of Balkan Labor Force and Businessmen to the Development of Eregli Mineral Resources in Ottoman Empire Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hamdi GENÇ Customs Registers In The Second Half Of The Nineteenth Century On Ottoman Danubian Ports: Rules Of The Game In Ottoman Trade Arş. Gör. Gökçen COŞKUN ALBAYRAK TARIMSAL VERİMLİLİK AGRICULTURAL EFFICIENCY Effects of Dietary VITASIL on the Growth Performance of Carp (Cyprinus caprio) Cultivated in a Recirculation System Assist. Prof. Alexander ATANASOV, Assist. Prof. Zhivko ZHELEV, Assoc. Prof. Veselin IVANOV, Galin NIKOLOV Protein Levels in the Feed of Carp (Cyprinus caprio) on Cultivated in Recirculation System Prof. Yordan STAYKOV, Assist. Prof. Zhivko ZHELEV, Assoc. Prof. Veselin VIDEV, Assist. Prof. Alexander ATANASOV Tarım Havzaları Üretim ve Destekleme Modelinin Bölgesel Kalkınma Açısından Değerlendirilmesi Regional Development-based Evaluation of Production and Support Model for Agricultural Production Areas Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gökhan UNAKITAN, Dr. Harun HURMA, Dr. Celal DEMİRKOL XV

11 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu XVI KIRSAL KALKINMA VE REKABET RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND COMPETITION Contribution of Thrace Region to Competitive Sectors of Turkey Assist. Prof. Adem BALTACI, Res. Assist. Huseyin BURGAZOGLU, Res. Assist. Selver KILIC Kendi İşini Kurma ve Girişimcilik Ruhu Ticaret Meslek Liselerinde Girişimcilik Ruhu Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması Setting One s Own Business and Spirit of Entrepreneurship Yrd. Doç. Dr. Selami ÖZCAN, Yrd. Doç. Dr. H. Yunus TAŞ Kırsal Kalkınma Açısından İletişim ve Girişimcilik İlişkisi Communication-Entrepreneurship Relationship in terms of Rural Development Arş. Gör. Zeynep ŞENEL, Prof. Dr. Aydın GÜREL BÖLGESEL KALKINMA VE FİNANS REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCE Türkiye de Finans Piyasasının Gelişim Seyrinde Katılım Bankacılığının Yeri The Role of Participation Banking in the Development of Turkish Financial Market Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ferhat SAYIM, Arş. Gör. Özlem ÖZMEN Küresel Finansal Krizinin Türkiye ve Trakya Bölgesi Üzerine Etkileri: Mukayeseli Bir Analiz The Impacts Of Global Financial Crisis On Turkey and Thrace: A Comparative Analysis Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayfer GEDİKLİ Trakya Bölgesi nde Tarım Sektörünün Finansmanında Kullanılan Banka Kredilerinin Gelişimi: Dönemi Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz Development Process of the Bank Loans for the Agricultural Sector in Thrace: A Comparative Analysis Covering Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa CANBAZ, Arş. Gör. Mevlüt CAMGÖZ BİLGİ - İLETİŞİM VE DIŞ TİCARETİN GELİŞİMİ INFORMATION - COMMUNICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN TRADE Şehirlerin Markalaşması ve Şehir Markası Oluşturmada Sembol Yapılar: Çanakkale Örneği City-branding and The Role of Symbolic Structures in City-branding Process: Canakkale as an Example; (The Dardanelles) Doç. Dr. Mehmet MARANGOZ, Prof. Dr. Günal ÖNCE, Arş. Gör. Hale ÇELİKKAN In the Thrace Region Use of Information and Communications Equation, in the Integrated Management Information Systems for the Information Production Process Development and Entrepreneurship Dr. Filiz GÜLTEKİN KÖSE

12 İçindekiler EĞİTİM, BÜTÇE VE PLANLAMA EDUCATION, BUDGET AND PLANNING E-commerce Security Instructor Serdar CANBAZ Implementation of ICT in education case study in Trakia University Associate Prof. Lina YORDANOVA, Chief Assist. Prof. Gabriela KIRYAKOVA, Senior Assist. Prof. Nadezhda ANGELOVA Merkezi Yönetim Bütçesi İle İlişkileri Açısından Trakya Bölgesinin İncelenmesi An Analysis On Thrace Based On Its Relations With Central Administration Budget Prof. Dr. Naci B. MUTER, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Selçuk İPEK Bölgesel Kalkınma ve Girişimci Üniversite İlişkisi: Anadolu Üniversitesi Örneği Relationship between Regional Development and Entrepreneur University: Anatolia University as an Example Öğr. Gör. Sevgi SEZER KIRSAL KALKINMA VE TARIM RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGRICULTURE Cumhuriyetin İlk Yıllarında ( ) Kırklareli nde Tarım- Hayvancılık, Ticaret ve Sanayinin Gelişimi Development of Agriculture, Stockbreeding, Trade and Industry in Kirklareli in the first years of Republic ( ) Yrd. Doç. Dr. V. Türkan DOĞRUÖZ Üretici Örgütlerinin Kırsal Kalkınma Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi: Kayalıköy ve Kırklareli Barajları Sulama Kooperatifleri Örneği Development-based Evaluation of Agricultural Production Organizations: Example; Irrigation Associations for Kayalıköy and Kirklareli Dams Dr. Erol ÖZKAN, Dr. Harun HURMA, Uzm. Başak AYDIN, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erkan AKTAŞ, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Gülen ÖZDEMİR, Doç. Dr. Ömer AZABAĞAOĞLU Biyolojik Çeşitliliğin Korunmasının Önemi ve Hayvancılık Sektöründe Sunduğu Ekonomik Fırsatlar Importance of Protecting Biological Diversity and Its Economic Opportunities for the Stockbreeding Sector Hasan BAKIN, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Eser Kemal GÜRCAN DOĞA VE SOSYOEKONOMİK DEĞERLER NATURE AND SOCIOECONOMIC VALUES Korunan Alanların Sosyo-Ekonomik Değeri Ve Yöre Halkının Yararlanma Olanakları: İğneada Longoz Ormanları Milli Parkı Örneği Socio-economic Value of Protected Areas and Opportunities for Local Population to Benefit From These Areas: Example; Longoz Forest in Igneada Dr. Harun HURMA, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat ÖZYAVUZ, Dr. Murat CANKURT XVII

13 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmada Biyosfer Rezervlerinin Önemi: İğneada Longoz Ormanları Örneği Importance of Biosphere Reservoirs on Sustainable Development: Example of Igneada Longoz Forest Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat ÖZYAVUZ Yıldız Dağları Kırsal Mimari Mirasının Turizm Amaçlı Kullanımı Use of Yıldız Mountain Rural Architecture as a Touristic Area Yrd. Doç. Dr. İzzet YÜKSEK TARİHSEL SÜREÇTE SOSYOEKONOMİK YAPI HISTORICAL PROCESS OF SOCIOECONOMIC STRUCTURE 20.yy Başlarında Rumeli Vilayetleri nin Mali Gücü ( / ) Financial Capabilities of Rumelian Provinces in Early 20th century ( / ) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Muharrem ÖZTEL Kapanış Oturumu / Closing Session İndeks Sempozyumdan Görüntüler XVIII

14 GİRİŞİMCİLİK ÖRNEKLERİ EXAMPLES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

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16 The Relationship between Government Investments and Firm Agglomerations at TR21 Sub-Region: Panel Causality Analysis Research Assistant Ibrahim AL 1 Associate Professor Mustafa Kemal DEGER 2 Research Assistant Murat Can GENC 3 Abstract This paper investigates empirically whether the relationship between government investments and firm agglomerations at TR21 sub-region in Turkey. In general, researchers emphasize two-way interaction between government investments and firm agglomerations in empirical literatures. This paper analyzes the relationship between government investments and firm agglomerations in provinces of TR21 sub-region, using the panel causality test over the period The results indicate that there is a unidirectional causality from firm agglomeration to government investment. Hence, government investment requirements may rise because of establishing new firms at TR21 sub-region in Turkey. Keywords: Government Investment, Firm Agglomerations, Panel Causality Analysis 1. Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, 61080, Trabzon/Turkey 2. Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, 61080, Trabzon/Turkey 3. Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, 61080, Trabzon/Turkey 29

17 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu 1. Introduction One of the ever-green discussions in the science of economics is the role of the government in economy. In this respect, the classical economists argue that government should carry out its main functions and not interfere in economics, while the Keynesians assign a more active role to the government in terms of economy. Despite this basic difference, the Keynesians and Neoclassical economists use the same political tools to pursue regional policies. Both of these schools maintain that government policies should be followed when attracting investments into the country or minimizing the regional differences in terms of development. Thus, by directing the investments into certain regions, an increase in regional employment, (production/output) and regional income level is aimed. There are various forms of government intervention into the market. For example, activating the government authority and inspection mechanism, the government could interfere into economic activities by setting the floor and ceiling prices, contributing to the output and fixing her own prices. However, such interventions do not work efficiently and they receive criticism on the grounds that they disturb the free market mechanism. Thus, it is seen that today the government has a leading role through her administrative arrangements and investments in infrastructure. During the investment decision making process, some government investments, particularly infrastructure, affect the choice of the location of the firms considerably. This may result in the agglomeration of new firms around a certain site or attracting the foreign investment to certain regions or sectors. Thus, firms gather around a certain location or certain sectors and this agglomeration proves profitable for the firms. Government investment might lead to firm agglomeration and firm agglomeration requires more investment in infrastructure, thereby encouraging further government investment. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between government investment and firm agglomeration with reference to TR21 sub-region in Turkey. In accordance with the liberal policies followed after the 1980s, the role of the government in economy has decreased gradually. Recently privatization has gained some momentum and price fixing policies have not been implemented. However, within the framework of regional developmental policies, numerous policies have been implemented on the way to meet the development plans since Throughout the period, the government directly got involved in investment, shouldered a leading role and attempted to minimize the regional developmental differences by providing financial incentives, tax policies, sectoral, provincial and regional planning and legal proceedings. Moreover, since 2006, in accordance with the European Union harmonization process, Regional Development Agencies have been established not only to ensure regional development, but also to help record regional statistics with precision. Using panel causality tests for Edirne, Kirklareli and Tekirdag provinces, which are located in TR21 Thrace sub-region, the study investigates the effects of government investments which occurred in parallel with the structural transformations experienced in Turkish economy on firm agglomeration. Thus, the relationship between the government investment and firm agglomeration has been examined. The study consists of five chapters. The first chapter provides an introduction and the second chapter presents a theoretical relationship by reviewing relevant literature. 30

18 Girişimcilik Örnekleri / Examples Of Entrepreneurship The third chapter is devoted to methodology and the forth one presents the findings from the research. Finally, the study provides an overall evaluation. 2. Government Investments and Agglomeration Economies: Theory and Literature Review Government investment refers to all investments the government has made, including manufacturing investment. In this respect, government investment is one of the most indispensable tools in the implementation of regional policies. Balancing regional development and minimizing the income gap among the regions are among the most important objectives of the governments in developing countries. Therefore, government investments could be used extensively to overcome regional disparities. Moreover, through the commercial and financial globalization that has been emerging lately in developed and developing countries, countries now tend to follow more liberal economic policies. The role of the government has declined, thus resulting in less manufacturing investment and further investment in infrastructure. Therefore, on the way to overcome the imbalances and/or ensure economic development of the regions, government investments, particularly the ones in infrastructure, have played a growing important role. Although there are various approaches to the importance of infrastructure investments, Guild (2000) investigates the role of infrastructure in development under general theories. The Neoclassical economic theory, developed by Solow, suggests that the development starts with the use of the more efficient labor force, capital and natural resources by the households and firms and increases infrastructure, physical productivity and human capital. Furthermore, if the infrastructure is in the form of a direct input, then high investments in infrastructure affect the regional manufacturing positively. According to cumulative causality theory, developed by Richardson and Townoe, regional development starts with the driving force of a factor present in the region, and considering the premium to be gathered, investors are tempted to invest more. This leads to agglomeration economies and regional developments can be seen as a result. Therefore, investments in infrastructure could foster regional development by providing better government investments. In addition, government investments could play a complementary role for the private sector investments by overcoming capacity constraints. Therefore, the effects resulting from government investments increase the growth rate of the private sector by attracting firms to the areas where government investments are made. 4 On the other hand, the literature on firm agglomeration demonstrates the preferences of local and foreign firms for the site of establishments. Thus, determining the factors regarding the choice of the site of establishment is of great significance for a better understanding of the issue. According to the Neoclassical view of economy, firms carry out manufacturing activities in the most profitable sites, which is quite rational. 5 Market size, transportation and labor costs have been noted as the most important factors contributing the choice of the site. 6 Moreover, 4. Robert L. Guild, Infrastructure Investment And Interregional Development: Theory, Evidence, and Implications for Planning Public Works Management & Policy, Vol 4, Number 4, 2000, p Meryem Bostan, Fatma Erdoganaras, Nilgun Gorer Tamer, Ankara Metropolitan Alanı nda Imalat Sanayinin Yer Degistirme Sureci ve Ozellikleri METU JFA, Vol 27, Number 1, 2010, p Matthieu Crozet, Thierry Mayer, Jean-Luis Mucchielli, How do firms agglomerate? A study of FDI in France, Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol 34, 2004, p.29 31

19 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu demand, factor costs, the number of the local and foreign firms and government policies are also effective in the choice of the site. When considered from the viewpoint of the foreign investments, the level of the demand, the number of foreign firms, unit labor cost and the infrastructure considerations are influential in the site choice. 7 Moreover, Cheisk (2004) highlights the importance of transport infrastructure when attracting foreign investments. 8 When investments in infrastructure are offered free to firms, their productivity increases in a positive way. Moreover, the government infrastructure investments provide benefits not only to the individuals directly but also to indirect users through the externalities offered. This results in an increase in regional development and this paves the way for positive improvements in local production, employment and income levels. 9 A study which provides a general evaluation of the effects of government investments, particularly transportation, security and education, on economic activity has revealed that 10 out of 15 studies on transportation indicated a positive relationship, while 8 were statistically significant and positive. 12 out of the 19 studies on education proved a significant relationship, while 6 were statistically significant and positive. As for the relationship between the security and government investment, 5 studies out of 9 have shown a positive relationship, while the others have indicated a statistically significant relationship. 10 Agglomeration economy, appearing with the agglomeration of economic activities in a certain area and referring to the decrease in cost, is mainly shaped over economy of scale, spatial economy, increasing inputs and lacking competition market structure, and is analyzed in terms of static and dynamic spatial features within the scope of New Economics Geography literature. 11 But as a determiner of agglomeration, government expenditures are not highlighted enough in the new economy geography models. 12 However, governments, investing on the supply of government goods and local infrastructure, can increase its own impulse and encourage agglomeration. Development centers and pioneering sectors emerge where necessary infrastructure is shaped. Firms generally spread over these places and around where there is economic accumulation. For that reason, the development centers and agglomeration of industry complete each other. If an agglomeration center based development is targeted in the development strategies of any region, it is compulsory to implement policies which attach importance to the supply of basic infrastructure because of the poor development level. 13 Empirical studies, aiming to test theoretical explanations regarding the relations between government investments and firm agglomeration or decisions of firms 7. Roberto Basile, Acquisition Versus Greenfield Investment: The Location of Foreign Manufacturers in Italy ISAE Istituto di Studi e Analisi Economica, Roma, 2002, p.2 8. Andrzej Cieslik, Location Of Multinational Firms And National Border Effects: The Case Of Poland Convergence et Disparites Regionales au Sein de I espace Europeen, Brussels, 1-3 September, 2004, p Philip Mc Cann, Daniel Shefer, Location, agglomeration and infrastructure Papers in Regional Science, Vol 83, 2004, p Ronald C. Fisher, The Effects of State and Local Public Services on Economic Development, New England Economic Review, March/April, 1997, p Umit Kıymalıoglu, Damla Ayoglu, Agglomeration Economies in Turkish Manufacturing Industry, Dogus University Journay, Vol 7, Number 2, 2006, p Steven Brakman, Harry Garretsen, Charles Van Marrewijk, Locational Competition And Agglomeration: The Role of Government Spending, CCSIFO Workin Papers, Number 775, 2002, p Mustafa Sungur Duran, Kalkınma Stratejileri ve Tesvik Politikalarının Belirlenmesi Hazine Dergisi, Number 5, p.39 32

20 Girişimcilik Örnekleri / Examples Of Entrepreneurship on location, have been effective recently. The results of these studies have been presented briefly on Table 1. When the data on Table 1 is evaluated in general perspective, it can be said that although government investments do not have universal features, they increase glamour of the regions and influence the decision of domestic and foreign firms on location and cause agglomeration of firms in specific areas, helping the formation of agglomeration economies. As a result, agglomeration economies, inspired by government investments, increase production and employment in that region, enabling economic growth. Table-1: Literature on Relationship between Government Investment and Firm Agglomeration Author(s) Country Method The aim(s) of the paper The finding(s) of the paper De Mello (2002) Brazil Panel Data Analysis To investigate the impact of local government spending (especially housing/urbanization, health, and transport services) on output growth in Brazil over the period General infrastructure spending affects economic growth in municipal areas due to the positive externalities associated with public investment. In particular, spending on health/sanitation seems to have the strongest impact on economic growth at the local level Basile (2002) Italy Random Eff. Negative Binomial M To investigate the location choices of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Italy over the period Foreign acquisitions are affected the demand level, public infrastructure, stock of foreign firms and unit labor costs. Deichmann et al. (2003) Cieslik (2004) Gabe and Bell (2004) Turkey Poland Maine Conditional Logit Model Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression To investigate the factors governing the location decisions of multinational firms in Turkey over the period To investigate the factors effecting the location decisions of foreign firms among regions in Poland over the period To investigate the effects of local fiscal policy on the location decisions of 3,763 establishments that began operations in Maine between 1993 and The level of infrastructure is found to be statistically significant, implying that regions with better infrastructure will be able to attract MNF with higher probability. A 10% increase in paved roads increases the probability of the region attracting FDI by 0.3%. Infrastructure investments (road and rail networks, international airports and telecommunication networks) effect the location of foreign firms. Local fiscal policy variables have a significant effect on business location decisions. Local government spending on items other than public education has a positive and significant effect on business location Holl (2004) Portugal Fixed-Effect Binomial Model To investigate the effects of large-scale road investment together with the role played by agglomeration economies for on firm birth in 13 industry sectors and 9 service sectors in Portugal from 1986 to Infrastructure investments (motorways) increase the attractiveness of locations and effect significantly location decisions of the new firms for most sectors. 33

21 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu Bekes and Murakozy (2005) Hungary Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression To test the effect of local development, regional and local policies on the location decisions and productivity of firms during period Road network and telecommunication infrastructure has positively effect on the location choice and productivity of firms Martinez and Lopez (2006) Spain Panel Data Analysis To test a positive effect of public investment on private capital accumulation in Spanish regions over the period Productive public investment a positive effect of (especially in education) on the level of regional private sector investment. Goodspeed et al. (2006) 47 countries Panel Data Analysis To investigate the effects of government expenditures (both investment in infrastructure and consumption) as well as tax, classical location factors, institutional factors and agglomeration effects on FDI over the period Lower taxes, lower corruption, and better infrastructure attract FDI. Government consumption expenditures negatively impact FDI inflows. Berkoz and Sence Turk (2007) Turkey Regression Analysis To investigate the spatial distribution of FDI firms among the provinces in Turkey from 1990 to GDP growth, population growth, increasing of agglomeration, developing of infrastructure and high quantity banking credits increase the aggregate FDI in a province. 3. Data Set and Descriptive Statistics In this study, relationship between government investment costs and firm agglomeration has been studied with reference to TR21 Thrace sub-region. For that reason, using the data between of Edirne, Kırklareli and Tekirdağ, panel causality analyses have been conducted. In this study, the data on the government investments costs (KYH) has been obtained from the Government Planning Organization (DPT) and the number of the newly established firms and cooperatives (IMS) from Turkey Statistics Institution. (TUIK) Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix about KYH and IMS variables are presented Table 2 and 3 respectively. 34 Table-2: Descriptive Statistics Variables KYH (1000 TL) IMS Mean Median Maximum Minimum Standard Deviation Number of Observations In TR21 sub-region, Turkish liras of KYH was obtained between In this period, the biggest KYH belongs to Tekirdag in 2009 with Turkish liras, while Kirklareli, with 3682 Turkish liras, received the smallest KYH

22 Girişimcilik Örnekleri / Examples Of Entrepreneurship in 2002 among these three provinces. In the same period, on average, 39 firms started working in these provinces. Tekirdag obtained the maximum number in 2007 with 110 firms in regard to the number of new firms, while Edirne obtained the lowest number with 7 firms in Tablo-3: Correlation Matrix Variables LKYH LIMS LKYH LIMS On table 3, according to correlation matrix of KYH and IMS variables in logarithmic form, a positive correlation exists between KYH and IMS in TR21 subregions. This is presented clearly in Graphic 1. Graphic-1: Relationship between LKYH and LIMS at TR LIMS LKYH 4.Econometric Methods and Findings The relationship between government investment costs and firm numbers in TR21 sub-region is studied with traditional Granger causality method. To this aim, whether the serials carry unit root or not has been determined with panel unit root test, developed by Levin, Lin and Chu (2002). Table 4 presents the results of unit root test in regard to variables. LKYH and LIMS variables have been observed static in these analyses. In the study, in order to determine the direction of causality, equalization given below was used: 35

23 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu Tablo-4: Levin, Lin and Chu Unit Root Test Results Variables Constant-Trend Prob. LKYH *** LIMS ** Note: *** and ** indicate statistical significance at the %1 ve %5 level. The direction of causality was determined with Wald test, applied on the independent variable coefficients, obtained from the OLS estimation of these equalizations. This is presented in Table 5. Table-5: Causality Analysis Results Null Hypothesis F Statistic Prob. LIMS does not cause LKYH 3.449* LKYH does not cause LIMS Note: * indicates statistical significance at the %10 level According to Table 5 findings, while the null hypothesis of LIMS does not contribute to LKYH was rejected at a %10 significance level, the null hypothesis of LKYH does not contribute to LIMS was not rejected. Through these findings, a one-direction causality relation from LIMS to LKYK was observed. So, it was concluded that one of the important reasons of KYH in TR21 sub-regions is the number companies and cooperatives which started in this region. 5. Conclusion and Discussion Recently, developments in favor of multi sided consolidation has changed the role of the government in economy considerably. The fact that countries have attached more importance to the policies in line with the liberal interests minimizes the intervention of government into the economic structure and transforms. In this respect, governments have avoided acts which might corrupt the market mechanism, but have tended practices, which would create the necessary atmosphere for investors. Especially the tendency of the government into government investments like infrastructure, which supports private sector, is a concept on which inner growth theories focus. Private sector investments will bring the need for more government investments while government investments could foster private sector investments. Thus, in theory and practical literature, a mutual interaction is expected between government investment costs and private sector investments. After 1980, the influence of the government on economy has diminished in line with the development in the world and those transformations, felt against government intervention showed itself in local policies. Also, the World Trade Organization based multi-sided liberalization process and relations with the European Union are the factors which have caused the change in the regional economy policies of Turkey and transformation. For instance, private sector focused development agencies have been put into practice in order to increase the regional growth level and minimize the regional growth difference. 36

24 Girişimcilik Örnekleri / Examples Of Entrepreneurship In the study, the relation between government investment and firm agglomeration was tested with panel causality trial in order to determine the correlation between the number of newly-established firms and government investment costs in TR21 sub-region. According to the findings, government investments do not cause firm agglomeration in TR21 sub-region, but the increase in the number of the newlyestablished firms have brought the need for more government investments. The most important reason why government investments do not bring about firm agglomeration can be attributed to the placement of the provinces in the region into the most developed second group according to their development scale. In clearer terms, TR21 sub-region, which is on the European Union countries market route and within the hinterland of Istanbul, is an area for important government investments. Thus, when taking decision about the investments in this area, firms act free from the present government investment. On the contrary, newly-opened firms bring new firms and government investments together by creating externality. As a result, more firms require more government investment. Therefore, while government must try to remove the barriers in front of private investment on one hand, it must provide the infrastructure, needed in parallel with the development of the private sector on the other. References Adelheid Holl, Transport Infrastructure, Agglomeration Economies, And Firm Birth: Empirical Evidence From Portugal Journal of Regional Science, Vol 44, Number 4, 2004, p Andrew Levin, Chien Fu Lin, Chia-Shang James Chu, Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, Vol 108, Number 1, 2002, p.1-24 Andrzej Cieslik, Location of Multinational Firms and National Border Effects: The Case of Poland Convergence et Disparites Regionales au Sein de I espace Europeen, Brussels, 1-3 September 2004, p.1-12 Diego Martinez-Lopez, Linking Public Investment to Private Investment. The Case of Spanish Regions International Review of Applied Economics, Vol 20, Number 4, 2006, p Gabor Bekes, Balazs Murakozy, Firm Behavior and Public Infrastructure: The Case of Hungary KTI/IE Discussion Paper, Number 2005/4, 2005, p.1-41 Joel Deichmann Sokrates Karidis, Selin Sayek, Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey Applied Economics, Vol 35, 2003, p Lale Berköz, Sevkiye Sence Turk, Factors influencing the Choice of FDI Locations in Turkey ITU Dergisi/a Mimarlık, Tasarım, Planlama, Vol 6, Number 2, 2007, p Luiz Re De Mello, Public Finance, Government Spending And Economic Growth: The Case Oflocal Governments In Brazil Applied Economics, Vol 34, 2002, p Matthieu Crozet, Thierry Mayer, Jean-Luis Mucchielli, How do firms agglomerate? A study of FDI in France, Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol 34, 2004, p

25 Uluslararası II. Trakya Bölgesi Kalkınma - Girişimcilik Sempozyumu Meryem Bostan, Fatma Erdoganaras, Nilgün Gorer Tamer, Ankara Metropolitan Alanı nda Imalat Sanayinin Yer Degistirme Sureci ve Ozellikleri METU JFA, Vol 27, Number 1, 2010, p Mustafa Sungur Duran, Kalkınma Stratejileri ve Tesvik Politikalarının Belirlenmesi Hazine Dergisi, Number 5, p Philip Mc Cann, Daniel Shefer, Location, agglomeration and infrastructure Papers in Regional Science, Vol 83, 2004, p Robert L. Guild, Infrastructure Investment And Interregional Development: Theory, Evidence, and Implications for Planning Public Works Management & Policy, Vol 4, Number 4, 2000, p Roberto Basile, Acquisition Versus Greenfield Investment: The Location of Foreign Manufacturers in Italy ISAE Istituto di Studi e Analisi Economica, Rome, 2002, p.1-36 Ronald C. Fisher, The Effects of State and Local Public Services on Economic Development, New England Economic Review, March/April, 1997, p Steven Brakman, Harry Garretsen, Charles Van Marrewijk, Locational Competition And Agglomeration: The Role of Government Spending, CCSIFO Workin Papers, Number 775, 2002, p.1-33 Timothy Goodspeed, Jorge Martinez-Vazquez, Li Zhang, Are Other Government Policies More Important than Taxation in Attracting FDI? Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series, Number 06-28, 2006, p.1-24 Todd M. Gabe, Kathleen P. Bell, Tradeoff Between Local Taxes And Government Spending As Determinants of Business Location Journal Of Regional Science, Vol 44, Number 1, 2004, p Umit Kıymalıoglu, Damla Ayoglu, Agglomeration Economies in Turkish Manufacturing Industry, Dogus University Journal, Vol 7, Number 2, 2006, p

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