THE STATE OF THE TURKISH FISHERIES

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1 THE STATE OF THE TURKISH FISHERIES Edited by Adnan TOKAÇ Ege University Ali Cemal GÜCÜ Middle East Technical University Bayram ÖZTÜRK Istanbul University Publication No: 34 Istanbul 2012

2 THE STATE OF THE TURKISH FISHERIES Bu kitabın bütün hakları Türk Deniz Araştırma Vakfına aittir. İzinsiz basılamaz, çoğaltılamaz. Kitapta bulunan makalelerin bilimsel sorumluluğu yazarlara aittir. All right are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission from the Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV). Authors are responsible for their articles conformity to scientific rules. Copyright: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (Turkish Marine Research Foundation) ISBN Citation: Tokaç, A., Gücü, A.C., and Öztürk, B. (Eds.), The State of the Turkish Fisheries. Publication Number: 34, Published by Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul, TURKEY. Available from: Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (TÜDAV) Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV) P.O.Box 10 Beykoz / Istanbul, TURKEY Tel: Telefax: tudav@superonline.com web site: TÜDAV yayınları SATILAMAZ Printed by: Seba Digital Baskı ve Matbacılık Turizm San. Tic. Ltd. Sti. Eskoop Sanayi Sitesi No:16 İkitelli, Başakşehir, İstanbul Tel:

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission from the Turkish Marine Research Foundation

3 FISHING OF MEDITERRANEAN MUSSEL (Mytillus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819) IN THE ISTANBUL STRAIT Onur GÖNÜLAL * and Esra Billur BALCIOĞLU Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Laleli-Istanbul,Turkey * ogonulal@istanbul.edu.tr 1. Introduction Mytilus galloprovincialis, known as mediterranean mussel or black mussel is a bivalve species. The common name mussel is used for members of several different families of clams or bivalve molluscs. Marine mussel species that belong to the family Mytilidae, in the order Bivalvia, live in intertidal and subtidal areas along coastlines worldwide. The genus Mytilus belonging to the family Mytilidae, includes a complex of two sibling species, Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Both species are now globally widespread. M. edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) and M. galloprovincialis are the most closely related species according to genomic DNA (Martinez-Lage et al., 2002) and mtdna analysis (Hilbish et al., 2000). The genetic identity has been discussed in details and the mussel species living in the seas of Turkey has been demonstrated as M. galloprovincialis (Uzonur, 2005). Another genetic study about M. galloprovincial; Kurtuluş 2009, eight localities extending from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara were analysed. In total, nine haplotypes were found, and the most common haplotype with almost 90% frequency, was shared among the Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Black Sea. There is no genetic grouping among geographical regions and Istanbul Strait is a corridor to gene flow for the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. The Mediterranean mussel, M. galloprovincialis, is native to the Mediterranean coast, Black Sea and Adriatic, and was introduced to South Africa, east and west North America, Hawaii, and north-eastern Asia (Branch and Steffani, 2004). In Turkey, this species occurs from the Aegean Sea to the Black Sea and the species also extends, though less abundantly, throughout the coastal areas of the East Mediterranean Sea probably due to extreme salinity and temperature (Çevik and Sarıhan, 2004; Uysal, 1970). Even though Mediterranean mussel is fished from Izmir to the Black Sea, the fisheries usually carry out in bosphorus (Alpbaz, 2000). The Mediterranean mussels are filter feeders, with gills that filter plankton and other microscopic sea creatures found in seawater. They contribute to improve water quality by filtering sediments, organic matter, and pollutants through their bodies (Lök, 2000).

The common name mussel is used for members of several different families of clams or bivalve molluscs.

4 Temperature, current and salinity are the primary controllers of their growth. The bottom layer of water exposed to strong currents causes the abundance of detritus and plankton. For mussels, optimum water temperature between 8-26 o C, salinity is between The Istanbul Strait and Black Sea provide favorable habitats (Bilecik, 1989). 2. Mediterranean Mussel Fishing Mediterranean mussels are mostly fished by boats (registered to Rumeli Kavagi) in the northern parts of the Istanbul Strait. Currently, there are 20 mussel fishing boats registered in Rumeli Kavağı. (Table 1) Table 1. Fishing Boat Length (m) and horse power (Hp) of Mussel fishing Boats. Number of fishing boats Length (m) Horse power (Hp) Min max min max 13 8, Total: 20 Total fishing power (Hp): 1640 Mediterranean mussel fishing is carried out by the boats for days a year. Among them ten boats carry out bluefish and Atlantic bonito fishing from October to January. Mediterranean mussels are caught by using dredging as the common method. A dredge is m wide and about 1 m high. The dredges are fitted with steel wire with a thickness of 4mm and the mesh size should be a minimum of 40 mm. If the mesh size is smaller than 40 mm, unwanted materials like small mussels, gravel and stones are caught in the net as well. Catches by using dredges are sorted on deck. Each towing is about 15 minutes in duration at a speed of nmiles. Sacks of 4-5 mussels are obtained at the end of each tow, each sack can hold kg of mussels. Each boat catches about 100 sacks of mussels per day, depending on the weather conditions. Though mussel fishing can be carried out up to 60 m depth, the fishermen prefer depths between m. The price of a sack of mussels varies between 7 and 25 TL, which depends on the mussel size. The buyers prefer mussels larger than 7 cm (Öztürk 1986). Each boat uses 250 TL worth of fuel per day. In a boat, 3 to 4 people are responsible for cleaning the mussels. There are about 90 fishermen engaged in fishing mussels. An estimated of 350 people, mostly women, are engaged in cleaning mussels, which are.

Mediterranean Mussel Fishing Mediterranean mussels are mostly fished by boats (registered to Rumeli Kavagi) in the northern parts of the Istanbul Strait.

5 Mussels can be caught on sandy, muddy and flat substrates. Mussel beds are formed if mussels are able to hold on to each other on the flat substrates at the base of a cliff. This allows large mussel colonies to establish. Mussel beds are more productive in the areas where there is a stronger current. However, their productivity decreases below 15-20m. Also mussel productivity increases more from Yenikoy towards the Black Sea. The main areas of mussel fishery in the Istanbul Strait are: Paşabahçe, Beykoz, Yeniköy, Kireç Burnu, Sarıyer, Umur Yeri, Rumeli ve Anadolu Kavağı, Fil burnu, Büyük Liman, Rumeli Feneri and Anadolu Feneri (Figure 1). In addition, some fishermen catch mussel by diving near the Eşek Island, Princes' Islands and the rocky areas of the Istanbul Strait. (Uysal 1970). Figure 1. The main areas of mussel fishing in the Istanbul Strait (Black parts shows fishing areas in the Istanbul Strait) Prohibition of place and time for mussel fishing According to Turkish fishery regulation circular (TFRC), the seasonal closure for mussel fishery is between May 1-June 30 in all of Turkish territorial waters. For the Istanbul Strait Mussel fishery is prohibited in the area between the line connecting Ahırkapı (41 00' 27" N ' 05" E) and, Kadıköy (Inci Burnu) (40 59' 05" N ' 52" E) and the line connecting Yeniköy (41 07' 01" N ' 18" E) and Paşabahçe lighthouse (41 06' 57" N ' 23" E). note. Acknowledgment: The autor thanks to Prof. Dr. Bayram ÖZTÜRK to encourage this short

Also mussel productivity increases more from Yenikoy towards the Black Sea.

6 References Alpbaz, A.G., Kabuklu ve Eklembacaklılar Yetiştiriciliği, Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Yayınları, Bornova- İZMİR, Anon, Turkish Fishery Regulation Bulletin (2/1) for Marine and Inland Commercial Fisheries in Fishing Season , (in Turkish). T.C. TKB-KKGM, R.G. Sayı: 26974, No: 2008/48, Ankara, 112 p. Bilecik, N., Midye ve yetiştiriciliği. T.C. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Seri A Yayın No 2. Branch, G.M., Steffani, C.N., Can we predict the effects of alien species? A casehistory of the invasion of South Africa by Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck), Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 200, Çevik, C., Sarıhan, E., 2004, İskenderun Körfezi molluska faunası. I. Ulusal Malakoloji Kongresi 1-3 Eylül 2004 İzmir- Türkiye. Türk Sucul Yaşam Dergisi, 2: Hilbish, T.J., Mullinax, A., Dolven, S.I., Meyer, A., Koehn, R.K., Rawson, P.D., Oriogin of the anti-tropical distribution pattern in marine mussels (Mytilus spp.): routes and timing of transequatorial migration, Marine Biology, 136., Kurtuluş, A. 2009, Phylogeography of Mytilus galloprovincialis in The Istanbul Strait System, Istanbul University, Submitted to the Institute of Environmental Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences Bogaziçi University Lök, A., Midye biyolojisi ve yetiştirme teknikleri T.C. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü, Ticari balık türlerinin biyolojisi ve yetiştirme teknikleri hizmet içi eğitim semineri eğitim kitapçığı, Ankara s: Martinez-Lage, A., Rodriguez, F., Gonzalez-Tizon, Prats, E., Cornudella, L., Mendez, J., Comparative analysis of different satellite DNAs in four Mytilus species. Genome, 45, Öztürk, B., İstanbul Boğazı nda Midyelerin (Mytilus galloprovincialis. LAM) Avcılık Bakımından Boy Dağılımlarının Araştırılması. İÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Uysal, H., Türkiye sahillerinde bulunan Midyeler Mytilus galloprovincialis Üzerinde Biyolojik ve Ekolojik Araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi ilmi Raporlar Serisi. No:79 Sayfa:47-51 İzmir. Uzonur, I., Genotoksik Tesirin, Mytilus galloprovincialis'de Geliştirilmiş RAPD-PCR Yöntemiyle Takibi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü.

, 1989. Midye ve yetiştiriciliği. T.C. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Seri A Yayın No 2. Branch, G.M., Steffani, C.N., 2004. Can we predict the effects of alien species?

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