T. C. MALTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN-EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ

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1 T. C. MALTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN-EDEBİYAT FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ İMTİYAZ SAHİBİ: Maltepe Üniversitesi adına Prof. Dr Kemal KÖYMEN, Rektör Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi adına Prof. Dr. Betül ÇOTUKSÖKEN, Dekan YAYIN KURULU / EDITORIAL BOARD YAYIN GENEL YÖNETMENİ / EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Doç. Dr. Güncel ÖNKAL YAYIN YÖNETMENİ / EDITOR Yrd. Doç. Dr. Narin BAĞDATLI VURAL YAYIN KURULU ÜYELERİ / EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. Dr. Belma AKŞİT Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kuntay ARCAN Prof. Dr. Sevil ATAUZ Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet BOZOK Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erkan ÇAV Prof. Dr. Nermin ÇELEN Prof. Dr. Betül ÇOTUKSÖKEN Prof. Dr. Sabahattin GÜLLÜLÜ Prof. Dr. Nurgün OKTİK Doç. Dr. Muttalip ÖZCAN DERGİ SEKRETERYASI ve REDAKSİYON Doç. Dr. Güncel ÖNKAL Yrd. Doç.Dr. Narin BAĞDATLI VURAL Okt. Nermin YİĞİT Özlem TURAN BASKI: İLETİŞİM BİLGİLERİ fefdergi@maltepe.edu.tr Tel. (+90216) / 2232 Faks. (+90216) Yazışma Adresi TC. Maltepe Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Editörlüğü Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Marmara Eğitim Köyü Maltepe-İSTANBUL BASKI TARİHİ: 2014 ISSN: T.C. Maltepe Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi (FEF Journal) yılda iki kez yayımlanan, uluslararası hakemli, basılı ve eşzamanlı olarak çevrimiçi bir dergidir. Yayımlanan yazıların telif hakları T.C. Maltepe Üniversitesi ne aittir. Dergimiz TUBITAK- ULAKBİM SVBT2013 standartlarına uymayı kabul ve tahahhüt eder. Bu dergi para ile satılamaz. Yazıların sorumluluğu yazarlarına aittir. All the responbilities for the content of their articles belong to the authors. Bu dergi Philosopher s Index te ve EBSCOHost Veri Tabanında yer almaktadır. This journal is indexed in Philosopher s Index and EBSCOHost database. 1

2 BİLİMSEL DANIŞMA VE HAKEM KURULU / ADVISORY BOARD (Akademik ünvan ve soyadı sırasına göre) Prof. Dr. Bahattin Akşit Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Prof. Dr Işıl Bulut Başkent Üniversitesi, Sosyal Hizmet Bölümü Prof. Dr. Erdal Cengiz Ankara Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Prof. Dr. Şahin Filiz Akdeniz Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Prof. Dr. Sabahattin Güllülü Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Prof. Dr. Otfried Höffe Tuebingen Universitesi, Almanya Prof. Dr. Gürol Irzık Sabancı Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Emine Onaran İncirlioğlu Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Prof. Dr. Sevgi İyi Maltepe Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Prof. Dr. Çağlar Keyder Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Prof. Dr. Felix Koerner Pontificial Gregorian Universitesi, İtalya Prof. Dr. İoanna Kuçuradi Maltepe Üniversitesi İnsan Hakları Araş. Ve Uyg. Mr. Prof. Dr. Maija Kule University of Latvia, Letonya Prof. Dr. Zekiye Kutlusoy Maltepe Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Prof. Dr. Mircea Dumitru Bükreş Üniversitesi, Romanya Prof. Dr. Uluğ Nutku Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Prof. Dr. Ayşe Öncü Sabancı Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Prof. Dr. Aytül Çorapçıoğlu Özdemir Yorum Danışmanlık Prof. Dr. Ayhan Sol ODTÜ Felsefe Bölümü Doç. Dr. Uğur Ekren İstanbul Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Doç. Dr. Taşkıner Ketenci Mersin Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Doç. Dr. M. Ersin Kuşdil Uludağ Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Doç. Dr. Evgenia Makazan Zaporozhye National University, Ukrayna Doç.Dr. Güncel Önkal Maltepe Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Doç. Dr. Muttalip Özcan Maltepe Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Doç. Dr. Nazan Haydari Pekkan Maltepe Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Doç. Dr. Özgür Sarı Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Doç. Dr. Gerrit Steunebrink Radboud Universitesi Felsefe Bölümü, Hollanda Doç. Dr. Yıldırım Torun Yalova Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Doç. Dr. Ahu Tunçel Maltepe Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Doç. Dr. Ertuğrul R. Turan Ankara Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Doç. Dr. Ali Utku Atatürk Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Doç. Dr. Pınar Ünsal İstanbul Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Doç. Dr. Yıldıray Yalman Turgut Özal Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. H. Özden Bademci Maltepe Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Narin Bağdatlı Vural Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Hizmet Bölümü Yrd.Doç.Dr. İdil Kaya Balkan Maltepe Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. O. Cem Çırakoğlu Başkent Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Erkan Çav Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Hizmet Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hakan Dilman Maltepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özlem Duva Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ülkü Güney Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa Günay Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Felsefe Gr. Öğt. Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nur Yeliz Gülcan Girne Amerikan Üniversitesi, KKTC Yrd. Doç. Dr. Şebnem Gülfidan Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Cristian Iftode Bükreş Üniversitesi, Romanya Yrd. Doç. Dr. Figen Karadayı Maltepe Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sibel Kibar Kastamonu Üniversitesi FEF Felsefe Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Esra Köten Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Georgeta Moarcas Transilvanya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, Romanya Yrd. Doç. Dr. Radoslaw Filip Muniak Varşova SWPS Kültür İncelemeleri Bölümü, Polonya Yrd. Doç. Dr. Özlem Oğuzhan Sakarya Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Yrd. Doç. Dr. Levent Önen Maltepe Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mahmut Özer Aksaray Üniversitesi Felsefe Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ayşegül Sili Karatay Üniversitesi Sosyal Hizmet Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nafi Yalçın Melikşah Üniversitesi Psikoloji Bölümü Yrd. Doç. Dr. Zafer Yılmaz Atatürk Üniversitesi KK. Eğitim Fakültesi Çift körleme (blind-review) ilkesi gereği hakem kurulu yayımlanan sayılaın içeriğine gore değişiklik gösterebilir. 2

3 EDİTÖRÜN NOTU 2001 yılından bu yana yayımlanmakta olan Maltepe Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisinin yeni birleşik sayısında (2012/1+2) sekiz adet özgün makale yer almaktadır. Makalelerin ortak özelliği sosyal bilimlerin çalışma alanına giren olgu, kavram ve anlayışları günümüz yeni okuma biçimlerinden faydalanarak değerlendirmeleridir. Teknolojik olanaklarımızı kullanarak Uluslarası düzeyde Philosopher s Index ve EBSOHost tarafından indekslenen dergimiz, yerel okuyucular için de açık arşiv sisteminde tüm sayıların en kısa zamanda internet sayfamızda da okunabileceğini müjdelemek isteriz. Saygılarımızla, Yayın Kurulu Adına Genel Yayın Yönetmeni Doç. Dr. Güncel ÖNKAL Kış 2013, Maltepe. EDITORIAL PREFACE Maltepe University FEF Journal has been publishing since 2001; and in this issue (2012/1+2) eight articles are included concerning topics of our faculty. The common feature of those articles in the fields of social sciences and humanities is the their way of reconsidering facts, concepts and understandings of reviews by taking advantage of current form of comparative interpretations. This journal is globally indexed in Philosopher s Index and EbscoHost ; and additionally, for local readers, we are going to open our full digital archive to public access as soon as possible. Best regards, On behalf of the Editorial Board/Editor-in-Chief Assoc. Prof. Güncel Önkal Winter 2013, Maltepe. 3

4 İÇİNDEKİLER / CONTENTS 1. THE SCIENTIFIC VIEW ON THE PHENOMENON OF FEMALE MIGRATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE AND THE EU)/ Oksana ABREU BASTOS GLOBALIZATION AND URBAN HOUSING PROJECTS IN RELATION TO CONTEMPORARY CULTURE /Meryem YALÇIN KÜLTÜR AÇISINDAN KÜRESELLEŞME SORUNLARI/ Ş. Nermin YİĞİT ANARCHISTS, PAPERS AND BEER: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS IN MILWAUKEE IN THE 19 TH CENTURY / Ülkü GÜNEY ALGILANAN ANABABA TUTUMLARI, BAĞLANMA BOYUTLARI, YALNIZLIK VE UMUDUN YAPISAL İLİŞKİLERİ / Aylin DEMİRLİ LER TÜRKİYESİ NDE KUŞAK OLUŞUMU / Narin BAĞDATLI VURAL SU, İNANÇ VE KUTSAL MEKÂNLAR: SU ALANLARI VE MEKÂNSAL KESİŞMELER / Z. Nilüfer NAHYA THE FORM OF MANIFESTATION OF THE SHADOW ECONOMY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF VERTICALLY-INTEGRATED STRUCTURES IN VINNYTSIA REGION / G.IEKEL

5 THE SCIENTIFIC VIEW ON THE PHENOMENON OF FEMALE MIGRATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF UKRAINE AND THE EU) Dr. Oksana ABREU BASTOS Abstract This research presents the previous studies of international scientists on women's migration. Then the article shows the modern scientific view on the phenomenon of female migration from Ukraine to the EU, and on the phenomenon the social orphaning of children with living parents. This term is connected to the concept of women s migration, because women are forced to leave their children and their country of origin, and to seek employment in the EU. Today this problem of the social orphaning of children is extremely relevant for Ukraine, because 3 million children of the labor migrants grow up without their mothers, or parents in general. This generation grows up in their home country: the generation of social orphans with living parents. Therefore, the state creates a distorted orphanage inside the country. So, the social orphans with living parents need the targeted aid in the form of qualified psychological support in Ukraine. The state needs to create special programs with qualified psychological support for these children in the Western Ukraine, even in the distant villages. Partners of the special programs of with qualified psychological support for these children may be schools, village councils, and charitable funds. However, more detailed study is required, because of its importance and complexity, and because the consequences of the social orphaning of children with living parents are unpredictable. So far, they have been mostly negative. This study also examines the reasons for the spread of the migration of women from Ukraine to the EU, and creates the typical portrait of a female Ukrainian labor migrant in the EU. The study will show 5

6 the typical portrait the Ukrainian woman is as follows: she is years old; has a college degree; has been working in the EU years; has two children; and she is from the Western Ukraine. Keywords: The European Union, Ukraine, the phenomenon of female migration, the social orphaning of children with living parents, the women's migration Introduction The interest in the women's migration is evident in the scientific studies of researchers worldwide. The study of the women's migration began in the 20th century (Morokvasic, 1984, 2003; Buijs, 1996; Day, 1997; Goffman, 1997; Castles, 1998; Zlotnik, 2003). According to the demand of the times of the early 21st century, this direction of research began to become very active in many countries worldwide (Pei-Chia, 2006; Richter, 2007; Pfeiffer, 2007; Özden, 2007). Clearly, women's migration is a key constituent of global migration (Zlotnik, 2003). In Ukraine the studies of the problems of women s migration are still at an early stage, because earlier researchers (Pirozhkov, 1997; Markov, 2005, 2012; Shybko, 2006; Yeleyko, 2007), and in the EU (Góis, 2007, 2008; Baganha, 2004, 2010; Iglicka, 2003; Budnik, 2007, 2008; Kaczmarczyk, 2008; Hosnedlová, 2010) studied the phenomenon of migration in general, but they had not separately studied male and female migration. International organizations in Ukraine started to associate the labor migrants by gender only at the beginning of the new century. Today, this area of research is a subject of profound study in the EU and Ukraine. The phenomenon of female migration is being studied by researchers in Portugal (Wall, 2003, 2005; Sertorio, 2004; Goncalves, 2005; Hellerman, 2005; Miranda, 2009; Marques, 2012), 6

7 Italy (Piperno, 2006, 2007; Nare, 2010; Vianello, 2008, 2012), Spain (Sánchez Urios, 2007, 2010), Poland (Slany, 2006, 2007, 2010; Kindler, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013), and Ukraine (Tolstokorova, 2010; Volodko, 2011; Markov, 2012; Fedyuk, 2012; Makazan, 2013). The purpose of this study is to examine the concepts of the phenomenon of women s migration and the phenomenon of the social orphaning of children, and also the reasons for the spread of the migration of women from Ukraine to the EU, and to create the typical portrait of a female Ukrainian labor migrant in the EU. The women's migration from Ukraine to the EU The women's migration from Ukraine to the European Union has not been studied enough today, but we know many assumptions and theories about the causes and consequences of the women's migration abroad. How and why has the women's migration arisen? Women's migration from Ukraine began at the end of the last century. In Ukraine it can be explained by reason of a greater number of women over men in general, and by the strengthening of the role of women in society as the main breadwinner for their children, because of the devaluing and degrading of the position of men. Experts have called this phenomenon the phenomenon of female migration. The female labor migrants through needs in their families can do the lowest jobs in the EU. They were without work and means of subsistence in their country of origin, because the current government does not care about infrastructure and new workplaces in the Western Ukraine. 7

8 The women's migration has significant impacts on the country of origin, as well as the EU, because the Ukrainian women, the labor migrants, play a special role in the modern history and the economies of the host countries. Definition of the concept of the phenomenon of women s migration This is a relatively new concept in modern science. In Ukraine this term was introduced into scientific circulation by a scientist named Markov (Markov, 2012). The first cases of women's migration from Ukraine were registered in the end of the last century. The women's migration considerably expanded in the start of the 21st century. This means that women are not only mothers inside of the Ukrainian society, but also the main providers for their families. Women's migration is the process of crossing the border by women of employable and unemployable age from their country of origin to the host countries. This happens as a result of financial, family, political, social, and economic problems that force women to leave their country of origin and to search for employment abroad. The main reasons that motivate Ukrainian women to leave for work abroad are the following: a) Low wages in their home countries; b) A high level of unemployment; c) Financial debts; d) High university fees to pay for their children s education; e) Corruption in their country of origin; f) Violence in families. Some scholars consider women's migration as a part of circular migration (Vertovec, 2007; Markov, 2012). However this problem is more complicated as more and more women 8

9 leave their country of origin permanently and start to raise their families abroad. This can hardly be called circular migration. The vision of directions for the spread of the migration of women from Ukraine to the EU This research presents my vision of the causes for the spread of the migration of women from Ukraine to the EU. In my opinion, there are a number of reasons for the spread of the women's migrants flows to the EU: a) Migration due to needs (financial problems in the family, poverty, unemployment, low wages in the country, debts); b) Migration against the will (young girls: the victims of human trafficking who must work against their will as prostitutes in the EU); c) Migration for enjoyment (women and girls who are working independently as prostitutes in the EU); d) Migration for one's own interest (the desire to experience new countries, culture, languages, societies, and traditions); e) Migration for marriage (situations when the Ukrainian women are getting married with foreign men, but sometimes these foreign men are getting married with the Ukrainian women only for the birth of a child); f) Migration because of violence at home (sometimes the Ukrainian women cannot find any protection or support from society or the state from violence at home. They are afraid of their partners, and the only way for them to survive is migration); 9

10 g) Migration because of the need for self-realization (sometimes the Ukrainian women abroad can open in themselves the talents of painters, poets, writers, photographers, and models, which they were unable to realize in their home country); h) Migration for a better future for their children (sometimes women work abroad for a better future for their children, and for the possibility to preserve family ties, they will take their children abroad, because abroad, mothers can give them a good education and the chance to live a better life); i) Migration for medical purposes (sometimes the Ukrainian labor migrants are forced to go abroad because someone from their family is sick, and the medical service in Ukraine is very expensive. Also, sometimes the Ukrainian women are going to abroad to be surrogate mothers or organ donors); j) Migration due to political persecution (sometimes the Ukrainian women are forced to leave the country due to political persecution). Of course, sometimes there are multiple reasons for the women's migration from Ukraine. For example, women may migrate due to their own needs and for their own interest, or migrate because of violence at home and for a better future for their children. The typical portrait of a female Ukrainian labor migrant in the EU At our request, in 2013 in Italy a survey was conducted among women - the Ukrainian labor migrants. Questions in this survey were about their age, level of education, the length of time they had lived in Italy, their children, etc. The first question was about age of women. They answered as follows: a) 4% respondents are years old; b) 48% respondents are years old; 10

11 c) 26% women are years old; d) 13% are 60 years old and over; e) 9% women are years old. The second question was about the level of education of the women - the Ukrainian labor migrants in Italy. According to the answers of women, they have levels of education as follows: a) 43% women have College degrees; b) 35% women have Technical degrees; c) 22% respondents have University degrees. The third question was about their region of origin. 85% of respondents were from the Western Ukraine and 15% from the Central region of Ukraine. The fourth question was about the time they had worked in Italy. a) 39% respondents were working in Italy years; b) 22% women were working in Italy 7-9 years; c) 5% respondents were working in Italy years; d) 8% women were working in Italy 9-10 years; e) 9% respondents were working in Italy 3-5 years; f) 17% women were working in Italy 1-3 years. The fifth question was about the children of these women - the Ukrainian labor migrants. 83% of the women, the Ukrainian labor migrants, have children. On the question about children these women answered as follows: a) 48% respondents have two children; b) 18% women have one child; c) 13% respondents have three children; 11

12 d) 4% respondents have four children; e) 17% do not have children. From of the survey conducted among the female Ukrainian labor migrants in 2013 in Italy, I created the typical portrait of a woman the Ukrainian labor migrant. Thus, the typical portrait of the Ukrainian woman in Italy is as follows: she is years old; has a college degree; has been working in Italy years; has two children; and she is from the Western Ukraine. The modern phenomenon: the social orphaning of children with living parents The female migration is complicated by the possible presence of children who remain in their native country. More rarely, children can migrate with their mothers to the EU. This phenomenon is called the social orphaning of children with living parents. This term is connected to the concept of women s migration, because women are forced to leave their children and their country of origin, and to seek employment in the EU. This phenomenon has been researched (Tolstokorova, 2010; Tymczuk, 2010; Calderón, 2011). The consequences of the social orphaning of children with living parents Today this problem of the social orphaning of children is extremely relevant for Ukraine, because 3 million children of the labor migrants grow up without their mothers or parents in general. Also according to our survey in Italy conducted in 2013, 83% of the women, the Ukrainian labor migrants, have children, but 87% of these children are in Ukraine, and only 13% are with their mothers in Italy (Abreu Bastos, 2013). Ukrainian television presented the investigative journalism in the television program Groshi about the children of the female Ukrainian migrants. This program presented the three true stories of the children, the social orphans with living parents (Anonymous, 2013). 12

13 Andrei is a 20 year old man. His mother has been working as a cleaner for more than 13 years in Portugal. He spends nearly $1,000 USD of his mother's money monthly on alcohol, drugs, girls, night clubs, etc. He is still studying in a university, because there he is paying bribes with his mother's money. Angela is year old girl. Her mother has been working as a waitress in Milan, Italy for more than years. Today Angela has lost the chance to study law at the University because she was expelled, and now she is working as a prostitute. Sergey is 30 year old man. His mother has been working in Poland for more than 15 years. She performs any sort of non-skilled work there. When the money from his mother was not enough for him and his entertainment, he began a life of crime. Then, he was put in prison. Today, he believes in God. According to the psychologists opinions, these children are programmed to be unlucky. They grow up in their home country: the generation of social orphans with living parents. Therefore, the state creates a distorted orphanage inside the country. So, the social orphans with living parents need targeted aid in the form of qualified psychological support in Ukraine. The state needs to create special programs with qualified psychological support for these children in the Western Ukraine, is even in the distant villages. Partners of the special programs of the qualified psychological support for these children may be schools, but also village councils and charitable funds, because, unfortunately, 90% of schools in the rural areas have closed in the last few years. However, more detailed study is required, because of its importance and complexity, and because the consequences of the social orphaning of children with living parents are unpredictable. So far, they have been mostly negative. Conclusions The interest in the women's migration is evident in the scientific studies of researchers worldwide. The study of the women's migration began in the 20th century. According to the demand of the times of the early 21st century, this direction of research began to become very 13

14 active in many countries worldwide. Clearly, women's migration is a key constituent of global migration. The women's migration from Ukraine to the European Union has not been studied enough today. My research focused on the women's labor migration from Ukraine to the EU, because the Ukrainian women, the labor migrants, play a special role in the modern history and the economies of the host countries. The female migration from Ukraine is gaining momentum because of corruption, lawlessness, gender inequalities and lack of favorable social, economic, and political conditions for raising families in Ukraine. In my opinion, there are a number of reasons for the spread of the women's migrants flows to the EU: migration due to needs; migration against the will; migration for enjoyment; migration for interest; migration for marriage; migration due to violence at home; migration because of the need for self-realization; migration for a better future for the children of the Ukrainian women; migration for medical purposes; migration due to political persecution. As a result of the survey conducted in 2013 among women in Italy, the Ukrainian labor migrants, I created the typical portrait of a woman the Ukrainian labor migrant. The typical portrait of the Ukrainian woman in Italy is as follows: woman is years old; has a college degree; has been working in Italy years; has two children; and she is from the Western Ukraine. The women's migration is complicated by the possible presence of children who remain in their native country. This phenomenon is called the social orphaning of children with living parents. Today this problem of the social orphaning of children is extremely relevant for Ukraine, because 3 million children of the labor migrants grow up without their mothers, or parents in general. The social orphans with living parents need the targeted aid in the form a 14

15 qualified psychological support. The state needs to create special programs with qualified psychological support for these children in the Western Ukraine, is even in the distant villages. Partners of the special programs of the qualified psychological support for these children may be schools, but also village councils and charitable funds, because, unfortunately, 90% of schools in the rural areas have closed in the last few years. However, more detailed study is required, because of its importance and complexity, and because the consequences of the social orphaning of children with living parents are unpredictable. So far, they have been mostly negative. References Abreu Bastos, O.; Makazan, E. & Koshulko, V. (2013). Analysis of results of sociological research of migration problems among Ukrainian students, The economic analysis the theory and practice, 30(333), pp Anonymous. (2013). How children of the Ukrainian labor migrants use their money in Ukraine. Retrieved from TV Programme Groshi Baganha, M.; Marques, J. C. & Góis, P. (2004). Novas migrações, novos desafios: A imigração do Leste Europeu. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, 69, Outubro 2004, pp Baganha, M.; Marques, J. C. & Góis, P. (2010). Imigração Ucraniana em Portugal e no Sul da Europa: A emergência de uma ou várias comunidades? Coleccao Comunidades. Lisboa, 245 p. Budnik, K. B. (2007). Migration Flows and the Labour Market in Poland. National Bank of Poland Working Paper, No. 44. Budnik, K. B. (2008). Search Equilibrium with Migration: The Case of Poland. National Bank of Poland Working Paper, No

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