NamıkKemalÜniversitesi ISSN:1302*7050 TekirdağZiraatFakültesiDergisi Journal(of(Tekirdag(Agricultural(Faculty( ( ( ( ( ( ( An(International(Journal(of(all(Subjects(of(Agriculture( Cilt(/(Volume:(11Sayı(/(Number:(2(((((Yıl(/(Year:(2014
( ( Sahibi/Owner NamıkKemalÜniversitesiZiraatFakültesiAdına OnBehalfofNamıkKemalUniversityAgriculturalFaculty Prof.Dr.AhmetİSTANBULLUOĞLU Dekan/Dean EditörlerKurulu/EditorialBoard Başkan/EditorinChief Prof.Dr.SelçukALBUT ZiraatFakültesiBiyosistemMühendisliğiBölümü DepartmentBiosystemEngineering,AgriculturalFaculty salbut@nku.edu.tr Üyeler/Members Prof.Dr.M.İhsanSOYSAL Zootekni/AnimalScience Doç.Dr.İlkerH.ÇELEN BiyosistemMühendisliği/BiosystemEngineering Prof.Dr.ServetVARIŞ BahçeBitkileri/Horticulture Prof.Dr.AslıKORKUT PeyzajMimarlığı/LandscapeArchitecture Prof.Dr.TemelGENÇTAN TarlaBitkileri/FieldCrops Prof.Dr.AydınADİLOĞLU ToprakBilimiveBitkiBesleme/SoilScienceandPlantNutrition Prof.Dr.FatihKONUKCU BiyosistemMühendisliği/BiosystemEngineering Prof.Dr.SezenARAT TarımsalBiyoteknoloji/AgriculturalBiotechnology Doç.Dr.ÖmerAZABAĞAOĞLU TarımEkonomisi/AgriculturalEconomics Doç.Dr.MustafaMİRİK BitkiKoruma/PlantProtection Doç.Dr.ÜmitGEÇGEL GıdaMühendisliği/FoodEngineering Yrd.Doç.Dr.DevrimOSKAY TarımsalBiyoteknoloji/AgriculturalBiotechnology Yrd.Doç.Dr.M.RecaiDURGUT BiyosistemMühendisliği/BiosystemEngineering Yrd.Doç.Dr.HarunHURMA TarımEkonomisi/AgriculturalEconomics İndeksler/Indexingandabstracting CABItarafındanfull*textolarakindekslenmektedir/IncludedinCABI DOAJtarafındanfull*textolarakindekslenmektedir/Includedin DOAJ EBSCOtarafındanfull*textolarakindekslenmektedir/Includedin EBSCO FAOAGRISVeriTabanındaİndekslenmektedir/IndexedbyFAO AGRISDatabase INDEXCOPERNICUStarafındanfull*textolarakindekslenmektedir/ IncludedinINDEXCOPERNICUS TUBİTAK[ULAKBİMTarım,VeterinerveBiyolojiBilimleriVeri Tabanı(TVBBVT)Tarafındantaranmaktadır/IndexedbyTUBİTAK[ ULAKBİMAgriculture,VeterinaryandBiologicalSciencesDatabase YazışmaAdresi/CorrespondingAddress TekirdağZiraatFakültesiDergisiNKÜZiraatFakültesi59030TEKİRDAĞ E*mail: ziraatdergi@nku.edu.tr Webadresi: http://jotaf.nku.edu.tr Tel: +902822502007 ISSN:1302 7050
DanışmanlarKurulu/AdvisoryBoard BahçeBitkileri/Horticulture Prof.Dr.KazımABAK ÇukurovaÜniv.ZiraatFak.Adana Prof.Dr.Y.SabitAĞAOĞLU AnkaraÜniv.ZiraatFak.Ankara Prof.Dr.JimHANCOCK MichiganStateUniv.USA Prof.Dr.MustafaPEKMEZCİ AkdenizÜniv.ZiraatFak.Antalya BitkiKoruma/PlantProtection Prof.Dr.MithatDOĞANLAR MustafaKemalÜniv.ZiraatFak.Hatay Prof.Dr.TimurDÖKEN AdnanMenderesÜniv.ZiraatFak.Aydın Prof.Dr.IvankaLECHAVA AgriculturalUniv.Plovdiv*Bulgaria Dr.EmilPOCSAI PlantProtectionSoilCons.ServiceVelence*Hungary GıdaMühendisliği/FoodEngineering Prof.Dr.YaşarHIŞIL EgeÜniv.MühendislikFak.İzmir Prof.Dr.FevziKELEŞ AtatürkÜniv.ZiraatFak.Erzurum Prof.Dr.AtillaYETİŞEMİYEN AnkaraÜniv.ZiraatFak.Ankara Prof.Dr.ZhelyazkoSIMOV UniversityofFoodTechnologiesBulgaria TarımsalBiyoteknoloji/AgriculturalBiotechnology Prof.Dr.HakanTURHAN ÇanakkaleOnsekizMartÜniv.ZiraatFak.Çanakkale Prof.Dr.KhalidMahmoodKHAWAR AnkaraÜniv.ZiraatFak.Ankara Prof.Dr.MehmetKURAN OndokuzMayısÜniv.ZiraatFak.Samsun Doç.Dr.TuğrulGİRAY UniversityofPuertoRico.USA Doç.Dr.KemalKARABAĞ AkdenizÜniv.ZiraatFak.Antalya Doç.Dr.MehmetAliKAYIŞ SelçukÜniv.ZiraatFak.Konya TarlaBitkileri/FieldCrops Prof.Dr.EsvetAÇIKGÖZ UludağÜniv.ZiraatFak.Bursa Prof.Dr.ÖzerKOLSARICI AnkaraÜniv.ZiraatFak.Ankara Dr.NurettinTAHSİN Agric.Univ.PlovdivBulgaria Prof.Dr.MuratÖZGEN AnkaraÜniv.ZiraatFak.Ankara Doç.Dr.ChristinaYANCHEVA Agric.Univ.PlovdivBulgaria TarımEkonomisi/AgriculturalEconomics Prof.Dr.FarukEMEKSİZ ÇukurovaÜniv.ZiraatFak.Adana Prof.Dr.HasanVURAL UludağÜniv.ZiraatFak.Bursa Prof.Dr.GamzeSANER EgeÜniv.ZiraatFak.İzmir Dr.AlbertoPOMBO ElColegiodelaFronteraNorte,Meksika TarımMakineleri/AgriculturalMachinery Prof.Dr.ThefanisGEMTOS AristotleUniv.Greece Prof.Dr.SimonBLACKMORE TheRoyalVet.Agr.Univ.Denmark Prof.Dr.HamdiBİLGEN EgeÜniv.ZiraatFak.İzmir Prof.Dr.AliİhsanACAR AnkaraÜniv.ZiraatFak.Ankara TarımsalYapılarveSulama/FarmStructuresandIrrigation Prof.Dr.ÖmerANAPALI AtatürkÜniv.ZiraatFak.Erzurum Prof.Dr.ChristosBABAJIMOPOULOS AristotleUniv.Greece Dr.ArieNADLER MinistryAgr.AROIsrael Toprak/SoilScience Prof.Dr.SaitGEZGİN SelçukÜniv.ZiraatFak.Konya Prof.Dr.SelimKAPUR ÇukurovaÜniv.ZiraatFak.Adana Prof.Dr.MetinTURAN AtatürkÜniv.ZiraatFak.Erzurum Doç.Dr.PasgualeSTEDUTO FAOWaterDivisionItaly Zootekni/AnimalScience Prof.Dr.AndreasGEORGOIDUS AristotleUniv.Greece Prof.Dr.IgnacyMISZTAL BreedingandGeneticsUniversityofGeorgiaUSA Prof.Dr.KristaqKUME CenterforAgriculturalTechnologyTransferAlbania Dr.BrianKINGHORN TheIns.ofGeneticsandBioinf.Univ.ofNewEnglandAustralia Prof.Dr.IvanSTANKOV TrakiaUniv.Dept.OfAnimalSci.Bulgaria Prof.Dr.NihatÖZEN AkdenizÜniv.ZiraatFak.Antalya Prof.Dr.JozsefRATKY Res.Ins.AnimalBreed.andNut.Hungary Prof.Dr.NaciTÜZEMEN AtatürkÜniv.ZiraatFak.Erzurum
( ( TekirdagZiraatFakültesiDergisi/JournalofTekirdagAgriculturalFaculty201411(2) İÇİNDEKİLER/CONTENTS H.Çinkılıç,L.Çinkılıç,S.Varış,A.KUBAŞ TrakyaBölgesindeSeraSebzeciliğiveSorunları GreenhouseVegetableGrowinganditsProblemsinThraceRegion... 1*10 M.F.Baran,M.R.Durgut,İ.E.Kayhan, İ.Kurşun,B.Aydın,Y.Bayhan DeterminationofDifferentTillageMethodsInTermsofTechnicallyAndEconomicallyinSecondCropMaizeFor Silage(2 nd Year) II.ÜrünSilajlıkMısırÜretimindeUygulanabilecekFarklıToprakİşlemeYöntemlerininTeknikveEkonomikOlarak Belirlenmesi(2.Yıl)... 11*20 A.Afacan,S.Adiloğlu,A.Hasanghasemi,C.Sağlam DeterminationofAntioxidantActivityofSunflowerGrowinginHayraboluDistrictofTekirdağProvince TekirdağİliHayraboluİlçesindeYetişenAyçiçeğiBitkisininAntioksidanAktivitesiTayini... 21*26 F.Aydoğan,K.Bellitürk,M.T.Sağlam EdirneİlindekiBazıSulamaSuyuKaynaklarınınTuzlulukveAğırMetalİçeriklerininTespiti TheAssesmentOfIrrigationWaterSalinityAndHeavyMetalContentsOfSomeSelectedResourcesInEdirneRegion 27*37 H.E.Şamlı,M.Terzioğlu,A.A.Okur,F.Koç,N.Şenköylü EffectsOfSweetApricotKernelMealOnPerformanceAndIntestinalMicrobiotaInBroilerChickens EtlikPiliçlerdeKayısıKüspesininPerformansaveBağırsakMikrobiyotasiÜzerineEtkileri... 38*43 A.Şahin,M.Kaşıkcı SivasİliYıldızeliİlçesindeHalkElindeYetiştirilenEsmerSığırlarınÇiğSütKompozisyonunuBelirlenmesi DeterminationofMilkCompositionofBrownSwissCowsRaisedinDifferentVillageConditionsYıldızeliDistrictof SivasProvince... 44*50 Y.Doğan,Y.Toğay,N.Toğay MardinKızıltepeKoşullarındaFarklıEkimZamanlarınınMercimek(LensculinarisMedic.)ÇeşitlerindeVerimVe VerimÖğelerineEtkisi EffectOfDifferentSowingTimeOnYieldAndYieldComponentsofLentil(Lens(culinarisMedic.)VarietiesinMardin KızıltepeConditions... E.Torun DeterminingFruitProducers SourceofInformationinKocaeliAndEvaluatingItinTermsOfAgricultural Extension... 51*58 59*70 D.Katar, Y.Arslan,R.Kodaş,İ.Subaşı,H.Mutlu BorUygulamalarınınAspir(CarthamustinctoriusL.)BitkisindeVerimveKaliteUnsurlarıÜzerineEtkilerinin Belirlenmesi DeterminationofEffectofDifferentDosesofBoronontheYieldandYieldComponentsofSafflower(Carthamus( tinctorius(l.)... 71*79 T.Kiper PeyzajMimarlığıÖğrencilerininÇevreTutumlarınınBelirlenmesi DeterminationofEnvironmentalAttitudesofStudentsofLandscapeArchitecture... 80*88 O.Yılmaz,O.Karaca,D.İnce,İ.Cemal,E.Yaralı,M.Varol,S.Sevim BatıAnadoluGöçerKoyunculuğuveIslahPlanlamalarındakiRolü NomadicSheepBreedinginWesternAnatoliaandtheRoleofAnimalBreedingPrograms... 89*97 E.E.Şişman,P.Gültürk TekirdağKentMerkezindeBulunanParklarınMevcutDurumununBelirlenmesiveÖneriBirPeyzajProjesinin Hazırlanması DeterminationofExistingStatusofParksinTekirdagCityCenterandDesignofProposalLandscapeProjectfora SamplePark... 98*109 E.Kahya,S.Arın GörüntüRenkKodAnaliziİleMeyveninYerininTespitiÜzerineBirAraştırma AResearchOnImageColorCodeAnalysisWithFruitLocating... 110*118 B.Çakmak,Z.Gökalp,N.Demir SınıraşanNehirHavzalardaTarımdaSuKullanımınınDeğerlendirilmesi AssessmentOfAgriculturalWaterUseInTrans*BoundaryRiverBasins... 119*129
Determination*of*Different*Tillage*Methods*In*Terms*of*Technically*And* Economically*in*Second*Crop*Maize*For*Silage*(2 nd *Year)* M.*F.*Baran 1 * M.*R.*Durgut 3 * *****İ.*E.*Kayhan 2* İ.*Kurşun 2* B.*Aydın 2 * Y.*Bayhan 3 *** 1 UniversityofAdiyaman,FacultyofTechnology,DepartmentofEnergySystemsEngineering>Adiyaman/ Turkey 2 AtatürkSoil,WaterandAgriculturalMeteorologyResearchStationManeger>Kırklareli/Turkey 3 UniversityofNamıkKemal,FacultyofAgriculture,DepartmentofBiosystemsEngineering>Tekirdağ/ Turkey TheresearchhasbeencarriedoutinCentralStationofAtatürkSoilandWaterAgriculturalMeteorologyResearch station manager in 2011 sowing season. In the research, the effects of different soil tillage systems (T 1 : Turn shredder + Heavy tine spring cultivator + Pneumatic precision drill, T 2 : Turn shredder + Rotory tiller+ Pneumatic precisiondrill,t 3 :Turnshredder+Chisel+Heavydutydiskharrow+PneumaticprecisiondrillandT 4 :Plough+Heavy dutydiskharrow+pneumaticprecisiondrill)appliedinsecondcropmaizeforsilagehavebeencomparedinterms ofplantgrowing,yieldandenterpriseeconomy.inthestudy,fuelconsumptionandlaborsuccessofthemachines, averageoutflowtimeoftheplant,landrattoonoutflowdegree,strawthickness,plantlengthandyieldvaluesand moistureofthesoilhavebeendeterminedandthemethodshavebeenanalyzed.asaresultoftheevaluations, whilethehighestsilageyieldhasbeenobtainedintraditionalmethodast 4,thelowestyieldhasbeenobtainedin T 2 :method.amongthemethods,thelowestfuelconsumptionhasbeendeterminedint 1 soiltillagesystemwith 25.21lt/haandthehighestfuelconsumptionhasbeendeterminedinT 4 soiltillagesystemwith46.46lt/ha.thesoil tillagesysteminwhichtheaveragelaborsuccessisthehighesthasbeent 4 soiltillagesystemwith5.40ha/hand theothersubjectshavebeencalculatedas5.07ha/ht 3,4.23ha/hT 1,4.17ha/hT 2 respectively.incostanalyses whichhavebeendoneastogrossprofits,t 4 soiltillagesystemhasobtainedthehighestgrossprofitwith6069.24 TL/haandT 3, T 1 andt 2 soiltillagesystemshavefolloweditwith5972.50tl/ha,5549.40tl/haand5403.37tl/ha respectively. Key*Words:*Economicanalysis,fuelconsumption,plantgrowing,secondcropmaize,soiltillage II.*Ürün*Silajlık*Mısır*Üretiminde*Uygulanabilecek*Farklı*Toprak*İşleme* Yöntemlerinin*Teknik*ve*Ekonomik*Olarak*Belirlenmesi*(2.Yıl*)* Araştırma Kırklareli ilinde; Atatürk Toprak Su Kaynakları ve Tarımsal Meteoroloji Araştırma İstasyonu Müdürlüğü Merkez İstasyonunda 2011 ekim sezonunda yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, II. ürün silajlık mısırda uygulanan farklı toprak işleme sistemlerinin ( T 1 : Sap Parçalayıcı +Ağır Yaylı Kültivatör + Ekim Makinesi, T 2 : Sap parçalayıcı +Rototiller+EkimMakinesi,T 3 :SapparçalayıcıÇizel+Gobledisk+EkimMakinesiveT 4 :Pulluk+Gobledisk+Ekim Makinesi) bitki gelişimine, verime ve işletme ekonomisine etkileri açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. * Çalışmada makinalarınyakıttüketimiveişbaşarısı,bitkiileilgiliortalamaçıkışsüresi,tarlafilizçıkışderecesi,sapkalınlığı,bitki boyuveverim,toprakileilgilinemdeğerleribelirlenmişveyöntemlerekonomikanalizetabitutulmuştur.yapılan değerlendirmelersonucundaenyükseksilajlıkverimigelenekselyöntemolant 4 yöntemindeeldeedilirkenendüşük verimi ise T 2 yönteminde elde edilmiştir. Yöntemler arasında yakıt tüketimi; en düşük 25.21 lt /ha ile T 1 toprak işleme sistemi, en yüksek 46.46 lt/ha ile T 4 toprak işleme sisteminde tespit edilmiştir. İş başarısının ortalama en yüksekolduğutoprakişlemesistemi5.40ha/hilet 4 olurken,diğertoprakişlemesistemlerisırasıyla;4.17ha/ht 2, 4.23ha/hT 1,5.07ha/hT 3 olarakhesaplanmıştır.brütkarlarınagöreyapılanmaliyetanalizlerinde;6069.24tl/haile T 4 toprakişlemesistemienyüksekbrütkarısağlamışveonusırasıyla5972.50tl/hat 3,5549.40TL/haT 1 ve5403.37 TL/haT 2 takipetmiştir.* Anahtar*Kelimeler:*Ekonomikanaliz,yakıttüketimi,bitkigelişimi,ikinciürünmısır,toprakişleme Introduction* A great part of the energy consumed in plant production is used in soil tillage. The primary purpose in agricultural farms is to obtain the maximum income with the fewest amount of inputasinallmanagements(karaağaçandbarut, 2009). Soil tillage is one of the important componentsofplantproduction.itcontainsallof themechanicalprocessesrelatedtothesoilwhich start before planting and continue during the plant development. Therewithal, providing the optimumwater>airrelationshipintheperiodfrom 11
planting to harvesting for plants is important. Application differences are in question in these processesasrelaxationandventilating,protection of the water, preparing seedbed, weed control, mixture of the vegetative disposals to the soil which are directed towards to certain purposes inherentintheapplicationperiods.itisseenthat theseapplicationsdifferaccordingtoclimate,soil andplanttypeandinthisrespect,protectedsoil tillage methods regarding to reduced and non> ploughapplicationsareusedexceptconventional soil tillage methods. A great deal of studies are carriedoutintermsofcropyieldandsoilquality with conventional and protected soil tillage systems. In Baran et al, 2010 research,, the effects of different soil tillage systems (T 1 : Turn shredder+heavy tine spring cultivator + Pneumatic precision drill, T 2 : Turn shredder +Rotory tiller+ Pneumatic precision drill, T 3 : Turn shredder + Chisel + Heavy duty disk harrow + PneumaticprecisiondrillandT 4 :Plough+Heavy duty disk harrow + Pneumatic precision drill) applied in second crop sunflower have been compared in terms of plant growing, yield and enterprise economy. As a result of the evaluations,whilethehighestsunfloweryieldhas been obtained in traditional method as T 2, the lowest yield has been obtained in T 3 method. Amongthesystems,thelowestfuelconsumption hasbeendeterminedint 2 soiltillagesystemwith 28.81lt/haandthehighestfuelconsumptionhas been determined in T 4 soil tillage system with 62.20 lt/ha. The soil tillage system in which the average labor success is the highest has been T 3 soil tillage system with 4.91 ha/h and the other subjects have been calculated as 3,56 ha/h T 1, 3,64 ha/h T 4, 3,70 ha/h T 2 respectively. In cost analyseswhichhavebeendoneastogrossprofits, T 2 soil tillage system has obtained the highest grossprofitwith1247.53tl/haandt 4, T 3 andt 1 soiltillagesystemshavefolloweditwith1188.34 TL/ha,925.14TL/haand837.30TL/harespectively* Bayhan et al (2006), tried 5 different soil tillage methodsanddirectplantingmethodinthestudy whichtheycarriedoutforfiveyearsinconnection with reduced soil tillage and direct planting possibilitiesinsecondcropmaizeforsilage.they measured soil penetration strength, output day number, exiting offshoot percentages, plant height,stalkdiameterandsilageyield.theyfound the highest result for silage yield in soil tillage combinationwith96,32t/haandthelowestyield in soil tillage system by disc harrow with 58,92 t/ha. They stated that direct sowing would give the best results for the parameters related with fuel consumption, power desire and soil tillage andtheysuggestedreducedsoiltillageanddirect sowingmethodsforsecondcropmaizeforsilage intheregion. In the study carried out by Borin and Sartoni (1995)inwhichtheworksuccessandyieldvalues of different soil tillage systems in corn were examined;theworkingsuccesswasdeterminedas 1.62ha/h,theyieldwasdeterminedas7.8t/hain minimumsoiltillagemethodandworkingsuccess was determined as 0.98 ha/h, the yield was determined as 6.0 t/ha in direct soil tillage method. Hermawan and Cameron (1993), carried out a research on the structural changes which the traditional soil tillage and minimum soil tillage wouldbringoutonthesoils.intheresearch,the stability of soil aggregates, the relationship betweenthespaceinthesoilandthestructureof thesoil,thevolumedensity,infiltrationcaseand theresistanceofthesoilsagainstdispersionwere tried to be determined. As a result of the research, it was determined that the traditional soiltillagedecreasedtheaggregatestabilityofthe soils, increased the total and macro porosity of the sowing depth of the soil. It was also determinedthatminimumsoiltillagegavebetter results directed towards the soil stability, the traditional soil tillage decreased the porosity in the deeper regions of the soil and increased volume density of the soil and the resistance againstdispersion.kayışoğluetal(1997)applied6 different soil tillage methods in stubby and no> stubbleparcelsinordertodeterminetheeffects of soil tillage on plant and soil characteristics. They stated that the soil tillage methods applied intheresearchweresignificantlyeffectiveonsoil heat,soilvolumeweight,soilmoistureandplant yield.theyalsostatedthattheyieldwashigherin the no>stubble parcels in the methods in which theploughwasused. Thewidespreadtillagemethodappliedinsecond cropmaizeforsilageintheregionisasirrigation ofthestubblefieldandthenthetillageofthesoil byordinarymethod(plough).inthismethod,due toalloftheprocessesarehavebedoneinashort period, some problems are observed when the increase in the field traffic and the energy costs are taken into consideration. This research was carriedoutinordertoachievethesoiltillageand 12
sowing process which were considered the most importantprobleminsecondcropmaizeforsilage farming by alternative methods and their effects on plant growing and agricultural machinery expenses. systemswereusedinplantingmachine.thewater requirement of the maize for silage was given homogeneously to the crop by determining the required water amount with automatically irrigationmachine.* Material*And*Methods* Material* Definition*of*Trial*Area* The research was carried out in Atatürk Soil, Water and Agricultural Meteorology Research Stationwhichis4kmawayfromKırklareliandon İstanbul>KırklareliroadinThraceRegion.Kırklareli provincewhichisonthenorthofthraceregionis under the effect of terrestrial climate but the specificeffectofrainyblackseaclimatedrawsthe attention.inthissense,thewintersarerainyand coldandthesummersarehotandarid.thegreat part of the precipitation is as rainy and certain part is as snowy. The long years precipitation averagewasdeterminedas594,7mm.according totheperennialdata,theaveragetemperatureis 130C.Whenthehighestaverageairtemperatures are observed in July>August months, the lowest average temperatures are observed in January andfebruarymonths(çakıretal,2006). Soil*Characteristics*of*Trial*Area** Thesoilsampleswhichweretakenfrom0>30cm soil layer of the trial area were examined in soil laboratory and the physical and chemical characteristicsofthetrialareawereputforward. The physical and chemical characteristics of the soilofthetrialareaisinsaltlesscategoryinterms ofsaltlevel.theorganicmattercontentofthesoil is too little and the ph value of the soil is slight alkali.thesoilstructurewasdeterminedassandy> clayey>loamy.* Maize*Kind*Characteristics** Thehorsetoothmaizekingwasusedasmaizefor silage in the trial. The seed maturation period is 120>123 days and it is a suitable seed kind for machinery harvesting. The technical characteristics of the agricultural tools and machinesusedinthetrialisgivenintable1.mf> 365 tractor, the motor power of which is 60 kw was used as power source. Pneumatic precision drill was used as planting machine in the trial. Sowing systems with disc and burying feet Some*Tools*Used*in*the*Trial** The tape line was used in plant length measurementsandthecompasswasusedinplant stalk thickness. Soil auger, moisture holder pots, precision balance and soil dryer (incubator) was usedinthedeterminationofthesoilmoisturein the trial. The weigh out of the plants harvested fromeachparcelwasdonewiththescaleswhich couldmake150grweighing.thetimekeeperwith hour, minute, second split>second was used for timeconsumptionfuelmeasurementdevicewas used for the calculation of fuel consumption. It was utilized from KIENZLE fuel measurement system for the determination of the fuel consumptions of the tools and machines. The device was placed between fuel pump and injectorandby>passconnectionwasperformedas emitting the excessive fuel which derived from the injector to the system without measuring again. Method* The trials were carried out in 12 parcels with 3 repetitions according to randomized parcels trial design. Each trial parcel was established in 40 meters length and 6 meter width. The parcels were established as big as possible in order to determinebetterthelaborsuccessesofsoiltillage devicesaimedattheapplication. The effects of the soil tillage devices on the adjacent parcels were tried to be hidden by leaving a blank of 2 meters between the parcels and3metersbetweentheblocks.4differentsoil tillageandsowingsystemswerecomparedinthe trial.inthreemethodsofthesesystems,someof the protected soil tillage and planting systems weretackledandint4method,themethodwhich is applied by the producers in second crop planting in Thrace Region and named as traditionalmethodwashandled. Soiltillagesystems; T 1 :Turnshredder+Heavytinespringcultivator+ Pneumaticprecisiondrill, T 2 : Turn shredder + Rotory tiller+ Pneumatic precisiondrill, 13
T 3 : Turn shredder + Chisel + Heavy duty disk harrow+pneumaticprecisiondrill, T 4 : Plough +Heavy duty disk harrow+pneumatic precisiondrill) Trialblocksweredesignedforsecondcropmaize for silage and the trial design was prepared accordingtodifferentsoiltillagemethodsapplied in maize for silage farming. 2,5 kg/da seed was used. Chemical analysis in spoiled soil samples taken from 0>20 cm depth of the trial area soils weredoneandrequiredchemicalfertilizerswere given according to the analysis results. Struggle with weeds were done and interim hoeing was donetwicebytractor.thewaterwasgiventothe parcels evenly by considering the field capacity during the trial and 5 irrigation was done by automaticirrigationmachine.duringharvesting, two lines from each parcel edge and 5 meters from the lines were considered as edge effects and all of the two middle lines were harvested fromapproximately10>15cmupperfromthesoil level (Bayhan et al. 2006). Soil moisture determinationwasdonebeforesowingandinthe time period till irrigation after sowing. Soil samples were taken in three repeated rounds from the parcels of 0>10, 10>20, 20>30 cm depth with soil auger in order to determine the soil moistureandtheirwetweightsweremeasuredby keeping in the moisture boxes. Later, these soil samplesweredrainedin105 0 Cdegreeduring24 hours andtheirdryweightsweredeterminedby weighing. The moisture content according to dry basewasdeterminedwiththefollowingequation (Bahtiyar,1996). W W W 0 N= * 100 (1) 0 Inthisequation, N:Moistureaccordingtodrybase(%) W:Wetweighttotal(g) W o :Drysoilweight(g) In the trial parcels, daily outflow plant counting after irrigation with tempering water in three differentlineswith5mlengthineachparcelwas done in order to determine the effects of soil tillage and sowing systems on plant distribution smoothness, germinating and plant outflow in trialparcels.thecountingcontinuedduringplant outflow immobilization. Average outflow day, percentance of plant emergence were calculated fromthesecounting.averageoutflowemergence date is the average outflow time of the plants whichoutflowuntilplantoutflowimmobilization. Fieldrattoonoutflowdegreewasdeterminedasa percentage with the proportion of outflow plant number to incident plant number. These parameters were calculated with the following equations(bilbroandwanjura,1982;kayişoğluet al.2001). N O.Ç.G.= 1 * D + N * D 1 N + N 1 2 2 2 +... + N +... N n n * D n )) )(2))) Inthisequation; O.Ç.G:Averageemergencedate N: Number of seedling emerging since previous count D:Numberofdaysaftersowing ÇBS ETS TFÇD= * 100 (3) Inthisequation: TFÇD:Percentageofplantemergence(%) ÇBS:Numberofseedlingemerging(5m) ETS:Plantedseednumber(5m) Thickness of the sten, height of the plant and yield: harvesting time for the corn has been identified as the period with 65% humidity (Kayişoğlu et al.,2001). 20 plants which were randomlychoseninthemiddlelineofeachparcel, excluding the 2.5 meter wide sections at the beginningandendoftheparcelandthefirsttwo edge lines of each parcel, of an eight>line wide parcel and they are cut at a point close to the ground. Thethicknessofthecutsytemsweremeasuredby agaugebetweenthesecondandthirdnodesfrom the bottom. The height of the plant has been measured,by measuring the distance (in cm) betweenthenodewherethefirstsidebranchof thetoptasselgrowsandthecuttingpointofthe plant. (Kayişoğlu et al.,2001). The plants with determinedstemthicknessandplantheighthave beenweighedbythescaleandtheyieldofeach repetitionhasbeenfound. Fuel*Consumption* Total fuel consumption of each parcel was calculated as liter/ha by adding the fuel consumptions of the devices and the machines used for soil tillage and planting in soil tillage systemsafterthepre>plantharvestinginthetrial. 14
Fuel consumption: Fuel amount*fuel price (Çıkmanetal,2009). Labor*Success* Laboryieldofeachparcel(ha/h)wascalculatedby proportioning the total time calculated for soil tillageandsowingineachparcelofthetrialtothe areaamount. Economical*Analysis** Gross profit analysis was performed with the findings.* Gross profit = Gross output value > variable expenses* Variableexpenses:seed,fertilizer,herbicide,fuel, water* Table1.Enterprisevalueresultsofsoiltillagedevices Soil tillage systems Equipments Working speed (km/h) Thevalueswillbecalculatedbyessentiallytaking the trading and stock exchange prices utilizing fromtheequation(inan,1988). Evaluation*of*the*Data** The data obtained in order to determine the effects of soil tillage systems on soil, plant growing and agricultural mechanization were subjected to the variance analysis according to randomizedblockstrialdesign.* Research**Fındıngs* Results*Related*to*Fuel*Consumption*and* labor*force*analysis* Fuel consumption values and labor successes of turnshredder,heavytinespringcultivator,rotory tiller, chisel, plough, heavy duty disk harrow and pneumatic precision drill and enterprise value resultsofsoiltillagedevicesweregivenintable1. Labor success (ha/h) Fuel Consumption (lt/ha) Labor success (ha/h) Fuel consumption (lt/ha) T 1* Heavytinespring cultivator 6.9 0.69 15.8 4.23 25,21 Turnshredder 10.8 1.08 2.9 Pneumaticprecisiondrill 5.4 0.54 6.5 Turnshredder 10.8 1.08 2.9 T 2 * Rotorytiller 7.2 0.72 19.6 4.17 28,96 Pneumaticprecisiondrill 5.4 0.54 6.5 Turnshredder 10.8 1.08 2.9 T 3 * Chisel 7.6 0.76 16.7 Heavydutydiskharrow 10.2 1.02 11.3 5.07 37,29 Pneumaticprecisiondrill 5.4 0.54 6.5 Plough 3.9 0.39 28.8 T 4 * Heavydutydiskharrow 10.2 1.02 11.3 5.40 46,46 Pneumaticprecisiondrill 5.4 0.54 6.5 Asseeninthetable,thehighestfuelconsumptionwasobtainedfromT 4 soiltillagesystemwith46.46 lt/ha.andthelowestfuelconsumptionwasobtainedfromt 1 soiltillagesystemwith25.21lt/hathesoil tillagesysteminwhichtheaveragelaborsuccesswasthehighestwast 4 soiltillagesystemwith5.40 ha/handtheothersubjectswerecalculatedas5.07ha/ht 3,4.23ha/hT 1,4.17ha/hT 2 respectively.fuel consumptionandlaborsuccessvariationofsoiltillagesystemsaregiveninfigure1. 15
46,46 37,29 25,21 28,96 4,23 4,17 5,07 5,40 T1 T2 T3 T4 Figure1.3.Totalfuelconsumption>totallaborsuccessvariationofthedevicesusedinsoiltillagesystems * * Yield*Values** * Two lines were considered as 5 meters edge effectfromtheparceledgesduringharvesting.it was weighed by cutting from 10>15 cm outside surface beginning from the soil level from the middle lines. The yield value of the maize for silagewascalculatedintermsoft/habyratingthe weighingvaluestounitharvestingarea. Table2.Someyieldparametervaluesforthetrialplant Soil Stub Stubheight Plantheight Tillage diameter (cm) (cm) systems (cm) 16 Determination*of*Plant*Growing*Values** Physical growing characteristics as average plant height,stubheightanddiameter,strawthickness andstrawweightinsecondcropmaizeforsilage were determined. In the research, the measurements were done from the two lines in leftandrightsideoftheparcelsineachblock(t 1> T 2 >T 3 >T 4 )bynottakingtheendoftheparcel.* Stalkthickness (cm) Stalkweight (gr) T 1 6.83 22.10 270.83 2.53 322.50 T 2 6.71 21.25 268.96 2.34 267.92 T 3 6.92 22.83 275.54 2.67 338.75 T 4 7.50 23.56 285.63 2.73 348.33 Plant outflow ratios and land rattoon outflow degrees in 10 meters were calculated with three days intervalandtheyweregivenwiththeyieldvaluesintable3.accordingly,t4method(plough+heavy dutydiskharrow+pneumaticprecisiondrill)gavethebestresultineachthreeparameter. Total Labor Success (ha/h) Total Fuel Consumption (Lt/ha)
Table3.Somecalculationsforthetrialplant Soiltillagesystems Averageoutflowday Plantoutflowratio(%) Yieldtone/ha T 1 5.6 88.0 61.41 T 2 5.6 86.9 60.22 T 3 5.8 90.3 65.51 T 4 5.8 91.1 66.58 * Analysis*and*Evaluation*Results* Plantheight,stubweight,stubdiameterandyield values related with the harvested second crop maize for silage were statistically analyzed in ordertodeterminetheyieldwhichisoneofthe mostimportantfactorsforthecomparisonofthe systems and yield parameters. The effect of soil tillagesystemsontheyieldwasfoundstatistically insignificant and the average values of the systemsweregivenintable4. Table4.Averagesoftheyields Soiltillagesystems Diameter** Averages T 4 66.58 T 3 65.51 T 1 61.41 T 2 60.22 Theeffectofsoiltillagesystemsonstubdiameter was found statistically significant (P<0.05) in variance analysis. As a result of multiple comparison; it was determined that the 15 cm. stub diameter was in the first group. The lowest stubdiameterwasobtainedfromt 2 systemwith 13.42cm. Table 5. Stub Diameter LSD average comparison results Soiltillagesystems T 4 T 3 T 1 T 2 LSD(0.05)=0.96 Plant*Height** * Averages 15.00a 13.83b 13.67b 13.42b The effect of soil tillage systems on plant height was found statistically significant in variance analysis values and plant height average values weregivenintable6. Table6.Plantheightaverage * Soiltillagesystems Stub*Weight** Averages T 4 285.63 T 3 275.55 T 1 270.84 T 2 268.96 TheeffectofSoiltillagesystemsinstubweight valueswasfoundstatisticallysignificant(p<0.05). Accordingly,themaximumstubweightactualized int 4.T 3 andt 1 subjects. Table 7. LSD multiple comparison test for stub weight(g) Soiltillagesystems T 4 T 3 T 1 T 2 Economic*Analysis** Averages 348.33a 338.75a 322.50a 267.92b Fuel, human labor force values of the tools and machines used in the trials were obtained as a result of the measurements and the calculations and were given in Table 8. Gross profit analysis was done by adding harvesting and transport, tillage>maintenance processes, seed>fertilizer> irrigationpricestothesegivencosts(table9).in terms of input usage, the best result was determined in T1 system (Turn shredder+ heavy tine spring cultivator+ pneumatic precision drill) and the highest input usage actualized in T4 system (plough+ heavy duty disk harrow+ pneumaticprecisiondrill). 17
Table8.Inputcostsofthesystems AgriculturalToolsand Machines Fuelconsumption (liter/ha) Fuelconsumptioncost (TL/ha) TotalFuelConsumptionCost (TL/ha) (1) Oilconsumptioncost (2) (h/ha ) Human power (TL/ha ) (3) Total Cost (TL/ha) (1+2+3) Soiltillagesystems Turnshredder 2,9 8,90 T1 Heavytinespringcultivator 15,8 48,29 76,89 9,06 18 81 166,95 Pneumaticprecisiondrill 6,5 19,70 Turnshredder 2,9 8,90 T2 Rotorytiller 19,6 59,73 88,32 10,41 17,2 77,4 176,13 Pneumaticprecisiondrill 6,5 19,70 Turnshredder 2,9 8,90 Çhisel 16,7 50,83 T3 113,74 13,41 19,6 88,2 215,35 Heavydutydiskharrow 11,3 34,31 Pneumaticprecisiondrill 6,5 19,70 Plough 28,8 87,69 T4 Heavydutydiskharrow 11,3 34,31 141,7 16,71 18,5 83,25 241,66 Pneumaticprecisiondrill 6,5 19,70 2011yearfuelprice:3.05TL/L.2011yearmetallicoilprice:2.62TL/L.2011yearworkmenprice:4.5TL/h
Table9.Economicanalysisoftheyieldresults Agriculturetoolsand machines Average/ yield (tone/ha) Cropselling price (TL/tone) Gross income (TL/ha) (B) Soiltillageand sowing (TL/ha) CostElementsAccordingToTheProcesses TotalInput Tractor hoe (TL/ha) IrrigationZHerbicideZ Maintenance (TL/ha) Seed Fertilizer (TL/ha) HarvestingZ Transport (TL/ha) Cost (TL/ha) (C) Gross Profit (TL/ha) A=BZC Soiltillagesystems Turnshredder Heavytinespring T1 cultivator 61,41 115,00 7062,15 166,95 50 328,6 727,2 240 1512,8 5549,40 Pneumaticprecision drill Turnshredder Rotorytiller T2 60,22 115,00 6925,30 176,13 50 328,6 727,2 240 1521,9 5403,37 Pneumaticprecision drill Turnshredder Çhisel T3 Heavydutydiskharrow 65,51 115,00 7533,65 215,35 50 328,6 727,2 240 1561,2 5972,50 Pneumaticprecision drill Plough Heavydutydiskharrow T4 66,58 115,00 7656,70 241,66 50 328,6 727,2 240 1587,5 6069,24 Pneumaticprecision drill Cropsellingprice:115TL/tone
According to soil tillage systems, gross income, totalexpenseandgrossprofitwerecalculatedand given in Table 9. T 1 system was the third system with5549.40tl/haingrossprofitcalculationwith thelowestinput.t 2 systemwasinthelowestlevel with 5403.37 TL/ha in gross profit calculation. T 4 system was in the highest level with 6069.24 TL/ha in gross profit calculation in spite of the highestinput. Results'' Thesecondyearresultsoftheresearchisdesired to be shared with the scientific world. As the resultoftheevaluations,theyieldamountswere determined as T 1 :61.41 t/ha, T 2 : 60.22 t/ha, T 3 :65.51 t/ha, T 4 :66.58 t/ha. The highest yield amounts was obtained from the traditional system, T4 (plough+ heavy duty disk harrow+ pneumaticprecisiondrill)andasthelowestyield amountwasobtainedfromthereducedsoiltillage method T2 (turn shredder+ rotory tiller+ pneumatic precision drill). Among the methods, thelowestfuelconsumptionwasdeterminedint 1 soiltillagesystemwith25.21lt/haandthehighest fuelconsumptionwasdeterminedint 4 soiltillage systemwith46.46lt/ha.thesoiltillagedevicein whichthefuelconsumptionwasutmostusedwas determinedasploughwith28.8lt/haandthesoil tillagedevicesinwhichthefuelconsumptionwas a few used were determined as turn shredder, pneumaticprecisiondrill,heavydutydiskharrow, chisel and rotory tiller. The soil tillage system in whichtheaveragelaborsuccesswasthehighest wasthet 4 soiltillagesystemwith5.40ha/hand the other subjects were calculated as T 3 : 5.07 ha/h, T 1 :4.23 ha/h, T 2 :4.17 ha/h respectively. Thelowestcostintermsofinputusageactualized in T1 system (turn shredder+ heavy tine spring cultivator+ pneumatic precision drill) and the highest cost actualized in T 4 system (plough+ heavy duty disk harrow+ pneumatic precision drill). ' ' Literature'List'' Bahtiyar, M.,1996. Soil Physics. T.U. Tekirdağ Agriculture Faculty, Publication No: 260, Text Book No:31,Tekirdağ. Baran, M.F., Durgut, M.R., Kayhan, İ.E., Aydın, B., Kurşun., Kayişoğlu, B. 2010, Determination of DifferentSoilTillageandSowingMethodsinSecond Crop Sunflower Farming Technically and Economically. Bayhan,Y.,Kayisoglu,B.,Gonulol,E.,Yalcin,H.,Sungur, N., 2006. Possibilities of Direct Drilling and Reduced Tillage in Second Crop Silage Corn Article, Soil and TillageResearch,88(1b2):1b7. Bilbro, J.D.,Wanjura, D.F.,1982. Soil Cruts and Cotton EmergenceRelationship.TransactionoftheASAE.Vol. 25;1484b1487 Borin,M., Sartori, L.,1995 Barley, Soybean and Maize Productıon using Ridge Tillage, NobTillage and Conventional Tillage in NorthbEast Italy, Journal AgriculturalEngineeringResarch,Vol:62(229b236). Çakır, R., Çebi, U., Gidirişlioğlu, A., 2006. Irrigation Programs and WaterbProduction Functions Applied For Virginia Tobacco in Kırklareli Conditions. T.K.B. TAGEMPublications,PublicationNo:152,Kırklareli Çıkman, A., Vurarak, Y., Sağlam, R., Monis, T., Nacar, S.A., Çetiner, İ.H.,2009. Comparison of Different Soil TillageandSowingSystemsinSecondCropMaizein Harran Plain Technically and Economically. GAP Soil and Water Resources and Agricultural Research Institute Directory. Project No:TAGEMbBBb TOPRAKSUb2009/75,Şanlıurfa. İnan, İ.H., 1998. Agricultural Economics and Administration. Tekirdağ. TUAFb187 Project Result Report.Tekirdağ Hermawan, B. and Cameron, K.C. (1993). Structural ChangesinaSiltLoamUnderLonbTermConventional or Minimum Tillage. Soil and Tillage Research, 26(1993)p.139b150,Amsterdam. Karaağaç,H.A.,Barut,Z.B.,2009EffectofDifferentSoil Tillage and Sowing Systems on Maize for Silage GrowingandManagementEconomy.25.Agricultural Mechanization National Congress Bulletin Book P:367b374,Isparta. Kayişoğlu,B.,Bayhan,Y.,Gönülol,E.,1997.AResearch on the Determination of the Effect of Stubble and Nonstubble Soil Tillage on Soil and Plant Characteristics in Sunflower Farming in Thrace Region. Agricultural Mechanization 17. National CongressBulletinBook1.p:329b336,Tokat. KayışoğluB.,Sungur,N.,Bayhan,Y.,Yalçın,H.,Gönlüol., E.,2001DifferentSoilTillageMethodsinSecondCrop MaizeForSilage.TUAF,ProjectNo:187,Tekirdağ. 20