Outline Urban Solid Waste Potential Analysis and Application for Electrical Energy Generation Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Kurban Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Aim Abstract Introduction Municipal Solid Waste and Energy Energy Production by Combustion Results and Discussion Conclusion mehmet.kurban@bilecik.edu.tr 2 Aim The aim of the study is to examine the methods and technologies for generating electrical energy from municipal solid waste (MSW) and to discuss the generation by the incineration method based on economical and technical situations for 81 cities in Turkey. Abstract Energy production by alternative energy sources like municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the most important subject of the world and Turkey due to the consumption of limited fossil fuels and global warming. MSW saved up to open area which causes the environmental and healthy problems is accepted as a low value fuel for electricity production to find a good way to solve the solid waste management problem. In Turkey, the average amount of wastes for per person in a day is 1.3-1.4 kg. Approximately 68 percent of solid wastes are organics, the others are paper, rubber, leather, metal, wood, glass, ash and earthen materials. The general waste production in the country is about 88 000 ton/day. There are a few large burning foundations in Turkey. Methods and technologies are examined to generate electrical energy from MSW. As a case study, the incineration method which is used to generate the electricity with a steam cycle by firing the municipal solid wastes is examined based on economical and technical situations for 81 cities in Turkey separately. The simulation results for the MSW power plants constructed in each city is given as a table. 3 4 1
Introduction Biomass -has dominated global energy use. -was revived about 1970. -has been more economical than the use of fossil fuels. -is seen as a preferred fuel in this respect, because it is a renewable resource, and any carbon emissions from its use. Promotion of biomass, a renewable and basically domestic resource, was now seen to provide double protection, both against rising prices due to depletion, and the political insecurity of foreign energy supply. The concerns about rising prices due to resource depletion and energy supply security subsided substantially after the sharp oil price decline of the mid-1980s. The optimal level of biomass usage is given in Figure 1. Special support for biomass use as an energy source has recently been incited by two arguments, one having to do with surplus agricultural land, the other with the environment. 5 6 Figure 1 The optimal level of biomass usage MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND ENERGY The solid waste is one of the most important problem in the world. The amount of waste increases in every year because of growing population and living standards. This is got difficult to store them orderly. Municipalities need huge storing area for municipal and dangerous waste. This situation causes the environmental and healthy problems. Producing the electricity from the garbage is a way to solve this problem. Barely, this problem is transformed to the benefit and garbage is offered to the human necessity like a low degree fuel. In Turkey, evaluating solid wastes and transforming into electricity energy is most important thing. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND ENERGY The process that has received most attention for conversion of MSW as an alternative fuel into electrical power are: Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis (as a pre-treatment step for combustion and gasification process) Anaerobic digestion. The first three are thermal conversion processes. The last one in itself is a biological conversion process. However, the biogas produced can be used for power generation, for example in gas engines or via the steam cycle. 7 8 2
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND ENERGY 9 Figure 2 Combustion process diagram It is a special mode of combustion in which waste or biomass is fired in otherwise conventional power stations together with coal or other fossil fuels. For this application, the fuel often requires size reduction. It may be expected that the amount of waste or biomass that can be fired in this way will range up to 30% of the total amount of fuel on an energy basis. The precise amount will depend on the degree of contamination, the calorific value and reactivity of the cocombusted material. 10 When wastes fired, heat is produced. This heat is utilized as thermal or electricity energy. However, the first aim of the waste fired process is to get rid of the wastes. Therefore process settings, timing and chimney gas cooling process should be done according to limiting emission values and waste recycling principles. Obtaining energy system is planned according to burn waste completely and to clear chimney gas wonderfully. 70% or 80% of entering wastes are evaluated as energy. Leaving parts are lost as furnace thermal beams, slag heat, not burn material and heat loss of chimney gas. When the calorific values of entering wastes accepted 8000 kj/(kg raw waste), 1.67 kwh/(kg entering waste) energy is obtained. By combustion -Directly steam usage -Electricity production -Cogeneration There are three fired technologies: Grate furnaces Fluidized bed furnaces Rotating cylindrical furnaces Incineration is the specific name of the combusting (firing) foundation. In this process the municipal solid waste is fired at temperatures between 850 C and 1100 C, and a steam cycle is used to generate electricity. A schematic diagram of the process is shown in the Figure 3. 11 12 Figure 3 Incinerator flow diagram 3
Schematic plan and schematic cross section of incinerator are given in Figure 4 and Figure 5. 13 Figure 4 Schematic Plan of Incinerator 14 Figure 5 Schematic cross-section of Incineration ENERGY PRODUCTION BY GASIFICATION ENERGY PRODUCTION BY PYROLYSIS Figure 6 Gasification process diagram Figure 7 Pyrolysis process diagram 15 16 4
ENERGY PRODUCTION BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION As an example Eskisehir s total gathering waste amount was 235594 tonnes in 2004, in summer was 68625 tonnes, in winter 166969 tonnes. In winter, gathering household waste is increased by household ashes. Therefore 250 t/day waste amount will be used to calculation for incinerator [7,8]. The combustion line is designed to handle: 250 t/24 h = 10.5 t/h for Eskişehir based on a nominal energy content of the waste (8 MJ/kg). The input waste power value is in thermal watt: 10,5.103 kg. hour. min. 8.106 J = 23.106 J/sth hour 60 min 60 sec kg Here J/s = W. so 23.106 J/sth = 23 MWth Figure 8 Anaerobic digestion process diagram 17 18 The energy balance of this system is shown in Table 1. The peculiarities of incinerator plant are given in Table 2 Table 1 Energy balance of incinerator plant Quantities Unit Value Annual electricity production is: 6,2.106 J. 60 sec. 60 min. 24 hours. 365 day. 1 = 54,3.106 kwh/yr Input -household waste (91250 t/y) MW th 23 Output -gross electricity production MW e 6,2 Internal electricity usage MW e 1,2 Net electricity production MW e 5 Boiler efficiency % 84 Gross electrical efficiency % 27 Net electrical efficiency % 22 Table 2 Pecularities of incinerator plant Pecularities Unit Value Given electricity amount to interconnection system that will be sold : 5.106 J. 60 sec. 60 min. 24 hours. 365 day. 1 = 43,8.106 kwh/yr Total investment for the 91250 t/y plant amounted to USD 16,2 million. The electricity price is USD 0.0852 and 0,1278 TL if it is sold directly to the consumers like the TEDAS. 19 Boiler efficiency (on MSW) % 84.1 Steam temperature o C 400 Steam Pressure bar 40 Steam production - total t/h 190 Steam production - boiler kg/s 17 20 The annual revenue of the system is 43,8.106 kwh/yr x 0,1278 = 5.597.640TL and USD 3.731.760. This means that is 41 USD/t annual. 5
If the produced electricity is sold by TEIAS and TEDAS, kwh price will be 0.0861 TL and USD 0.0574, therefore annual revenue will be 3.771.180 TL and USD 2.514.120. The plant operates 8760 h/yr. the service life of the grate is around 30,000 operating hours. The second superheater tubes have an operating life of 40,000 hours. The plant operates in 24 hours and 4 shift with 10 employees. The results of the incinerator method application for the MSW power plants constructed in 81 cities of Turkey are given in Table 3. In these applications, appropriate amount of municipal solid waste to obtain energy is accepted as 40% Table 3 The results for 81 cities in Turkey City Daily Appropriate Input power Net product Name Amount Amount t/d MW th x10 6 kwh Adana 2131 852 78,9 152,1 Adıyaman 444 178 (n.e) 16,4 31,7 Afyon 820 328 30,4 58,5 Ağrı 212 85 (n.e) 7,9 15,1 Amasya 512 205 (n.e) 19,0 36,5 Ankara 6032 2.413 223,4 430,6 Antalya 2174 870 80,5 155,2 Artvin 98 39 (n.e) 3,6 7,0 Aydın 1206 482 44,7 86,1 21 22 Balıkesir 1366 546 50,6 97,5 23 Bilecik 226 90 (n.e) 8,4 16,1 Bingöl 159 64 (n.e) 5,9 11,3 Bitlis 247 99 (n.e) 9,1 17,6 Bolu 290 116 (n.e) 10,7 20,7 Burdur 311 124 (n.e) 11,5 22,2 Bursa 2015 806 74,6 143,8 Çanakkale 480 192 (n.e) 17,8 34,3 Çankırı 162 65 (n.e) 6,0 11,6 Çorum 567 227 21,0 40,5 Denizli 655 262 24,3 46,8 Diyarbakır 860 344 31,9 61,4 Edirne 401 160 (n.e) 14,9 28,6 Elazığ 374 150 (n.e) 13,9 26,7 Erzincan 209 84 (n.e) 7,7 14,9 Erzurum 693 277 25,7 49,5 Eskişehir 625 250 23 43,8 Gaziantep 909 364 33,7 64,9 Giresun 231 92 (n.e) 8,6 16,5 Gümüşhane 92 37 (n.e) 3,4 6,6 Hakkari 54,5 22 (n.e) 2,0 3,9 Hatay 1123 449 41,6 80,2 24 Isparta 543 217 20,1 38,8 İçel 1640 656 60,7 117,1 İstanbul 12417,5 4.967 459,9 886,4 İzmir 3969 1.588 147,0 283,3 Kars 191 76 (n.e) 7,1 13,6 Kastamonu 340 136 12,6 24,3 Kayseri 1411 564 52,3 100,7 Kırklareli 326 130 (n.e) 12,1 23,3 Kırşehir 391 156 (n.e) 14,5 27,9 Kocaeli 1028 411 38,1 73,4 Konya 1822 729 67,5 130,1 Kütahya 636 254 23,6 45,4 Malatya 716 286 26,5 51,1 Manisa 1183 473 43,8 84,4 K.Maraş 632 253 23,4 45,1 Mardin 468 187 17,3 33,4 Muğla 1343 537 49,7 95,9 Muş 127 51(n.e) 4,7 9,1 Nevşehir 352 141 13,0 25,1 Niğde 310 124 11,5 22,1 Ordu 410 164 15,2 29,3 6
Rize 238 95 (n.e) 8,8 17,0 Sakarya 603 241 22,3 43,0 Samsun 923 369 34,2 65,9 Siirt 138 55 (n.e) 5,1 9,9 Sinop 180 72 (n.e) 6,7 12,8 Sivas 882 353 32,7 63,0 Bartın 97 39 (n.e) 3,6 6,9 Ardahan 35 14 (n.e) 1,3 2,5 Iğdır 114 46 (n.e) 4,2 8,1 Yalova 224 90 (n.e) 8,3 16,0 Tekirdağ 1131 452 41,9 80,7 Karabük 159 64 (n.e) 5,9 11,3 Tokat 613 245 22,7 43,8 Trabzon 447 179 16,6 31,9 Tunceli 72 29 (n.e) 2,7 5,1 Şanlıurfa 765 306 28,3 54,6 Uşak 320 128 (n.e) 11,9 22,8 Kilis 87 35 (n.e) 3,2 6,2 Osmaniye 379 152 (n.e) 14,0 27,1 Düzce 289 116 (n.e) 10,7 20,6 (n.e= not enough) Van 489 196 (n.e) 18,1 34,9 Yozgat 533 213 19,7 38,0 Zonguldak 876 350 32,4 62,5 Aksaray 263 105 (n.e) 9,7 18,8 Bayburt 96 38 (n.e) 3,6 6,9 Karaman 335 134 (n.e) 12,4 23,9 Kırıkkale 571 228 21,1 40,8 Batman 337 135 (n.e) 12,5 24,1 25 Şırnak 240 96 (n.e) 8,9 17,1 26 Conclusion Hibrit Santral İçin Yer Durum Tespiti 27 The solid waste is an important problem in the world. Producing the electricity from the garbage is a low degree fuel is a way to solve this problem. Turkey has not enough energy resources. Due to the fact that the big part of the energy necessity is taken from the external sources. In big cities, to get rid of energy distinct and solve the garbage problem, after re-cycle from garbage and produced electricity from remaining and have to storing them is the most important subject of Turkey. According the results, incineration and combustion methods are not appropriate, because of not enough amounts of daily wastes. However, gathering garbage amount of some cities can be used in one central and necessity amount can be obtained. In the future, these methods may be used widely with their decreasing investment cost by developing technology. 28 Çalışmamızda hibrit santral (katı atık-rüzgar) için uygun şartları bulup bu santralin kurulumu için en uygun bölgenin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak Türkiye nin il bazında nüfus sayıları bulunup sonraki aşamada her ilin 50 metre üzeri rüzgar verileri değerlendirilmiştir. Hem rüzgar hem de katı atık depo gazı enerjisi bir arada kullanılarak oluşturulabilecek hibrit bir sistemde en uygun bölge analizinde bulunulmuştur. Ankara Mamak katı atık tesisi referans alınarak yapılan hesaplamalarda bölge seçimi kriterleri ele alınmıştır. 7
Katı Atık ve Rüzgar Verileri Katı Atık Verileri Günlük İller Katı Atık Enerji Toplam Nüfus Miktarı Miktarı Enerrji (kg/kişi) (W/kg) Miktarı (MW) Bursa 2 652 126 1,02 2,44 6,47 Çanakkale 486 445 1,11 2,66 1,29 Balıkesir 1 154 314 1,16 2,78 3,21 Manisa 1 340 074 1,16 2,78 3,73 İzmir 3 965 232 1,06 2,55 10,11 Aydın 999 163 1,60 3,84 3,83 Muğla 838 324 1,10 2,64 2,21 Rüzgar Verileri Yıllık Birim Kurulu İller Rüzgar Çalışma Enerji Güç Rüzgar Hızı Saati (8760 (Wsaat) Üretimi Gücü (m/sn) saat/yıl) (MW) (MW) Bursa 3-4 <200 40(1752-0,3-0,8-500- Çanakkale 7-8 40(1752-0,98-1,95 600 124,1 500- Balıkesir 40(1752-0,98-1,95 7-8 600 287,7 500- Manisa 40(1752-0,98-1,95 7-8 600 239,8 500- İzmir 40(1752-0,98-1,95 7-8 600 255,4 200- Aydın 5-6 40(1752-0,8-1,2 300 55,5 Muğla 4-5 <200 40(1752-0,3-0,8 29,6 Katı Atık ve Rüzgar Verilerine Göre Yer Durum Tespiti Bu santralin kurulması bölgedeki yıllık üretilen enerjinin %21,25 ni karşılayacaktır. İzmir, Manisa ve Balikesir illerinde üretilen enerjinin de % 47,02 sini karşılaması hesaplanmıştır. 29 30 THANK YOU 31 8