TÜRKİYE NİN İKLİM BÖLGELERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA A STUDY ON CLIMATIC ZONES OF TURKEY Şaban PUSAT, İsmail EKMEKÇİ ÖZET Türkiye de bina enerji ihtiyacı hesaplamaları için tavsiye edilen dört iklim bölgesi mevcuttur. Önerilen bu iklim bölgeleri çok kaba bir yaklaşımdır ve bu durum diğer bazı çalışmalarda da belirtilmiştir. Bu çalışmada tipik meteorolojik yıl verileri kullanılarak hesaplanan derece-saat değerleriyle yeni bir iklim sınıflandırması yapılmaya çalışıldı. Elde edilen bütün sonuçlar grafiklerle sunuldu ve şu an yürürlükte olan standartla karşılaştırıldı. Bu çalışmayla beraber bina enerji hesaplamalarında iklimsel verilerin detaylı bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi ve yeni bir iklim bölgesi oluşturma çalışmasının yapılması gerekliliği sonucu elde edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İklim Bölgesi, Isıtma Derece-Saat, Soğutma Derece-Saat, Derece-Gün, Tipik Meteorolojik Yıl, TSE, Türkiye ABSTRACT In Turkey there are four climate regions which are suggested for building energy need calculations. This classification is so rough and mentioned in some other papers. In this paper we tried to produce a new climate zone approach which is based on degree-hour data derived from Typical Meteorological Year data. As a result all the analysis were presented graphically and compared with the current regulations results. The conclusion of this study is that in building energy calculations, climatic variables should be evaluated in detail and a new climate region study should be done. Keywords: Climate Zone, Heating Degree-Hour, Cooling Degree-Hour, Degree-Day, Typical Meteorological Year, TSE, Turkey 1. INTRODUCTION Buildings play an important role in energy efficiency studies due to their large amount of end use energy consumptions. Energy performance calculations are so important to be able to identify the buildings in the meaning of efficiency. For simplicity, climate classification is a common way to group cities which have similar characteristics. In Turkey, there are four degree-day regions which are used in building heating energy need calculations. And building design parameters are suggested for these four climate zones. This classification is so rough. In this paper we tried to produce a new climate zone approach which is based on degree-hour data derived from Typical Meteorological Year data. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1. Typical Meteorological Year Typical meteorological year (TMY) data is prepared by using the ASHRAE method to represent long term typical weather conditions. In this approach the most representative months are combined into a single synthetic typical year weather file by using statistical methods. A measure of the closeness of the TMY and long term cumulative distribution functions (CDF) which is called Finkelstein-Schafer (F- S) statistic, is listed for each parameter.
Specifically, =(1/ ) where The absolute difference between the long term CDF and the TMY month CDF at X i, n : the number of daily readings in the month, X i : the i th ordered observation of the meteorological variable X. The smaller value of F-S means the closer to the long term data [1]. 2.2. Degree-Hour Method Degree-day method which is one of the oldest and simplest heating, cooling and air conditioning calculation methods is still being used today. In this study, variable base heating degree-hours are determined by using the typical meteorological year data derived from recent long term hourly measured data. The general formula for degree-hour calculation is as follows: DH = Σ (T 0 - T b ) where DH: Degree-hour, T 0 : Ambient temperature and T b : Base temperature. We used 9 different base temperatures (17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 o C) for degree-hour calculations but in this study, we just used the 18 o C based degree-hour data. The degree-hour calculation results for second climate region (for 32 cities) are presented in Table 1. The highest and lowest heating degree-hour is appeared in Edirne and Şırnak, respectively, and the highest and lowest cooling degree-hour is appeared in Şırnak and Zonguldak, respectively.
City Heating Degree-Hour, 18 o C Cooling Degree-Hour, 18 o C ADIYAMAN 48809 35912 AMASYA 64918 16213 BALIKESİR 57774 17644 BARTIN 66706 8666 BATMAN 54548 34005 BURSA 58272 14561 ÇANAKKALE 50292 19017 DENİZLİ 46337 26471 DİYARBAKIR 59592 32656 DÜZCE 60152 11320 EDİRNE 67213 15365 GAZİANTEP 54581 26968 GİRESUN 49801 14152 GÖZTEPE 54764 12293 KAHRAMANMARAŞ 47766 31066 KİLİS 45038 29625 KOCAELİ 53038 13348 MANİSA 46565 26148 MARDİN 57818 32081 MUĞLA 58617 18704 ORDU 51548 14104 RİZE 51006 12006 SAKARYA 52054 13516 SAMSUN 52252 14176 SİİRT 58423 33680 SİNOP 50118 14125 ŞANLIURFA 41622 45639 ŞIRNAK 36705 54990 TEKİRDAĞ 56585 15051 TRABZON 50961 11355 YALOVA 54360 12731 ZONGULDAK 59660 8145 Table 1: Degree-hour for second climate region
2.3. Current Regulations In Turkey, building energy performance and thermal insulation regulations are defined in Building Energy Performance Directive and TS 825 Thermal Insulation Requirements for Buildings, respectively [2-3]. Climate regions of Turkey are defined in TS 825 only for heating calculations and presented in Figure 1. Climatic and building design parameters are identified for these four climate zones. The insufficiency of this regulation is mentioned in other papers [4-5]. Figure 1: Degree-day regions of Turkey [3]. 2.4. A Simple Approach International Energy Agency (IEA) suggests a simple model to develop climatic zones based on heating and cooling requirements [6]. It uses heating and cooling degree-day data with 18 o C based temperature and defines 6 basic climate zones as illustrated in Table 2. Heating Cooling Cold Climate 2000 HDD 18 C CDD 18 C < 500 Heating based 2000 HDD 18 C 500 CDD 18 C < 1000 Combined Climate 2000 HDD 18 C 1000 CDD 18 C Moderate Climate HDD 18 C < 2000 CDD 18 C < 1000 Cooling Based 1000 HDD 18 C < 2000 1000 CDD 18 C Hot climate HDD 18 C < 1000 1000 CDD 18 C Table 2: Simplified climate zones, heating and cooling degree-days [6]. In heating based climate, need for heating is large and need for cooling is an option in winter and summer, respectively. Summer is hot and there may be heating need in winter in cooling based climate. In combined climate, summer is hot and winter is cold. Moderate climate means it is mild both in summer and winter. In hot climate, summer is hot and winter temperatures rarely get below comfort level, and in cold climate, winter is cold and summer temperatures rarely get above comfort level. In this study, the IEA climate zone proposal is used indirectly. The heating degree-day (HDD) and cooling degree-day (CDD) limits in the proposal are multiplied by 24 to get the heating and cooling degree-hour limits for our study.
3. RESULTS In this part, the results of calculations for the cities in the second region defined in TS 825 are presented. The result is so interesting; 1 region according to TS 825 is split 4 different climate regions. The six cities take place in the cooling based zone, the six cities take place in the combined climate zone, the four cities take place in the cold zone and the sixteen cities take place in heating based climate zone. The results are illustrated in Figure 2 72000 60000 Cooling Degree-Hour 48000 36000 24000 HOT COOLING COMBINED HEATING 12000 MODERATE 0 COLD 0 12000 24000 36000 48000 60000 72000 and Table 3. Heating Degree-Hour Figure 2: New climate zones for 2 nd region.
Climate Cooling Heating Combined Cold City KAHRAMANMARAŞ MANİSA DENİZLİ KİLİS ŞANLIURFA ŞIRNAK EDİRNE AMASYA MUĞLA BURSA BALIKESİR TEKİRDAĞ GÖZTEPE YALOVA KOCAELİ SAMSUN SAKARYA ORDU RİZE ÇANAKKALE SİNOP GİRESUN DİYARBAKIR SİİRT MARDİN GAZİANTEP BATMAN ADIYAMAN BARTIN DÜZCE ZONGULDAK TRABZON Table 3: Cities and climate zones 4. CONCLUSIONS In this study, current regulations on climatic regions of Turkey are evaluated. 81 city of Turkey is simply divided into four climatic regions. For these zones, building design parameters are suggested and heating energy need limits are defined. The proposal of IEA is used and compared with TS 825. Calculations are only made for the cities in the second region. New method is resulted in four different climate zones as cold, combined, heating and cooling based climates. This result indicates that a more detailed analysis should be performed for all the cities, and the new building design parameters must be produced.
5. REFERENCES [1] : Freeman T. L.; Evaluation Of The "Typical Meteorological Years" For Solar Heating And Cooling System Studies, 1979. [2] : Building Energy Performance Directive, 2008. [3] : TS 825 Thermal Insulation Requirements for Buildings, 2008. [4] : Bayram M., Yeşilata B.; Isıtma Ve Soğutma Derece Gün Sayılarının Entegrasyonu, 2009. [5] : Bulut H., Büyükalaca O., Yılmaz T.; Türkiye İçin Isıtma Ve Soğutma Derece-Gün Bölgeleri, 2007. [6] : International Energy Agency; Energy Efficiency Requirements In Building Codes, Energy Efficiency Policies For New Buildings, 2008.