İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİNE GİRİŞ DERSİ PROF. DR. İLKER ÖZDEMİR YRD. DOÇ. DR. OSMAN AYTEKİN
ULAŞTIRMA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ Ulaştırma Mühendisliği nedir? Zaman ve mekân kavramı olmadan insanların ve malların hareketini sağlayacak olan her türlü yolların, bu yollardaki yapıların ve ilgili hizmetleri yapılarının tasarlanması olarak tanımlanabilir.
ULAŞTIRMA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ Ulaştırma mühendisi, insan ve taşınacak malların ulaşımında, ulaşım yollarının güvenli dizaynını tasarlar. Trafik mühendisi; yolların, otobanların, tren yollarının, kavşakların projelendirmesini uygun standartlara göre yapar. imalat aşmasında proje müdürü, şantiye şefi, arazi mühendisi pozisyonun da yolun projeye uygun bir şekilde imal edilmesini sağlar. TC Karayolları, TCDD, İl Özel İdareleri gibi kamu kuruluşlarında görev alarak, işin hem imalatını hem de kontrolünü üstlenirler.
ULAŞTIRMA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ Her türlü ulaşım sistemi (kara, hava, deniz) GÜVENİLİR, EKONOMİK, SAĞLAM, ÇEVRE DOSTU, olmalıdır.
ULAŞTIRMA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ
ULAŞTIRMA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ULAŞIM SİSTEMLERİ (Transportation modes) Karayolu (Highways) Demiryolu (Railways) Deniz Yolu (Seaways) Hava Yolu (Airways) Boru Hatları (Pipeline)
ULAŞTIRMA MÜHENDİSLİĞİ Karayolları, her zaman insan ve mal için en önemli ulaşım yolları olmuştur ve olacaktır.
Ulaştırma Sistemlerindeki Tarihsel Gelişim Ridership Automobile Bus Electric Tramway Cable car Horse-drawn Omni bus Time 1860 1893 1923 1948
Bir Ulaştırma Sisteminde Hayat Döngüsü Ridership Growth to Maturity Decline Decline Innovation Period Nostalgia Nostalgia Time
Ulaştırmanın Tarihçesi
Hybrid Cars Environmentally Friendly
Ulaştırmanın Tarihçesi Year: 1804 Speed: 8 km/h Year: 2008 Speed: ~ 500 km/h
Railway Long distance In Japan nearly 40 years, In Europe nearly 25 years Locomotives Very High speed High speed Regional Interurban Tram Metro Speed
320 km/h 300 km/h 230 km/h TGV Duplex (France) AVE (Spain) New Pendolino (Italy) 200 km/h 300 km/h Virgin West Coast Pendolino (UK) KTX (South Korea)
Ulaştırmanın üç temel yolu 1) Land -Railway -Highway -Pipeline
21 2) Sea 3) Air
Which mode has the most problems??
Importance of Transportation Necessary for economic growth, but not sufficient - The speed, cost, and capabilities of available transportation have a significant economic impact on an area - Countries with better/advanced transportation networks and services are leaders in industry and commerce USA, Japan, Germany,...
Importance of Transportation Determines the location and character of cities and regions by interacting with land use (e.g. silk road) National security
Components of the Transportation System Infrastructure (supply): -Physical facilities: highways, railroads, ports -Transfer points: parking areas, driveways -Supporting elements: signals, signs, safety hardware, etc. Vehicles (demand): Planes, trains, autos, buses, ships, trucks Operators/users: Drivers, pilots, freight, passengers
What is Transportation Engineering The engineering profession is involved in all aspects of -Aeronautical (aircraft) -Chemical (fuel) -Mechanical (vehicles) -Electrical (communications, control system) -Civil (development of facilities and manage demand)
Transportation Engineering One of the specialty areas of civil engineering - Development of facilities for the movement of goods and people - Planning, design, operation and maintenance People oriented
Transportation Engineering Multi-disciplinary -Economic -Environmental -Planning -Statistics -Law -Psychology & human factors -Public administration Problems ==> solutions
Areas of Transportation Engineering Transportation Planning Traffic Operations (signs, signals,..) Roadway Geometric Design Pavement Engineering Railway Engineering Design and Planning of Airports 29
Development of Transportation Network Planning Design Construction 30
What is transportation planning? Activities that: 1. Identify problems, gather and analyze data 2. Forecast future traffic demands and estimate the environmental and social impacts 3. Evaluate alternatives and determine the alternative that meet the requirements and constraints of the problem at the lowest cost 31
The 4 step transport planning process Demographic Data Step 1: Trip Generation Transportation Network Step 2: Trip Distribution Step 3: Mode Choice Step 4: Trip/ Traffic Assignment
Construction technology: Natural soil foundations Recyling methods-alternative construction materials Pavements-Highway maintenance-slopes Pavement surface courses;asphalt and concrete Ecology
Bridges and structural technology: Traffic loads-effects of weathering Historical Structures Precast concrete bridges Monitoring and inspection equipment Corrosion protection Tunnel construction
Traffic engineering: Highway capacity Intersections and their capacity Traffic flow and operation Traffic management systems Traffic signs-pavement markings
Automotive engineering Active and passive safety Crash tests Pedestrain protection Protective helmets Vehicle emissions
Behaviour and safety in highway traffic Safety research and safety concepts Accident statistics Observation of road users behaviour Safety campaigns Risk groups Traffic medicine
Problem Lombard Street, San Francisco, CA Highway in west China
Constraints Environmental -Wetland, ponds and creeks. Geometric - 90m flat grade for starting and ending points. - Simple horizontal and vertical curve Safety - Maximum grade - Minimum radius - Enough stopping sight distance Budget - Maximum cut-and-fill depth - Mass balance
Alignment Alignment is a 3D problem broken down into two 2D problems Horizontal Alignment (plan view) Vertical Alignment (profile view)
Vertical Alignment 41 Horizontal Alignment
Vertical Alignment Objective: Determine elevation to ensure Proper drainage Acceptable level of safety Primary challenge Transition between two grades Vertical curves Sag Vertical Curve G 1 G 2 G 1 G 2 Crest Vertical Curve
Horizontal Alignment Objective: Geometry of directional transition to ensure: Safety Comfort Primary challenge Transition between two directions Horizontal curves Fundamentals Circular curves Superelevation
Mass Diagram Fill areas Indicate grade points Cut areas Profile Elevation Ground Grade Indicate points where Σ cuts = Σ fills Mass diagram Volume
Pavement Design Flexible Pavements Surface layer is asphalt concrete (WsDOT, u.d.) Rigid Pavements Surface layer is portland cement concrete
Questions and Discussion