The Bioclimatologic Features of Turkish Spa Resorts

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1 The Bioclimatologic Features of Turkish Spa Resorts Prof Dr Hatice GÜRDAL Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty Medical Ecology and Hydroclimatology Department

2 Spa treatment is performed as a complex cure system under the influence of local climato therapeutic factors, together with other comprehensive therapy methods

3 At first, each guest who came to health resort, exposes to the climatic conditions

4 The climatic features of the health spa resort have a great influence on human health and recreation.

5 Meteorological analysis and interpretation of thermo physiologically effectiveness of health spa resort climate is important

6 Thus medical doctors are able to obtain better information about the special bioclimatic features of the resorts, to agree them with the individual physiological parameters of the guest and develop a cure therapy programs

7 Turkey lies between the northern latitudes and the eastern longitude

8 Turkey has Subtropical Climate in Mediterranean Region

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10 There are mainly 7 geographical regions

11 The Climate Varies From Region to Region Marmara, Aegean and the Mediterranean: Typical Mediterranean climate with hot summers and mild winters Black Sea Coast: Temperate climate with warm summers, mild winters and relatively high rainfall Central Anatolia: Hot, dry summers and cold winters Eastern Anatolia: Long snowy, cold winters and mild summers South-East Anatolia: Hot summers with mild, rainy winters

12 Number of Thermomineral Spring Marmara Region 76 Aegean Region 124 Middle Anatolia 104 Mediterranean Region 17 Black Sea Region 13 East and South- East Anatolia 37 Total number of spring 371

13 Middle Anatolia and the Aegean region have got the most of the spas in Turkey. Marmara region follows these regions as the number of health spa centers (82% of Turkey).

14 The description of the climatic conditions of Middle Anatolia and inland Aegean are continental, coastal Aegean and Marmara regions are maritime.

15 The Altitudes of Turkish Spa Centers number of spas altitude (meter)

16 The Most of the Health Spa s are at m. Altitude (50% of Turkey) Few of them covered by forests, most of them are not. Dominating bioclimatic features are moderately stimulating factors

17 Health Spa Cure Centers in Middle Anatolia Mild Stimulant Ankara-Beypazarı Niğde- Çiftehan Konya -Ilgın Kırșehir-Terme Strong Stimulant Sivas- Kangal Yozgat -Boğazlayan Eskișehir Ankara- Kızılcahamam Ankara- Haymana

18 Health Spa Cure Centers in Aegean Region Coastal Region İzmir-Balçova İzmir- Çeșme Muğla-Köyceğiz Aydın -Kușadası Inland Region Afyon- Oruçoğlu, İkbal, Sandıklı Kütahya- Harlek, Yoncalı Denizli-Pamukkale, Karahayıt

19 Health Spa Cure Centers in Marmara Region Coastal Region Armutlu Çanakkale-Ezine Istanbul-Tuzla Inland Region Yalova -Termal Bursa- Askeri Hasth., Kükürtlü, Oylat Bolu Gönen Adapazarı-Kuzuluk

20 ANNUAL AVERAGE PRECIPITATION OF TURKEY

21 LONG TERM MEAN TEMPERATURE OF TURKEY

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23 Altitude-Annual Mean Temperature Edremit Bursa Denizli Haymana Kangal Fethiye Altitude (m.) Temperature (ºC)

24 Stimulative Bioclimatological Effects Inland Regions at Moderate Altitude in Turkey Decreased atmospheric temperature Decreased atmospheric humidity Increased wind activity Decreased sultry days Increased night chilling Decreased antropogenic pollution Increased global / UV-radiation

25 Altitude and The Differences of Daily Temperature in July A ltitu d e ( m ) Difference( ºC) 0 8 Edremit Yalo v a Bolu K.hamam Afyon Haymana Kangal Yükseklik (m.) Seriler 1 Temmuz-Gece Gündüz Sıcaklık Farkı

26 Unfavorable Bioclimatologic Factors At the Middle High Mountain Region Especially at night cold stress can be expected in summer period There is a few sultry days in the summer period There hasn t been any measures about air pollutant at Spa centers

27 Altitude - The Number of the Cold Night (Under 15 C ) Fethiye Çeşme Edremit K.Adası Balçova Bursa Yalova Denizli Beypazarı Ayaş Bolu Eskişehir Kütahya Kırşehir K.hamam Ilgın Afyon Haymana Nevşehir Kangal Ağrı 0 Yükseklik (m.) 15 ºC'nin altındaki gece sayısı A ltitude (m.)

28 Number of foggy days per year Balçova 1 Ezine 4 Kızılcaham. 5 Yalova 7 Gönen 46 Bolu 32 Oylat 22 Ayaș 20

29 Annual Duration of Sunshine must be higher than 1500 hours (The climatic Limits for spa center by Deutscher Heilbäderverband ) All of Turkish Spa centers receive more than 1500 hrs/year Balçova 3000 Ezine 2800 Yalova 2400 Gönen 2600 Bolu 2200 Oylat 2400 Kızılcahamam 2400 Ayaș 2600

30 The Number of Sultry Days Per Year Beypazarı 628 m days/year Ayaș 720 m. 1-2 days/year Eskișehir 801 m. none Kırșehir 985 m. 1-2 days/year Kızılcaha m. none Ilgın 1030 m. none Haymana 1225 m. none Nevșehir 1260 m. none Sivas1285 m. none Kangal 1545 m. none

31 Sultry Days at Continental Climate ( inland )of Turkey m m m > 1500 m sultry days 5-10 sultry days a few sultry days none sultry days

32 Sultry Days in Summer Period are Mostly in South West Regions ( Teq>56.0ºC ) Fethiye - Gebeler İzmir - Balçova İzmir - Çeșme Çanakkale - Ezine Yalova - Armutlu İstanbul - Tuzla

33 Altitude (m.) Altitude-The Number of Hot Days (Upper 20,25,30 C ) Fethiye Edremit Bursa Denizli Bolu K.hamam Afyon Haymana Kangal 0 The Number of Hot Days Yükseklik (m.) Seriler 1 Seriler 6 20 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler 25 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler 30 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler

34 Turkish Spa Center at Low Altitude (m) İzmir - Çeșme 1 Tuzla - İstanbul 5-15 İzmir - Balçova 60 Gönen 37 Ezine 90 Bursa - Çekirge 220 Yalova Termal 105 Denizli - Sarayköy 169 Coastal / Marine climate Coastal / Marine climate Seashore urban climate Plate with low altitude Coastal / Marine climate Urban climate Valley / Forest climate Valley

35 Turkish Spa Centers at Middle High Altitude (m) Bolu 750 Oylat - İnegöl 840 Kızılcahamam 975 Ankara-Ayaș 720 Niğde - Çiftehan 1200 Konya - Ilgın 1027 Forest climate Forest climate Forest climate Forest climate Plateau climate Plate at high altitude

36 Turkish Spa Center at High Altitude (m) Erzurum 1690 Sivas - Kangal 1600 Ağrı - Diyadin 1500 Yozgat 1350 Haymana 1300 Niğde - Çiftehan 1200 Kütahya - Harlek 1050 Mountain climate Mountain climate Mountain climate Mountain climate Plateau climate Plateau climate Plateau climate

37 Thank you for your attention!