UNIT CONTENTS PAGE 1 Present Perfect Continuous Tense 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Past Perfect Tense Future Continuous and Future Perfect Tense Modals Adjectives Adjective Clauses Noun Clauses Direct and Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) Passive Voice Connectors/Conjunctions (Bağlaçlar) Gerunds and Infinitives Causative Conditionals Wish Clause ANSWERS 5 8 10 25 30 38 44 47 49 66 85 87 95 98
UNIT 1 Present Perfect Continuous Tense Positive/ Affirmative Negative Question/ Interrogative I you we they have been working I you we they have not been working I you Have we been working? they he she it has been sleeping he she it has not been sleeping he Has she been sleeping? it Contractions: I ve been working She s been sleeping I haven t been working She hasn t been sleeping Present perfect continuous ve present perfect tense birbirine benzer durumlarda kullanılır. Eylemin sürerliliğini vurgulamaları açısından ufak farklılıklar gösterirler. Present perfect ile kullandığımız zaman zarflarını perfect continuous ile de kullanırız. Present perfect continuous ile tamamlanmış bir eylemin o anki durumundan bahsedebiliriz. Eylemin sonucu içinde bulunduğumuz zamanla ilgili olarak kullanılabilir. Present perfect continuous ile eylemin hala sürmekte olduğunu vurgularız. Ör: My mother has made a cake. Do you want to eat some? My mother is in the kitchen. She has been making a cake. Eylemin ne kadar zamandır devam ettiği ile ilgili süreç bildirirken hem present perfect hem de present perfect continuous kullanabiliriz. Ör: I have lived in Izmir for 2 years. I have been living in Izmir for 2 years. What have you been doing lately? (Son zamanlarda ne yapıyosun/yapmaktasın?) What have you done? (Ne yaptın? Karşıdakinin yapıp tamamladığı bir durum) Kate has been studying for the test recently. Kate son zamanlarda sınava çalışıyor.) Don t lie to me! You haven t been working here for two hours. You have just started! (Bana yalan söyleme! İki saattir burada çalışmıyorsun. Daha yeni başladın!) Present continuous ve present perfect continuous tense arasındaki fark süreç bildirme durumudur. Perfect continuous geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunulan zamanda devam eden eylemleri anlatırken bu süreci aktarır. Present continuous ise bu şekilde bir zaman dilimini anlatmaz. Her iki tense için farklı zaman zarfları kullanırız. Present continuous = now, right now, at the moment Present perfect continuous = already, yet, just, for, since Ör: I am running } Şu an koşuyorum I have been running.} Bir süredir koşmaktayım/koşuyorum. 2
UNIT 1 Exercise: 1. Present continuous or present perfect continuous? Use the correct tense. Example: My mother is cooking (cook) at the moment. My mother has been cooking (cook) for an hour. 1. Jake is in his room. He (study) now. He (study) for two hours. 2. Martin (clean) the house right now. He (clean) the house since 12 o clock. 3. They (walk) at the moment. They (walk) for three hours. 4. Sarah (live) with her aunt nowadays. She (live) with her aunt since September. 5. I (watch) TV at the moment. I (watch) TV for a long time. 6. Jake (wait) for Sarah now. He (wait) for her for 15 minutes. 7. The children (jump) at the moment. They (jump) since I came here. 8. Terrence (wash) the dishes now. He (wash) the dishes all night. 9. You (learn) English right now. You (learn) English for two months. 10. I (write) a letter to my friend at the moment. I (write) this letter since I woke up. 3
UNIT 2 2. Complete the sentences using present perfect or present perfect continuous tense. Example: Sarah has been dreaming about moving to Scotland since she visited Edinburgh. 1. My best friend and I (know) each other since we were kids. Jenna (study) in London for a long time and she (not finish) her studies yet. 2. Jake (invite) us to his birthday but I really do not want to go out tonight. He (call) me a few times today. 3. The new art teacher appears to be a strange person. She (already, give) the students some unusual homework. She (teach) art history for 24 years and she (just, receive) her PhD. 4. My aunt (be) in the hospital since the accident. She (suffer) from a serious back injury. She (not recover) fully yet. 5. Amy! You (make) so much noise since I came home! Turn down the music! I (have) enough! 6. We (plan) to go on holiday for a long time but unfortunately my husband (not find) a nice resort and I (not decide) the time of the journey. 7. It (snow) for 5 days. I (shovel) the driveway this morning. That s why I am all white and wet. 8. Adam: Where is Jake? Lola: He (not return) home yet. He might be at the gym. Adam: He (do) exercises for ten weeks and he (lose) a lot of weight. 9. you (meet) my brother John? He (live) in Spain for two months and he (already, buy) a nice house there. 10. Come on Kate! Why don t you trust me? I (ever, lie) to you? 4
UNIT 2 Past Perfect Tense I you we they he she it Positive/ Affirmative Negative Question/ Interrogative had done I you we they he she it had not done Contractions: I d done I hadn t done I you Had we done? they he she it Past perfect geçmişte gerçekleşen iki eylem arasındaki öncelik-sonralık ilişkisini anlatmak için kullanılır. Önce gerçekleşen eylem past perfect ile anlatılır. Geçmişteki eylemleri anlatırken bu şekilde bir zaman sıralaması yapılmıyorsa past perfect kullanılmaz; past simple kullanılır. Perfect tense ler ile kullandığımız tüm zaman zarfları past perfect ile de kullanılır. Ör: My mother went to bed at 9. I came home at 12. When I came home, my mother had already gone to bed. (Eve geldiğimde annem çoktan yatmıştı) By the time I went out, the rain had already stopped. (Dışarı çıktığımda yağmur çoktan durmuştu.) Geçmiş zamanla ifade edilen eylemler linear olarak gerçekleşir. When I came home, my mother went to bed. (Eve geldiğimde annem yattı: Yani annem ben eve geldikten sonra yatmış olur.) Geçmişte süregelen bir eylemi yani geçmişteki bir eylemin sürecini anlatabiliriz. I had worked there for 20 years before I changed my job. (İşimi değiştirmeden önce 20 yıl orada çalıştım.) They had been married for 10 years by the time they got divorced. (Boşandıklarında 10 yıldır evliydiler.) Present perfect present bir durumu, past perfect ise past bir durum ifade eder. I am not hungry. I have eaten } present I was not hungry. I had eaten } past 5
UNIT 2 Exercises: 1. Change the sentences from present perfect to past perfect. Example: I ve heard this song. } I had heard this song. 1. Joe has done his homework. 2. Emily has been to London. 3. Martin and Amy have lived in Izmir for 2 years. 4. I have never seen a monkey. 5. Sandra has never tried extreme sports. 6. They haven t left yet. 7. You have already invited Jenna. 8. We have just eaten pizza. 9. Julia has dyed her hair. 10. It hasn t rained since October. 2. Change the sentences to questions. Example: Amy had gone to Japan. } Had Amy gone to Japan? 1. Lauren had passed the exam. 2. I had already cooked some chicken. 3. My mother had already sold her diamond necklace. 4. You had borrowed some money from Jake. 5. Donna had already seen that movie. 6. Martin had had an accident. 7. Sarah had lied to her mother. 8. Clara had just finished her book. 9. He had just slept. 10. I had bought a new pair of gloves. 3. Change the sentences to negative. Example: Jordan had driven for 2 hours. } Jordan hadn t driven for two hours. 1. Your favorite talk show had started. 2. Jake had had a fight with his brother. 3. We had traveled to China. 4. Emily had answered the question. 5. My brothers had watered the plants. 6. I had changed the light bulb. 7. The plane had taken off. 8. You had locked the windows. 9. Daniel had moved to Chicago. 10. The dog had dug the garden. 6
UNIT 2 4. Rewrite the sentences using the past perfect. Example: Kate left her keys at home and she couldn t open the door. } Kate couldn t open the door because she had forgotten her keys at home 1. Lois forgot her purse in the car and she couldn t pay the check at the restaurant. Lois couldn t pay the check at the restaurant because 2. I missed the bus and I was late for school. I was late for school because 3. Martin didn t see Jenny because she left before Martin came. Jenny before Martin came. 4. When Jason came home, the house was empty. His mother moved to Paris before Jason came. Before Jason came home, 5. They offered me a nice lunch but I wasn t hungry. I refused their lunch offer because (already/eat) 6. My mother made a cake and then the guests arrived. (by the time) 7. I watched the movie last week and you watched it yesterday. (after) 8. I lived in Munich and then I moved to Berlin. (before) 9. Anthony left the town because he lost his house in the earthquake.(after) 10. Luke sold the house and then he won the lottery. (before) 5. Complete the sentences with the past perfect or present perfect. 1. Where is Joe? I (not see) him since this morning. 2. Jason (already leave) by the time I went to his house. I (not heard) from him since then. 3. I (live) in Venice for 20 years before I moved to Istanbul. 4. When I left the building, the rain (already stop) so I didn t get wet. 5. Don t touch the walls! I (just paint) them. I (paint) the kitchen before I started painting the living room. 6. I am always forgetting my keys at home! I (forget) my keys at home again and now I can t open the door. 7. I (already break up) with my girlfriend when I met Kate. 8. I couldn t call you yesterday because I (forget) my cell phone at work. 9. How long you (be) married? I (be) married for six years now. 10. Julia couldn t watch TV with us and she went to bed early because she (work) all day. 7
UNIT 3 Future Continuous and Future Perfect Tense Simple Future Future Continuous Future Perfect I will come home (Eve geleceğim) I will be coming home (Eve geliyor olacağım) This time tomorrow, I will be flying to Rome. She won t be sleeping at this time tomorrow. What will they be doing at 6? I will have come home (Eve gelmiş olacağım) I will have finished school by 2018. They won t have won the elections. When will you have finished your novel? Gelecekte belli bir zamanda yapıyor olacağımız eylemleri anlatmak için future continuous ; bitirmiş olacağımız eylemleri anlatmak için future perfect kullanılır. Sam: I will go to the cinema at 5 o clock tomorrow. Do you want to come with me? (Yarın saat 5 te sinemaya gideceğim. Benimle gelmek ister misin?) Amy: I will be having dinner with my family at that time. I am sorry but I can t come. (O saatte ailemle akşam yemeği yiyor olacağım. Üzgünüm ama gelemem.) Sam: How about 8? (Peki saat 8 olur mu?/saat 8 e ne dersin?) Amy: I will have had dinner by then, so I can come with you. (O zamana akşam yemeğini yemiş olacağım, bu yüzden seninle gelebilirim.) Sarah has received a scholarship from the Juilliard School. She will be playing the piano at the concert tomorrow. She is very excited. (Sarah Julliard dan burs aldı/kazandı. Yarın konserde piyano çalıyor olacak. Çok heyecanlı.) I will be waiting for you when you come. Don t worry! (Geldiğinde seni bekliyor olacağım. Endişelenme!) Martin will be studying at the library tonight. He can t help you. (Martin bu akşam kütüphanede ders çalışıyor olacak. Sana yardım edemez.) The baby will be sleeping when you come, so please do not ring the bell. (Geldiğinizde bebek uyuyor olacak, bu yüzden lütfen zili çalmayınız.) Kate will have graduated by the time her father returns from England. (Babası İngiltere den döndüğünde Kate mezun olmuş olacak.) We will have completed the project this time next month. (Gelecek ay bu zamanlar projeyi bitirmiş olacağız.) My mother will have cleaned the house before the guests arrive. (Misafirler gelmeden önce annem evi temizlemiş olacak.) They will have finished the report by Monday. (Pazartesiye raporu bitirmiş olacaklar.) Ör: Sam: I will go to the cinema at 5 o clock tomorrow. Do you want to come with me? Amy: I will be having dinner with my family at that time. I am sorry but I can t come with you. Sam: How about 8? Amy: I will have had dinner with my family by then. So I can come with you. 8
UNIT 3 Exercise: 1. Complete the sentences using the future continuous or future perfect tense. Example: Gina has worked at a small store for 5 years. Next year, she will have worked (work) there for 6 years. 1. This time next week I (take) pictures of the Eiffel Tower. 2. Jason is a senior college student. He (graduate) from the university by next June. 3. I (visit) my parents at this time tomorrow so I can t go out with you. 4. You (learn) English by the time you return from London. 5. Martha (finish) her homework by the end of this month. 6. Don t call me at 8. I (watch) my favorite TV show so I can t answer. 7. What you (do) at this time next week? 8. Don t worry, your father (repair) your car before you come home. 9. I will be available at 8. We (have) dinner by then. 10. Her mother (cook) the meal by the time Kate arrives. 11. We are late! When we get there, the movie (began). 12. By this time tomorrow night I (sleep) in my own bed. 13. Sarah (wait) for John when he comes home. It will be a surprise! 14. They (complete) the project in two months. 15. We (return) to Paris by the end of this month. 16. Martin (study) at the library tonight. We won t be able to see him until he returns. 17. Sarah spends a lot of money on unnecessary things. She (not save) enough money by the end of this year. 18. Luke is on a diet. He (lose) 20 kilograms by the end of summer. 19. Don t call me early in the morning! I (sleep) tomorrow. 20. We can go out tomorrow night. I (finish) work at 5. 21. you (complete) the report by the deadline? 22. The students (not read) the book before the next class. It s too long. 23. I (not eat) before the lunch time so I will be hungry when I come home. 24. You can t see the baby. She (sleep) when you come. 9
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