Side Tiyatrosu ve Çevresi Kaz ve Düzenleme Çal flmalar 2005 Excavations and Landscaping at and around the Side Theatre Ülkü ZM RL G L Side Beldesi nde antik tiyatro çevresinde 2005 y l kaz ve düzenleme çal flmalar 7 Eylül-15 Kas m 2005 tarihleri aras nda 70 gün sürmüfltür. Düzenleme çal flmalar na Dr. M. Özhanl (Arkeolog), L. Gültekin (Mimar - Restoratör) kat lm fl, ayr ca Prof. Dr. R. Günay (Mim., Müh.) ve ekibi (H. Palab y k, F. Benim ve Y. Yatk n) AutoCAD program ile rölöve kontrol ölçülerine devam etmifllerdir. Yap lan çal flmalar Kültür Varl klar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü ü ile Döner Sermaye flletmeleri Merkez Müdürlü ü (DÖS M) ve Side Belediyesi nin maddi destekleriyle gerçeklefltirilmifltir. The excavations and landscaping work conducted at and around the Side Theatre lasted from the 7 th of September to the 15 th of November, 2005. Archaeologist Dr. M. Özhanl and architect restorer L. Gültekin joined the landscaping work while architect-engineer Prof. Dr. R. Günay and his team (H. Palab y k, F. Benim, and Y. Yatk n) continued the releve crosscheck measurements, using AutoCAD. The work was financed by the General Directorate of Museums and Cultural Heritage, DÖS M and the Side Municipality. 1. Düzenleme Çal flmalar : Tiyatronun çevresindeki asfaltl yol çal flmalar s ras nda, tiyatro ve antik caddeye ait baz bloklar moloz y nlar halinde kenarlara y lm flt. Bu y nt lara, müteahhitlerin tiyatro içerisinde boflaltt klar bloklar da eklenince, galeriler görülmez bir duruma gelmifl; hatta sahne binas - n n kuzeyinde yer alan Dionysos Tap na bu tafl y nlar aras nda tamamen kaybolmufl durumda idi. flte bu görüntü çirkinli inin giderilmesi, y nt lar n alt nda kalan alanlar n aç lmas ve de tiyatro ile caddeye ait malzemenin ayr flt r l p ileride yap lacak restorasyon çal flmalar na haz rlanmas amac yla, acil görülen üç alanda düzenleme çal flmalar yap lm flt r (Plan 1). 1.1. Side Belediyesi nin önemli katk lar yla, ilk olarak tiyatronun (L) girifli karfl s nda, kilisenin yer ald k s mda, tiyatronun üst galerilerinde y k lm fl olan mimari parçalar düzenlenerek park haline getirilmifltir. Ne yaz k ki Side nin modern turizmciler taraf ndan yap laflmas esnas nda, inflaatlardan ç kan molozlar için kilisenin bulundu u alan çöplük olarak kullan lm fl; keza tiyatronun arkas nda plaja ulaflmak için aç lan yol çal flmalar s ras nda da mimari bloklar bu döküntünün üzerine 1. Landscaping Work: During the asphalt coating of the road past the Theatre, some blocks belonging to the theatre and the ancient street were piled up along the road sides. These piles of stones increased further with the materials from the theatre added by the contractors; thus, the galleries could no longer be seen, and even the Dionysos Temple to the north of the Stage Building was entirely concealed by these heaps of stones. In order to bring this ugliness to an end, to expose these presently concealed areas, and to separate the materials belonging to the theatre from that belonging to the ancient street for future restoration work, sorting and arrangement work was urgently conducted in the three following fields (Plan 1). 1.1. With significant contribution from the Side Municipality, the architectural fragments from the upper galleries of the theatre were ordered into a block and fragment park, established where the church is located by entrance L of the theatre. Unfortunately, the so-called modern tourism-businessmen of Side had earlier dumped their construction rubble in this area where the church is and later, architectural fragments uncovered 51
Plan 1 Tiyatro ve Çevresi Plan 1 Plan of the area around the Theatre y lm flt (Res. 1). Bu çirkin görüntünün ortadan kald r - l p kilisenin aç a ç kar lmas için öncelikle tiyatroya ait bloklar molozdan ay klanarak s n fland r lm flt r. Konglomera ve tekrar kullan lamayacak flekilde profilleri kaybolmufl olanlar, agorada yerleflim plan yap lm fl bir alana tafl nm flt r. Ayr ca, bir çok profilli blok tiyatroyu çevreleyen tel örgünün iç taraf na s ralanm fl, di erleri ise alan ziyaretçilerin kent hakk nda bilgi alabilecekleri bir rekreasyon alan biçiminde düzenlenmifltir. Üsteki bloklar al nd ktan sonra, temizlenen son y llar n moloz dolgusu içerisinde yaz tl k r k mermer parçalar, triglif - metop bezeli bloklar ve küçük mimari parçalar aç a ç km flt r. Kilisenin giriflinin belirlenmesi amac yla yap lan temizlikte, zemin döflemesi olarak kullan lm fl Eski Yunanca yaz tl, parçalara ayr lm fl bir mermer plaka bulunmufltur. Kilisenin içi plan n belli edecek flekilde düzenlenip Res. 1 Tiyatro nun güneyindeki Kilise Fig. 1 The Church south of the Theatre during the construction of the road leading to the beach behind the theatre were then piled on top of this dump of rubble (Fig. 1). In order to be able to expose the church to view by removing this ugliness, firstly the blocks belonging to the theatre were collected and classified. The conglomerate blocks as well as those lacking profiles and thus un-reusable, were moved to an area arranged for this purpose within the Agora. In addition, many pieces that still retain their profiles were placed inside the fence encircling the theatre with the remainder arranged as a recreational area where visitors can find information concerning the ancient city. Following the removal of the blocks on the top, broken marble fragments with inscriptions, blocks with triglyph-metopes and small architectural fragments were also found within the rubble mass that was removed. During the course of the cleaning work to expose the entrance of the church, a broken marble plaque with a Greek inscription that had been reused as floor pavement, was discovered. The interior of the church was arranged to expose its layout and the area was planted with green plants (Fig. 2). Thus, the preparations for the intended excavations within this area have been completed. 1.2. The second area of excavation and landscaping work was at the Dionysos Temple in front of entrances B and C of the theatre (Fig. 3). The piles of blocks carried by the contractor from inside the theatre during the repair work in 2002 had concealed the temple entirely. These haphazardly piled blocks were rearranged and in part of the empty area thus created, in front of the temple and in the galleries to the left of the temple, these pieces were placed in a theatre seating fashion; within the 52
Res. 2 Temizlik sonras Kilise den bir görünüm Fig. 2 The view from the Church following cleaning operations Res. 3 Dionysos Tap na Fig. 3 The Temple of Dionysos yeflillendirilmifltir (Res. 2). Böylece bu alanda gelecek y llarda yap lmas tasarlanan kaz çal flmalar için ön haz rl k tamamlanm flt r. 1.2. kinci kaz ve düzenleme alan olarak Tiyatronun B, C giriflleri önünde yer alan Dionysos Tap na çevresi belirlenmifltir (Res. 3). Müteahhit firman n 2002 y l nda tiyatronun içinde yapt klar onar m s ras nda d flar tafl - d klar blok tafl y nlar Dionysos Tap na n görünmez hale getirmiflti. Yan yana gelifli güzel s ralanan bloklar yeniden düzenlenerek, elde edilen bofl alan n bir k sm - na, tap na n önüne ve tap na n solundaki galerilere tiyatro oturma s ralar biçiminde yerlefltirilmifl; di er bölümüne ise tap na n yan taraf ndaki sütunlar malzemesine göre s n fland r larak s ralanm flt r (Res. 3). Tap nakla tiyatro aras nda kalan alanda yap lan kaz larda geç dönemde flapel olarak kullan lan galeriye girifli sa layan basamaklar aç a ç kar lm flt r. Bu s rada, Vespasian Çeflmesi nin do usunda yer alan kemerli geçidin iç k sm nda, yolu s n rlayan devflirme malzeme ile yap lan duvar n arkas nda 20 cm. çap nda kurflun künkler bulunmufltur. Kentin giriflindeki çeflmelere su getiren bu künkler, havuz olarak kullan lan latrin in üst k sm na do ru devam etmektedir. Tap na a do ru uzant s nda, künkün dirsek yapmas n sa layan ve havaland rma olarak kullan lm fl piflmifl topraktan yap lm fl bir bölüm bulunmaktad r. Belgelenen künkler su geçirmez ya l k rm z toprakla tekrar kapat larak koruma alt na al nm flt r. Tap na n içindeki çal flmalarda, tap na n geç dönemde farkl ifllevlerde kullan ld na yönelik bir döfleme aç a ç km flt r. Dionysos Tap na n n önünde yap lan tesviye s ras nda aç a ç kan mimari parçalar tap na n üzerine tafl nm flt r. Vespasian Çeflmesi nin do usunda bulunan antik geçidin remaining area, the columns lying beside the temple were classified (Fig. 3). The excavations in the area between the temple and the theatre exposed the steps that formed the entrance to the gallery which was converted into a church in the late period. During this time, lead pipes 20 cm. in diameter were discovered behind the wall built with spolia and bordering the road on the inside of the arched passageway to the east of the Fountain of Vespasian. These pipes provided water to the fountains at the entrance of the city and they continue toward the upper tier of the Latrines, used as a pool. In the length of the pipeline extending towards the temple, there is a baked clay section which facilitates an elbow and its ventilation. Following their documentation, these pipes were reburied with waterproof red clayey earth for their protection. Work inside the temple exposed a pavement, suggesting that this structure was used for other purposes during the late period. Architectural fragments brought to light during the levelling work carried out in front of the Dionysos Temple were placed on this temple. The architectural fragments placed at the entrance of the ancient passageway to the east of the Fountain of Vespasian during the restoration of the fountain were removed, and the eastern parapet of the fountain was restored to its original appearance. The passageway was blocked off with spolia in the late period. The excavations carried out inside the passageway produced a Byzantine coin and a fragment belonging to a large marble statue - extending from below the knee to the ankle. In addition, a column with its broken base and its capital of Corinthian order was excavated in situ and this shows that this passageway was used in 53
Res. 4 Tiyatro kuzeybat portiko Fig. 4 The north-west portico of the Theatre Res. 5 Vespasian Çeflmesi nin solundaki geçifl Fig. 5 The Passage through the left hand side of Vespasian's Nymphaeum girifl k sm ndaki, çeflmenin restorasyonu s ras nda konulan mimari parçalar al nm fl ve çeflmenin do u parapeti asl na uygun olarak düzenlenmifltir. Geç dönemde devflirme malzeme ile örülerek kapat lan geçidin iç k sm nda yap lan kaz larda, dolgu içerisinde bir Bizans sikkesi ile büyük bir mermer heykelin diz alt ndan ayak bile i aras na ait bir parça bulunmufltur. Ayr ca, bu geçidin Antik Dönem de kullan ld n gösteren bir sütun, k r lm fl kaidesi ve de korinth bafll yla in situ olarak aç a ç kar lm flt r (Res. 4). Sütunun giriflin sa nda sur duvar na bitiflik durdu u, stylobat üzerindeki kurflun ak tma kanallar ndan anlafl lmaktad r. K smen korunmufl olan stylobatta sütunlar n durdu u k s mlardaki kurflun ak tma kanallar görülmektedir. Tap na n önünde geçen stylobat, kente giden ana portikli caddeye dik aç yla ba lanmaktad r (Res. 4). Portikli caddenin tap na n önünden geçen k sm blok y nt lar ndan ar nd r l p kaz ld ktan sonra, bu alanda antik yaya yolu tekrar kullan ma aç lm fl, böylelikle geç dönem surunda kente girifli sa layan geçitten yo un trafik ve yayan n bir arada geçmesi sorununa çözüm getirilmifltir (Res. 5). 1.3. Düzenlemede üçüncü çal flma alan olarak Agora n n kuzeybat s nda, dükkanlar n önünde yer alan portikli caddenin Müze karfl s ndaki bölümü seçilmifltir. Portikli Antiquity (Fig. 4). It was understood from the grooves on the stylobate to receive and direct the poured molten lead that the column stood on the right hand side of the entrance, against the fortification. The partially preserved stylobate carries traces of these grooves cut to situate the columns. This stylobate extends by the front of the temple and joins at a right angle the main colonnaded street leading to the city (Fig. 4). After the portion of the colonnaded street by the temple had been cleared of the piles of stone blocks, it was then excavated; this portion of the ancient pedestrian way was then reopened for modern pedestrian traffic; consequently relieving the heavy traffic passing through the gap in the late period fortification wall (Fig. 5). 1.3. The last area for landscaping work was part of the colonnaded street in front of the northwest shops of the Agora, opposite the local Museum. This part of the colonnaded street had been fenced off and closed to pedestrian traffic. The architectural fragments in this area were classified and re-placed in the shops of the Agora that had already been excavated in previous campaigns. The fence was cut and moved further back; the ground was then covered with sand and opened to pedestrian traffic (Fig. 6). 54
caddenin bu k sm demir çitle çevrilmifl ve yaya trafi ine kapat lm fl bulunmaktayd. Bu alandaki mimari parçalar s n fland r larak önceki y llarda kaz s yap lm fl olan Agora n n dükkanlar na kald r lm flt r. Demir çit kesilip, tafl nabilir altl klarla geriye al nm fl ve zemine kum serilerek alan yaya trafi ine aç lm flt r (Res. 6). 2. Belgeleme ve Mimari Malzeme Üzerinde ncelemeler: 2.1. Tiyatronun sahne binas nda yap sal sa lamlaflt rma amac yla rölöve çal flmas haz rlanm flt r. Sahne binas nda kaz çal flmalar n n devam edebilmesi, Agora ya bakan dükkanlar n da ayn zamanda birlikte boflalt lmas - na ve akabinde tonozlar y k lm fl olan girifl kap lar n n ve sahne binas ana duvarlar n n onar lmas na ba l d r. 2.2. Tiyatro AutoCAD Program : KAZI RAPORLARI Prof. Dr. R. Günay ve ekibi taraf ndan daha önce yap - lan rölöveler AutoCAD program na aktar lmaya devam edilmifltir. Alanda yer yer kontrol ölçüleri al narak de erlendirilmifltir. 2. Documentation and Study of the Architectural Materials: 2.1. For the intended structural reinforcement work on the stage building of the Side Theatre, its detailed releve was prepared. To enable this work on the stage building to continue, the shops facing the Agora have to be excavated at the same time and right thereafter, the entranceways, whose vaults are in ruins, and the main walls of the Stage Building have to be repaired. 2.2. The AutoCAD Project for the Theatre: The measurements established by Prof. Dr. R. Günay and his team continued to be transferred to AutoCAD and the crosschecking of these measurements was conducted on site. 3. Documentation of the Finds: Finds of stone, metal and glass as well as of coins and the marble plaque with inscription uncovered at the church before entranceway L of the Theatre were documented and placed in the storerooms. 3. Etüdlük Malzemelerin Belgeleme Çal flmalar : Tafl, maden, keramik, cam etütlük malzemeler ve sikkeler ile tiyatronun (L) girifli karfl s nda kilise alan nda bulunan Eski Yunanca yaz tl çeflitli etüdlük parçalar belgelenerek depoya kald r lm flt r. Res. 6 Agoran n kuzeybat s ndaki portikli cadde Fig. 6 The Colonnaded Street to the north-west of the Agora 55