CONTENTS TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH 2 TENSES IN ENGLISH 3-8 PREPOSITIONS 9-14 MODALS VERBS 15-21 THE PASSIVE SENTENCES 22-27 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 28-32 NOUN CLAUSES 33-40 GERUNDS / INFINITIVES 41-49 ADJECTIVE and ADVERBS 50-60 RELATIVE CLAUSES 61-68 QUANTIFIERS 69-79 CONJUNCTIONS and TRANSITIONS 80-92 1
ANLAMIN UNSURLARI TENSE SYSTEM IN ENGLISH a) Time: Eylemin zamanını belirtir. b) Aspect: Konuşmacını olayı nasıl gördüğünü ifade eder. TIME PRESENT PAST FUTURE ASPECT SIMPLE CONTINUOUS PERFECT SIMPLE ASPECT: A) Permanent Events. The Castle overlooks the town for many centuries. B) Completed events. Fatih conquered Istanbul in 1953. C) Habitual activities or simple facts. He usually goes fishing after the school. The World revolves around the sun. CONTINUOUS ASPECT: A) Temporary events. I am staying with a friend of mine this week. B) Incomplete events. She is writing a book about the environmental problems. C) Activity in progress. When I came home my mother was cooking. PERFECT ASPECT: İki farklı zamanı birbirine bağlar A) Geçmişi günümüze. I have read that book. B) Geçmişi geçmişe. My parents had left when I came home. C) Günümüzü geleceğe. I will have finished my work by the time you come back. 2
1) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE TENSES IN ENGLISH A) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade eder. (Now, right now, at the moment, at present, still) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır. My brother is studying for his exams in his room now. B) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda değil de o sıralarda devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. (nowadays, these days, this term, this year) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır. B) My brother is redecorating his house nowadays. C) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda değişmekte olan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. It is cold. It is getting colder. The economic situation is very bad. The economic situation is getting worse. D) Gelecekte planlanmış eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. (Go, come, visit, have, meet) gibi fiiler bu yapıyla sıkça kullanılırlar. They are having a party next week. 2) THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE A) Alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız. (always, very often, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, ever) gibi sıklık zarfları kullanılır. A) I sometimes feel depressed. B) Doğa kanunlarını ve her zaman doğru olan genellemeleri anlatmak için kullanılır. B) The world revolves around the sun. C) Bir zaman çizelgesine bağlı gelecekteki eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. The train to Adana leaves at 10.00. State Verbs: Bir eylem değil; bir durum, his ve düşünce bildiren fiillerdir. Continuous tenslerle kullanılmazlar. Mental State: Düşünce bildiren fiiller. 3
Think / realise / understand / forget / mean / suppose / notice / feel / want / believe / recognize / doubt / need / imagine / know / remember / prefer Emotional State: Duygu bildiren fiiller. Love / hate / like / dislike / appreciate / detest / loathe / fear / envy / mind / care / desire / wish / forgive Possession State: Sahiplik bildiren fiiller. Possess / have / own / belong Perception State: Duyu bildiren fiiller. See / hear / smell / taste / feel Diğer State Verbs: Look / seem / appear / own / cost / weigh / exist / advice / promise / refuse / contain / consist of / include / sound Not: Aşağıdaki fiiller istisnai olarak eylem bildiren fiiller olarak kullanılabilirler. THINK SEE SMEL HAVE TASTE FEEL WEIGH : I am thinking of going abroad next year. : The manager is seeing my brother. : Why do you smell that flowers? : She is having breakfast now. : I am tasting the meal. : I am feeling better now. : The butcher is very weighing the meat now. 3) THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE A) Geçmişte belli bir zamanda olmuş bitmiş eylemleri anlatır. B) I became a teacher last year. B) Bir hikayedeki eylemleri oluş sırasına göre anlatır. A) I heard noises coming from downstairs. I put on my dressing gown. I went down stairs. I saw somebody in the kitchen. C) Arka arkaya gelen iki PAST TENSE cümlede birinci eylemin bitiminden sonar ikinci eylemin başladığını ve birinci eylemin ikinci eylemi tetiklediğini anlatır. When I came home, my wife cooked. D) Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı anlatırız. When I was a small child, we lived at the sea side. I always took my dog for a wolk on the beach at the weekends. NOT: Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızı (used to / would) ile de anlatabiliriz. a) State verb ile would kullanamayız. The factory would be / used to be in the city centre. 4
b) Would kullanabilmemiz için blieli bir zaman veya olaylar zinciri belirtiriz. We used to / would play in the garden. c) Bir olayın kaç kez olduğunu, nekadar zaman aldığını, veya o olayın meydana geldiği tam zamanı belirttiğimizde (would / used to) kullanamayız. We woul / used to visited Adana four times during the 2006s. We woul / used to went on holiday to Egypt last year. 4) THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Geçmişte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde süreklilik gösteren eylemleri anlatır. (this time last year / at this hour yesterday / yesterday at three a clock) gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır. What were you doing at noon last Saturday? I was playing football. B) (INTERRUPTED ACTIVITY) Geçmişte devam etmekte olan bir eylem sırasında başka bir eylemin olduğunu bu tensle ifade ederiz. A) I was having breakfast when he came home. He came home while I was hawing breakfast. AS / WHEN: Aynı anda cereyan eden iki kısa eylemi ifade etmek için kullanılır. As / when the can is opened, the content heats automatically. AS / WHILE: Aynı anda cereyan eden iki uzun eylemi ifade etmek için kullanılır. As / while my wife cleaned the house, I went shopping. WHİLE + PAST SIMPLE + PAST SIMPLE: WHILE + PAST CONTINIOUS + PAST CONTINIOUS: Temel cümledeki eylem devam ederken aynı anda başka bir eylemin devam ettiğini ifade eder. I waited outside while Ali had an interview. The students were talking while the professor was lecturing. 5) THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE A) Geçmişi şu ana bağlar. (For / since) I have lived in Ankara for four years. I have lived in Eskişehir since 1993 / for eleven years (today / this morning / this month / this year) Henüz tamamlanmamış bir dönemi ifade eder. 5
I haven t heard the alarm this morning. B) Geçmişteki deneyimlerimizi ifade eder. (ever / never / all my life / several times / once / twice / so far / up to now / up until now) zaman zarfları kullanılır. Have you ever been to the moon? I have never eaten snake I have swum in the sea once so far this summer ALREADY / JUST / YET: YET: Soru ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır ve cümlenin sonuna gelir. Have you finished your homework yet? I haven t finished my homework yet. JUST: Olumlu cümlelerde yardımcı fiille ana fiil arasında yer alır. The manager has just gone out. ALREADY: Bir işin beklenenden önce bittiğini anlatır. He has already booked the hotel and bought the rings. LATELY / RECENTLY: Have you seen your parents lately? (Son günlerde) They came recently (Kısa bir süre önce) C) Geçmişte bitmiş bir eylemin şu anki önemini anlatır. I have cleaned my flat / my flat is clean now. I have bought a new car / I have no money. 6) THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden eylemleri anlatır. I have been reading this book for two hours. B) Şu anki bir duruma neden olan; kısa bir süre önce bitmiş bir eylemin kendisini vurgulamak için bu tens kullanılır. I am tired. I have been studying for my exams for seven hours. 6
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or CONTINUOUS a) (Live / Work) gibi long term fiillerle Continuous tercih edilir. (Find / Cut) gibi short term fiillerle Present Perfect Simple kullanılır. I have been living in Eskişehir since 1993 I have cut my finger. b) Durum, düşünce, his bildiren (State verbs) fiillerle Present Perfect Simple kullanılır. I have known my teacher for two months. c) Şayet cümlede sayı ve miktar varsa Present Perfect Simple kullanılır. She has smoked ten cigarettes since she came in. 7) THE PAST PERFECT TENSE Geçmişi geçmişe bağlayan tense. When I came home, my wife had cooked By the time she came back, I had finished my work. Until I completed my work, they had stated in the office. After she had graduated, she went abroad. Before the bell rang, I had finished my exam paper. As soon as the guests had left, I went to bed 8) FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Belli bir zamana kadar tamamlanmış olacak eylemleri anlatır. By five o clock, I will have finished my report. By the time you come back, I will have cooked. When you come back, I will have eaten my breakfast. Before you come back, I will have gone to bed. 9) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Geçmişte başlayıp, yine geçmişte belli bir zamana kadar bir eylemin ne kadar süredir devam ettiğini ifade etmek için kullanılır. We had been waiting for her for two days when she came. 10) FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Gelecekte bir işin belli bir zamana kadar ne kadar süredir yapılyor olacağını ifade eder. By the next year, I will have been teaching for nine years. 7
11) FUTURE TİME Geleceğe yönelik niyetlerimizi ve tahminlerimizi anlatır. WILL: Future Intention: Konuşma anında karar verdiğimiz niyetlerimizi anlatırız. Don t worry. I will lend you some money. WILL: Future Prediction: Hiç bir delile dayanmayan gelecek tahminlerimizi anlatır. Turkish economy will recover soon. GOING TO: Future intention: Konuşma anından önce planladığımız niyetlerimizi anlatır. I am going to by a new car. GOING TO: Future Prediction: Belli delile dayalı tahminlerimizi anlatır. The sky is black. It s going to rain. 12) FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE A) Gelecekte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde süreklilik gösterecek olan eylemleri anlatır. Don t call me between ten and eleven. I will be sleeping B) Birisinden bir şeyi rica ederken kullanırız. Will you be using your bike tomorrow? TENSE AGREEMENT 1) PAST TİME: When I got home cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar mutlaka PAST TIME olmalıdır. When I got home, I had a bath and ate my dinner. my son was sleeping. my parents had gone to bed. my son had been watching TV for two hours. 2) PRESENT TİME: When I get home cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar PRESENT TIME olur. When I get home, I usually take a rest for a while I play with my son for a while. 8
3) FUTURE TİME: When I get home tomorrow cümlesini tamamlarken getireceğimiz yapılar PRESENT TIME olur. When I get home, I will take a rest for a while my son will be sleeping. our guest will have left. I m going to let you know. 1) ZAMAN İFADE EDEN PREPOSITIONS AT a) Saatlerde kullanılır. Yesterday, I left work at 6 o clock sharp. PREPOSITIONS b) Zamanda bir nokta belirten ifadelerde kullanılır. Meal times Festivals : at Christmas / at Easter Age : at 17 / at the age of 17 : at tea time / at lunch time / at dinner time Diğer zaman ifadeleri: at dawn / at midday / at midnight at night / at noon / at the weekend / at the moment at present / at the beginning of the year / at the end of the month / at the same time / at this time Not: At the end Bir sürenin sonunda anlamında olup isim alır. At the t end of the month. In the end Finally anlamında olup sonuna isim almaz. In the end, he found a job. ON Günlerde ve tarihlerde kullanılır. On Monday / On her birthday / On Monday morning On Sundays / On Christmas day / On that day On Weekdays / On 10 th December IN Daha uzun zaman dilimlerini belirtilen ifadelerle kullanılır. Months Years : In 1959, in the 1960 s Seasons : In (the) summer : In January, in December 9
Century Ages Diğerleri : In the 20 th century : In the middle ages : In the evening, in the middle of the night. NOT: a) Morning / afternoon / evening ifadeleriyle normalde IN kullanılır. Ancak bu ifadeler bir gün isimiyle birlikte ise on kullanılır. She usually goes shopping in the morning. She usually goes shopping on Monday mornings. b) At the age of birinin yaşını ifade ederken kullanırız. Kişinin yaşını kesin olarak bilmiyorsak; in her thirties, in her early thirties, in her late thirties gibi ifadeler kullanırız. c) Next, last, this ile in / on / at kullanılmaz. I moved to Ankara last year. We are going on holiday next month. We haven t decided yet where to go on holiday this summer. IN + A PERIOD OF TIME: Gelecekte bir zaman belirtir. in two days / in a few hours / in three years / in a week / in two days d time / in three years time / in a week s time. NOT: a) In + a period of time Bir işin ne kadar zamanda yapıldığını ifade ederken de kullanılır. Bu durumda in yerine WITHIN de kullanılır. He usually does his homework in (within) an hour. b) Apostrophe + time kullanıldığında belirtilen saat kadar sonra anlamını verir. You will have to eat lunch in half an hour s time (Yemeğini yarım saat sonra yemek zorunda kalacaksın) ZAMAN İFADE EDEN DİĞER YAPILAR DURING: Sırasında He fell a sleep during the lesson because it was so boring. FROM TO / TILL / UNTIL: The Second World War runs from 1939 to 1945. 10
BETWEEN AND: Most people take their holidays sometime between May and September. TOWARD (S): e doğru Towards the end of the day,, she started to feel very tired. THROUGH OUT: Boyunca I drink several cups of coffee throughout the day. 2) YER VE HAREKET İFADE EDEN PREPOSITIONS IN: (de-da/içinde) in a city / in the east of Turkey / in a room / in a park in the river / in the sea in a line / in a queue / in a row in a book / in a newspaper / in the sky in an armchair / in bed / in the world / in the sun in the rain. AT: (Bir nokta ifade eder) at home/ at school / at work / at the cinema at the party / at the meeting / at the airport at the front / at the back / at sea (yolculuk) at the beginning of the street at the end of the street. ON: (Üzerinde, yüzeyinde) on the floor / on the wall / on the ceiling / on the bed on the table / on the shelf / on the page 7 on the front page of the newspaper / on an island on a river / on the ground / on earth / on her face on my nose / on the west coast of TO / FROM: (Bir yerden ayrılma ve bir yere yönelme) to work / to school / to the station / to the airport from work / from school / from the station INTO: (Bir şeyin içine doğru hareketi bildirir.) Walk in to the cinema / get in to the car. OUT OF: (Bir yerden dışarı çıkma anlamını verir) Come out of the cinema / get out of the car. ROUND / AROUND: (çevresinde, köşede) 11
We lived round the corner. We have no hedge round the garden. BEYOND: (ötede, ilerisinde) Beyond the river / beyond the beach. BY: (Yanında) By the sea / by the lake PAST: Geçince anlamını verir. Past the post office / past the police station. THROUGH: Bir şeyin içinden geçerek anlamını verir. Through the tunnel / through the woods. ACROSS: Bir uçtan diğer uca, bir taraftan diğer tarafa Across the river / across the field. ALONG: Boyunca Along the river / along the road. AMONG: İkiden fazla gurubun içinde Among the trees / among the students. BETWEEN: İki öğenin arasında Between the teacher and students. UP: Yukarı doğru Up the hill / up the road. DOWN: Aşağı doğru Down the hill / down the road. ABOVE: Düzey olarak üzerinde daha yüksekte / nesneler birbirine değmez. Above the sea level, above the clouds. BELOW: Düzey olarak altında, aşağıda / nesneler birbirine değmez. Below the surface of the sea / The people below us. OVER: Üzerinde / nesneler birbirine değebilir. 12
The plaster over his eye / a plane flaying over the city over fifty years of age. UNDER: Altında (nesneler değebilir.) Under the table / under 50 years of age. AGAINST: Bir şeye dayanmak. Put something against the wall. OPPOSITE: Karşısında. The cinema opposite our house / Sit opposite me. IN FRONT OF: Önünde. In front of the cinema / in front of us BEHIND: Arkasında. Behind the garden / behind me. BESIDE: Yanında / yanına. Sit beside me / the restaurant beside our house. INSIDE: İçinde. Inside the house / inside the cave. OUTSIDE: Dışında. Outside the house / outside the shop NOTLAR: a) Birinin hala yatmakta olduğunu belirtmek için (in bed), yatağın üzerinde ki nesneyi belirtmek için (on the bed) b) Denizde yüzmek anlamında (in the sea), denizde yolculuk anlamında (at sea) c) Nehirde yüzmek (in the river), nehirde taşıtlarla (on the river) d) Ayrı ayrı iki nesnenin birbirinin önünde veye arkasında olduğunu (in front of / behind) ile ifade ederiz. Ancak; aynı zemin üzerinde önde / arkada derken (at the front / at the back) We are sitting at the front of the cinema Some students prefer to sit at back of the classroom 13
Ancak; on the front / on the back page in the front row / in the back row gazetede sırada arabada in the front / in the back of the car on the front / on the back of the bus taşıtlarda e) (Home / abroad / here / there) ile (go, come, get, fly, arrive, drive) fiilleriyle preposition kullanılmaz. Get home / go abroad / come here / drive there f) Varmak ulaşmak anlamıda reach ile preposition kullanılmaz. When I reached the hotel, I went straight to bed. Birşeye yetişmek, almak için reach for alır. Why don t you ask me to pass you the butter instead of reaching for it yourself? 14
MODEL VERBS 1) REQUEST & PERMISSION 2) OBLIGATION 3) ADVICE 4) EXPECTATION 5) ABILITY 6) MAKING SUGGESTION 7) POSSIBILITY 8) PREFERENCE 1) REQUEST / PERMISSION A) With subject (I) MAY / CAN / COULD C) May I borrow your car? FORMAL Could I see you again? FORMAL Can I answer this question? INFORMAL B) With subject (You You) WOULD / COULD / WILL / CAN C) Would you give me some information about your business? Could you help me please? Will you lend me your book please? Can you open the door please? C) WOULD YOU MIND WOULD YOU MIND IF + PAST SİMPLE Would you mind if I smoke here? WOULD YOU MIND + DOING STH Would you mind posting these letters for me? 2) OBLIGATION (MUST / HAVE TO / HAVE GOT TO) MUST: Konuşmacının fikrini ifade eder. Dışarıdan bir zorlama yoktur. I must pass the UDS exam You mustn t come home late I had to pass the UDS exam I didn t have to study very hard Must you leave now? Have you got to leave now? Olumlu Olumsuz Olumlu Past Olumsuz Past Soru Olumlu 15
HAVE TO: Kanun ve kurallara dayalı zorunluluk. Children have to go to school until they are thirteen. NOT: Have to nun olumsuz hali mustn t dır. Don t have to seçenek ifade eder. You mustn t cross the road when the light is red You don t have to go to England to learn English I don t have to / don t need to/ needn t get up early Have got to olumsuz biçimi Haven t got to dur. I had to work until late yesterday. DIDN T HAVE TO / DIDN T NEED TO: Yapmak zorunda değildim. Yapmadım. I didn t have to / need to wait for f them.. They came on time. NEEDN T HAVE DONE: Yapmam gerekmediği halde yaptım. You needn t have bought such an expensive present 3) ADVICE (SHOULD / OUGHT TO / HAD BETTER) A) SHOULD / OUGHT TO: Yapmam gerekir anlamında kullanılırlar. Bu yapıda ifade edilen eylemleri erteleme olanağımız vardır. D) I should / ought to clean my car. I don t feel well now. I think I will clean it tomorrow. B) HAD BETTER: Yapacağımız işi erteleme şansımız yok. Yapmazsak kötü şeyler olur. I had better go home early; otherwise,, my father will get angry with me. B) SHOULD NOT / OUGHT NOT TO / HAD BETTER NOT: Yapılmaması gereken şeyleri öğütler. E) You shouldn t / ought not to (oughtn t to) treat him so unkindly You d better study so hard, or you will get ill. 16
PRESENT ADVİCE (SHOULD BE DOING / OUGHT TO BE DOING): İçinde bulunduğumuz ana ilişkin bir tavsiyeyi ifade eder. Why are you sleeping? You should be studying now. I m watching TV now, but in fact; I ought to be studying for my exam. PAST ADVICE (SHOULD HAVE DONE / OUGHT TO HAVE DONE): Geçmişte yapılması gereken eylemin yapılmadığını ve sonucun kötü olduğunu ifade eder. He failed the test. He should have studied harder. He ignored my warnings and had an accident. He shouldn t have ignored my warnings. NOT: SHOULD HAVE BEEN DOING / OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN DOING: Geçmişte belli bir zaman dilimi içerisinde devam etmekte olan bir olaya ilişkin tavsiyede bulunmak için kullanılır. On my way to work, I saw some children playing in the street yesterday. They shouldn t have been playing in the street but in the park. 4) EXPECTATIONS (BE TO / BE SUPPOSED TO) A) Bir programa göre olması gereken olayı ifade eder. be due to ile aynı anlamdadır. The film is to start at 11.oo. The film is supposed to start at 11.oo. The film is due to start at 11.oo. B) Birinin bir başkasından beklentisini ifade eder. be supposed to should ile aynı anlamdadır, ancak be supposed to da gerçeklilik daima dış etkenlerden kaynaklanır. I am supposed posed to go home early; otherwise, my mother gets angry. be to must ile yakın anlama sahiptir. Ancak zorunluluk dış etkenlerden kaynaklanır ve be supposed to dan güçlü bir ifade taşır. I am to go to work early tomorrow. My boss ordered. D) WAS / WERE SUPPOSED TO: Bir başkasının geçmişte bizden beklentisini ifade eder. Should have done ile yakın anlam taşır. Zorlama dışardandır. I supposed to go to work early. My boss got angry. 17
5) ABILITY (CAN / BE ABLE TO) A) Yeteneklerimizi ifade ederiz. F) I can speak two foreign languages fluently. I am able to t speak two foreign languages fluently. B) CAN yapılması mümkün olayları ifade eder. I can help you. I am free now. I can t help you. I am buzy now. C) Geçmişte zor bir işin üstünden gelme ifade edildiğinde was /were able to kullanılır. Could kullanılmaz. I could / was able to sing very well. Ability in the past. The students were able to / were allowed to leave school earlier. Permission I missed the bus yesterday, but I was able to get to work on time by taxi. Geçmişte zor bir işin üstesinden gelme. g 6) MAKING SUGGESTIONS A) LETS DO SOMETHING: It s a nice day today. Let s go out and have a walk. B) MAY / MIGHT: Öneri getirilirken olumlu veya olumsuz düz cümlede kullanılır. If you don t have any other plans, we may / might invite some friends over the weekend. NOT: MAY / MIGHT AS WELL Lets anlamını verir ancak öneri zorunluluktan kaynaklanan gönülsüzce yapılan öneridir. Since we can t afford to go to the cinema, we may / might as well hire a video and watch it at home. MAY / MIGHT AS WELL: Olumsuz cümlelerde needn t anlamını verir. Since you are not close friends with Lucy, you may / might as well not attend her wedding next Sunday. C) WHY DON T + SUBJECT: Soru cümlesi olmasına rağmen soru değil öneri getirir. I am getting sleepy. Why don t you go to bed? 18
D) SHALL WE / I: Özne olarak sadece we ve I kullanılır. Türkçe ye Yapayım mı/ yapalım mı olarak çevrilir. Shall I help you? Sana yardım edeyim mi? E) COULD: What shall we do tomorrow? We could meet friends and go fishing. 7) EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY A) PRESENT POSSIBILITY 1- Şayet bir gerçeği kesin olarak biliyorsak modal verb kullanmaya gerek yoktur. Why didn t he go to school today? He is ill. (I know that he is ill) 2- Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçlü bir tahminde bulunuyorsak MUST kullanırız. The baby is crying. She must be hungry. (Aç olmalı) 3- Gerçeği kesin olarak bilmiyorsak ama güçsüz bir tahminde bulunuyorsak MAY / MIGHT / COULD kullanırız. Why is Ali at home today? He may/might/could be ill. Hasta olabilir. B) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Where is your brother? He is studying in his room. He must be studying in his room. He may be /might be / could be studying in his room. He isn t studying in his room. He can t /couldn t be studying in his room. (Çalışıyor olamaz) He must not be studying in his room. (Çalışmıyor olmalı) He may / might not be studying in his room. (Çalışmıyor olmalı) C) PAST POSSIBILITY I can t find my grammar book. You must have left it in the classroom. You may /might/could have left it in the classroom. You can t /couldn t / have left it in the classroom. (Çalışmış olamaz) You must not have left it in the classroom. (Çalışmamış olmalı) 19
You may/might not have left it in the classroom. NOT: could have done / couldn t have done 1- Yapabilirdim ama yapmamayı tercih ettim. I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, but I preferred to stay at home. 2- İsteseydi bile yapamazdı. We found out that the match had been cancelled, so we couldn t have gone even if we had wanted to. 3- Geçmişte olma olasılığı olup, olmadığından emin olduğumuz durumlarda Might / could have done kullanırız. I had a close friend at the police station, otherwise; I might / could have been arrested. D) PAST PROGRESSIVE POSSIBILITY Ali had a car accident Last Saturday. He must have been driving very fast. The light in my brother s room was on at 3.00 yesterday. He may/might/could have been reading book. E) FUTURE POSSIBILITY: Geleceğe yönelik olasılıklardan söz ederken should / ought to / may / might / could kullanırız. NOT: must geleceğe ilişkin tahminlerde bulunurken kullanılmaz. Ancak içinde bulunduğumuz anda gelecekte bir eylemin olacağına ilişkin bir belirti varsa must be doing kullanabiliz. I saw Ayşe buying lots of food and drink at the market. She must be having a huge party next week. He is very good at driving. He will pass the test. Kesin He took plenty of lessons. He should / ought to pass the test. Güçlü He took some lessons. He may / might / could pass the test. Zayıf 20
8) EXPRESSING PREFERENCE: (WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER) A) Aynı anlamda olup; bir şeyi bir şeye tercih ettiğimizi ifade etmek için kullanırız. I would rather read a book than watch TV. B) Would rather be doing something: Şu anda yaptığımız işten hoşnut olmadığımızı, onun yerine başka bir işi yapmayı tercih ettiğimizi ifade eder. I would rather be walking by the seaside than studying. C) Would rather / would sooner have done something: Would prefer to have done something: Geçmişte yapmayı tercih ettiğimiz; ama yapamadığımız şeyleri ifade eder. I would rather have studied at home than (have) gone out. D) Would prefer: Anlam olarak would rather ile aynıdır, ama kullanımı farklıdır. NOT: Would Prefer fiil ya da isim alır, ama Would Rather ancak fiil alır. I would prefer to stay at home tonight than go out. I would rather stay at home tonight than go out. I would prefer coffee to tea. I would prefer to drink coffee to tea. E) Prefer: would prefer gibi hem isim hem fiil alır. I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink( drink) ) tea. I prefer vegetables to meat. F) Would rather somebody did something / Would prefer somebody to do stg. I would rather they travelled by bus. (Present) I would rather they had travelled by car. (Past) They would prefer me not to leave early 21
1) TENSLERE GÖRE PASSİVE YAPILAR: THE PASSIVE SENTENCES She is cleaning the house. She cleans the house. She cleaned the house. She was cleaning the house. She has cleaned the house. She had cleaned the house. She will clean the house. She is going to clean the house. She can clean the house. She will have cleaned the house. The house is being cleaned. The house is cleaned. The house was cleaned. The house was being cleaned. The house has been cleaned. The house had been cleaned. The house will be cleaned. The house is going to be cleaned. The house can be cleaned. The house will have been cleaned. She will be cleaning the house. She has been cleaning the house. She had been cleaning the house. She will have been cleaning the house. Eylemi yapan kişiyi veya eylemin hangi araçla yapıldığını ifade etmek için: By : This song was composed by Ziya Taşkent. Preposition : The wood was chopped with an axe by my brother. NOT: Şayet eylem kendiliğinden gerçekleşmiş ise nesneler içinde by kullanılır. She was injured by a rolling stone. 2) STATE PASSIVE: Bir eylem değil de bir durum bildiren passive yapılar. The window was broken by Ali yesterday. (Eylem bildiriyor) When I came in, the window was broken. (Durum bildiriyor) 3) PASSIVE WITH GERUNDS & INFINITIVES: Everybody likes someone giving them a present. Everybody likes being given a present. I hate anyone cheating me. I hate being cheated. They don t permit people to take food in to the hotel rooms. Food is not permitted to be taken in to the hotel rooms. NOT: Need fiili aktif cümlede infinitive alır. Pasif cümlede infinitive veya gerund alır. Şayet cümlenin öznesi insan ise infinitive alır. 22
My shirt needs to be ironed. My shirt needs ironing. I need to be told the truth. 4) İKİ NESNELİ CÜMLELERDE PASSIVE: I gave him some money yesterday. He was given some money by me yesterday. Some money was given to him by me yesterday. 5) RİVAYET PASSİVE: A) PRESENT (TO BE) They say the man upstairs is a murderer. It s said that the man upstairs is a murderer. The man upstairs is said to be a thief. B) PRESENT SIMPLE: We understand that he dislikes children. It s understood that he dislikes children. He is understood to dislike children. C) PAST (WAS / WERE) They say that he was very rich in the past. It s said that he was very rich in the past. He is said s to have been very rich in the past. D) PAST SIMPLE: They claim that he left the country yesterday. It s claimed that he left the country yesterday. He is claimed to have left the country yesterday. E) PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: I think he is waiting there now. It s thought that he is waiting there now. He is thought to be waiting there now. F) PAST PROGRESSIVE: People say he was working very hard. It is said that he was working very hard. He is said to have been working very hard. 23
G) FUTURE (will/going to) People expect that the exchange rate will go down soon. It is expected that the exchange rate will go down soon. The exchange rate is expected to go down soon. H) PRESENT PASSIVE (will/going to) They say that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. It is said that a lot of electrical appliances are stolen every day. A lot of electrical appliances are said to be stolen every day. İ) PAST PASSIVE: They report that two people were killed in the explosion. It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion. Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion. NOT: 1- Hem temel cümlenin hem de yan cümlenin yüklemi Past ise iki eylem arasında zaman farkı olmadığı için to do biçimiyle aktarırız. They believed she knew the truth. She was believed to know the truth. 2- Yan cümle daha önce gerçekleşmiş ise bu past perfect ile ifade edilir. Bu cümleyi passive yapmak için ise to have done kullanırız. They believed she had acted deliberately. She was believed to have acted deliberately. 6) PASSIVE WITH GET : (GET + PAST PARTICIPLE): Durum bildiren yapıyı eylem bildiren yapıya dönüştürür. She didn t want to go out because she was tired. Having worked for three hours, she got tired. 24
PREPOSITIONS WITH STATE PASSIVES 1) BE DERIVED FROM: A lot of language used in advertising plans is derived from military terms such as target, tactics etc. 2) BE CONVINCED OF: I am not convinced of the advisability of this project. 3) BE ADDICTED TO: He eats so much chocolate. I believe that he is addicted to chocolate. 4) BE ANNOYED AT / ABOUT / WITH: Are you annoyed with me? No, I am annoyed at / about what you said. 5) BE TIRED FROM: I am tried from long journey. 6) BE TIRED OF: I am tried of listening your nonsence comments. 7) BE CONNECTED TO / WITH: Through Panama Canal, the Atlantic Ocean is connected to / with the pasific. 8) BE BLESSEED WITH: He was blessed with a supportive familiy. 9) BE OPPESED TO: I am opposed to nuclear energy. 10) BE RELATED TO: The flying fox is not a really fox. It is elated to the bat. 11) BE EQUIPPED WITH: Long-distance Lorries are equipped with a tachometer. 12) BE CROWDED WITH: The city centre is crowded with football supporters. 13) BE PREPARED FOR: I am not prepared for the interview. 14) BE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST: Immigrants are fearful that they will be discriminated against by the company. 15) BE FED UP WITH: 25
I am fed up with being a government employee. 16) GOT CONFUSED WITH: I always got the word right confused with the word write 17) BE USED FOR: A barometer is an instrument, which is used for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. 18) BE BASED ON: The film Amistad is based on a true-life story. 19) BE COMMITTED TO: Ayşe is committed to helping preserve to environment. 20) BE INVOLVED IN: Ayşe is involved in conservation projects. 21) BE DEVOTED TO: I am devoted to my family. 22) BE DISGUSTED AT: I am disgusted at his table manners. 23) BE SUPPLIED WITH: On the trip, I was supplied with little food. 24) BE CRITICIZED FOR: The referee was criticized for not being impartial. 25) BE DISSUADED FROM: I could have been dissuaded from my decision. 26) BE SUSPECTED OF: He was suspected of stealing the money. 27) BE THRILLED WITH: I was thrilled with the present she gave me. 28) BE FORCED OPEN WITH: The door was forced open with a screwdriver. 29) BE REPLACED WITH: All the money in the safe had been replaced with forgeries. 30) BE THROUBLED WITH: I have been troubled with a bad back since 1996. 31) BE ORGANIZED WITH: The conference was organized with enough attention. 26
32) BE OBLIGED TO SOMEBODY: I am obliged to you for your understanding. 33) BE PROVIDED WITH: If you work hard, you will be provided with a computer. 34) BE PLEASED WITH: I am pleased with the amount of money you offer. 35) BE COMPOSED OF: Granite is composed of minerals. 36) BE MARRIED TO: Ahmet is married to an English girl. 37) BE LIMITED TO: The party is limited to their close friends. 38) BE SLAPPED IN THE FACE WITH: It is regarded funny when you are slapped in the face with a cream-pie. 39) BE DRESSED IN: She was dressed in a white dress at the party. 40) BE AMAZE AT: The visitors will be amazed at the exhibits. 41) BE SHOT IN THE BACK: He was shot in the back with a gun. 42) BE ASSOCIATED WITH: Autopsy is associated with forensic. 43) BE FILLED WITH: I was filled with excitement when I met her. 44) BE INTERESTED IN: I am interested in archaeology. 45) BE CONCERNED ABOUT: I am concerned about the rises in drug taking. 46) BE EXPOSED TO: When the children are exposed to toxic substances, you should take them to hospital immediately. 27
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1) TYPE 1 (If + Present Simple +will) Mümkün olan şartları ve bu şartlar yerine geldiğinde bunun muhtemel sonuçlarını anlatır. If it doesn t rain tomorrow, we will go on picnic. TEMEL CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR A) Will ve versiyonları: She will be working there next month if she is hired. You will have finished it by June if you start writing now. I will have been working here for ten years by the time I retire if everything goes all right. B) Model Verbs: We may / might / can cancel the picnic if the weather continues like this. IF CLAUSE İLE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR a. Can: If you can pass the exam, you will be the luckiest student. b. Have to: If I have to work overtime, I will let you know. c. Present Continuous: If you are looking for your slippers, they are under the bed. d. Present Perfect Tense: If you have finished your lunch, I will ask for the bill. e. Should: If you should need any help, I can help you. 28
2) TYPE 2 (If + Past Simple +would) Mümkün olmayan şartları ve bu şartların olası sonuçlarını ifade eder. If clause past olmasına rağmen ifade Present veya Future dır. If I had enough money, I would lend you some. (I don t have) If I saw a ghost, I would run away. (I don t believe I will see) TEMEL CÜMLEDE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR a. Would ve would be doing: If I were rich,, I would help the poor people in Turkey. If the baby weren t hungry,, she wouldn t be crying now. b. Could, would be able to, might we would have to: If I had some time tomorrow,, I could/would be able to help you. If you could speak Turkish, You might/could get the job. If I didn t have an exam tomorrow, I wouldn t have to study now. IF CLAUSE İLE KULLANABİLECEĞİMİZ YAPILAR a. Past Continuous: If I weren t studying now, I could help you. b. Could: If she could speak English well, I would employ her. c. Had to: If I had to study for my exams, I wouldn t go out. d. Should: If there should be a nuclear war, many creatures would disappear. 3) TYPE 3 (If + Past Perfect +would have done) Bu yapı; mümkün olmayan şartlar ve bu şartların sonuçlarını ifade eder. Geçmişte olmuş bir olaya zıt bir şart ileri sürüp bu şartın hayal ürünü sonucunu ifade ederiz. If she had warned the child about the boiling kettle, he wouldn t have burnt him self. 29
4) MIXED TYPE: d) If+past perfect would do stg. b) If past simple+would have done stg. If you had studied hard, you would pass s your exam now. Past Present If I didn t love her (because I do love her), I wouldn t have married. (I did) If you weren t a rude person (But you are),, you wouldn t have rebuked your wife (But you did). If he didn t smoke much (because he does), he wouldn t have coughed. (He did) 5) ZERO CONDITIONALS If she had warned the child about the boiling kettle, he wouldn t have burnt him self. OTHER CONDITIONALS A) Provided / providing that / as long as / so long as / only if / on condition that You can pass the exam provided providing that as long as so long as only if you study hard. * Provided that / providing that / as long as tense kuralları açısından if gibi kullanılırlar. * Only if cümlenin başına gelirse 2. cümleyi devrik yapar. I can forgive her as long as she apologizes to me. I could forgive her so long as she apologized to me. I could have forgiven so long as she had apologized to me. B) Unless (medikçe - madıkça): Olumsuz bir anlama sahiptir. Bağlı olduğu cümle genellikle olumlu olur. Unless you study hard, you can t pass your exam. 30
C) Even İf (olsa bile/olmasa bile): İstenilen koşul yerine gelse bile kural değişmez. I won t forgive her even if she apologizes to me. I wouldn t forgive her even if she apologized to me. D) Whether... or not (olsa da/olmasa da): I will go to the party whether they invite me or not. E) Suppose that / supposing that /what if How else can we get there suppose that we miss the train? How would you react supposing that he cheated on you? What if he didn t come tomorrow? = What would happen? What if you don t get your salary? = What will happen if.. What if you hadn t pass UDS = what would have happened? F) As if / As though (sanki/gibi): seem / look / sound gibi fiillerle sık kullanılır. There are dark clouds. It seems as if/as though it is going to rain. The problem was difficult, but he seemed as if he could solve it. Eğer; gerçek bir izlenim ifade ediliyor ise; temel cümlenin fiili past ise; Do yerine did Did veya have / has done yerine had done Will yerine would Can yerine could Am, is, are yerine was were It seemed as if it was going to rain. She seemed as if she hadn t slept well the previous right. He seemed as if he could solve it by him self. They seemed as if they were having a good time She seemed as if she would help me. * As if / as though ile gerçek izlenim değil de benzetme yapıyorsak, temel cümlenin fiili present da olsa past da olsa gerçeği ifade eden cümlenin past biçimi kullanılır. (be) fiili (were) olur. She speaks as if she knew everything. (She doesn t know ever She treated me as if I were her daughter. (I am not her daughter) (She doesn t know everything) 31
WISH CLAUSES (wish / If only) A) Wish about the present (wish + past simple) Ali wishes he were as strong as superman. B) Wish about the past (wish + past perfect) He had to work yesterday. I wish he hadn t had to work. I couldn t get up early yesterday. I wish I could have got up early yesterday. I wish I had been able to get up early yesterday. C) Wish about the future: Temel ve yan cümlenin öznesi aynı ise (could) kullanılır. She can t come with us tomorrow. She wishes she could come with us tomorrow. *Şayet temel ve yan cümlenin öznesi farklı ise would kullanırız. I wish you would come too. INVERSION WITH IF CLAUSES *Şayet; if clause (should/were/had) ile başlarsa cümleden if atılır. If any of these should cost you anything, you can send the bill to me. Should any of these cost you anything, you can send the bill to me. If she were to find out the truth, it would be embarrassing. Were she to find out the truth, it would be embarrassing. If they hadn t rushed him to hospital, he could have died. Had they not rushed him to hospital, he could have died. 32
NOUN CLAUSES (Cümlede özne yada nesne görevinde bulunan cümlecik.) 1) Noun clauses beginning with a question word İNGİLİZCEDE Kİ SORU SÖZCÜKLERİ Who : (Kim/kimi/kime) Whom : (Kimi / Kime) Whose : (Kimin) What : (insanlar için kullanımı çok azdır. Nesneler için kullanılır.) Which : (Hangisi) Where : (Nerede) When : (Ne zaman) Why : (Neden) How : (Nasıl) How long : (Nekadar süreyle / ne zamandan beri) How often : (Nekadar sıklıkla) How far : (Nekadar uzaklıkta) How much : (Kaç para) How many : (Kaç tane) A) Soru sözcüğü ile başlayan bir cümleyi Noun Claus a dönüştürmek için o cümleyi düz cümle haline getiririz. Why is he coming tomorrow? Why he is coming tomorrow is a secret. B) Eğer soru sözcüğü cümlenin öznesini soruyorsa o cümleyi düz cümleye dönüştüremeyiz. Who is coming tomorrow? (Cümlenin öznesini soruyor.) I don t know who is coming tomorrow. C) Soru sözcükleriyle cümlenin özne nesnesinin sorulması Who = Özne Who loves you? (Seni kim seviyor?) Nobody knows who loves you. Who = Nesne 33
Who do you love? (Kimi seviyorsun?) I have no idea who you love? What = Özne What happens here at the weekend? Please tell me what happens here at the weekend. What = Nesne What did you buy for her birthday? Please tell me what you brought for her birthday. 2) Noun clauses beginning with whether / if or not Please tell me if/whether she is coming to t the party or not. *Şayet cümlede Noun Clause özne durumunda ise yalnızca whether or not kullanabiliriz. Whether she is coming to the party or not isn t certain. 3) Noun Clauses beginning with that *Düz cümleyi noun clause yapmak için başına that getirilir. Noun clause nesne ise that atılabilir. He can t win the election. That he can t win the election is certain. *That ile başlayan Noun Clause yerine daha çok It is obvious / known that he can t win the election. Tercih edilir. She doesn t like pop music. We know (that( that) ) she doesn t like pop music. NOT: That clause bir preposition dan sonra the fact that biçiminde kullanılır. He was devastated by the tragic news. We talked about the fact that he was devastated by the tragic news. She is the author of two well-known books. I am interested in the fact that she is the author of two well-known books. 34
THAT CLAUSE IN ÖZEL KULLANIMLARI A) sonu (ing ( / ed) ) ile biten sıfatlardan sonra ve (Sorry, glad, happy, afraid, surprised, disappointed, sure, pleased true, strange, fair, unfair, obvious, apparent, likely, unlikely, too bad) gibi bazı sıfatlardan sonra. I am glad (that that) ) you told me the truth about the event. I am sorry (that that) ) I couldn t help you do your homework. It is likely (that that) ) there will be another earthquake soon. It is unfair (that that) ) women still work in the fields. It is surprising (that that) ) she passed her exam. I am very surprised (that that) ) she passed her exam. B) isimlerden sonra (Miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, a good thing, fact, bief, theory, impression, opinion) It is a wonder (that that) ) she survived the accident. It is my opinion (that that) ) your parents will not allow you to go out. C) Bazı fiillerden sonra: ACKNOWLEDGE FEAR REALIZE (WH) ADD FEEL RECKON (WH) ADMIT FIND OUT (WH) RECOGNIZE ADVISE FORGET (WH) RECOMMEND ALLEGE GUESS (WH) REMARK ANNOUNCE (WH) GRUMBLE REMEMBER (WH) ANSWER GUARANTEE REMIND APPEAR HAPPEN REPLY ARGUE HEAR (WH) REPORT ARRANGE (WH) HOPE REQUEST ASSUME IMAGINE (WH) RESOLVE ASSURE IMPLY SAY BELIEVE (WH) INFORM SEE (WH) CLAIM INSIST SEEM COMMAND KNOW (WH) SENSE COMPLAIN LEARN (WH) SHOW (WH) CONFESS MEAN STATE (WH) CONFIRM NOTICE (WH) STIPULATE CONSIDER (WH) OBJECT SUGGEST (WH) DECLARE OBSERVE SUPPOSE DECIDE (WH) OCCUR TO SUSPECT DEMAND ORDER TEACH 35
DEMONSTRATE (WH) PERCEIVE TELL (WH) DENY POINT OUT THINK (WH) DETERMINE (WH) PREDICY (WH) THREATEN DISCOVER (WH) PRESUME TURN OUT DOUBT (WH) PRETEND UNDERSTAND (WH) ESTIMATE (WH) PROMISE URGE EXPECT PROPOSE WARN EXPLAIN PROVE WISH WONDER (WH) (WH) soru kelimesi ile başlayan cümle de alabilir. 4) Noun clause as object of the preposition She takes no notice of my warnings (Noun) what I say (Noun clause) Your question isn t related to this subject. (Noun) what we are discussing now. 5) Noun clauses with ever vords Whoever / whomever I spoke to said they liked the party. You can put your suitcase wherever you think is suitable However you cook the egg is all right with me. Shall we try to do whatever is needed? You can choose whichever you want. You may leave whenever you wish. 1) REPORTED STATEMENT Reporting verbs: SAY (Say) den sonar hemen cümle gelir. He said that he was a pilot. REPORTED SPEECH *Şayet sözün kime söylendiğini belirtmek istersek; He said to me that he was a pilot. TELL Sözün kime söylendiğini belirtmek zorundayız. Ahmet told me that he was a pilot. a) PRESENT SIMPLE / PRESEN T PERFECT / FUTURE SIMPLE: İle yapılan aktarmalarda cümlenin tensinde değişiklik yapılmaz. Ahmet I am not keen to see that film. 36
Ahmet says that he is not to see that film. Ahmet has told us that he is not keen to see that Ahmet will tell you that he is not keen to see that b) Şayet aktarma sözcüğünün yapısı Past simple, Past perfect ise cümlenin tensi bir tense geri gider. Zaman zarfları da değişir. Zaman Değişiklikleri Today That day Yesterday The previous day / The day before A year ago A year before Last week The previous week Tomorrow The next day / The following day. Now Then / İmmediately *Sözcüğün söylendiği ve aktarıldığı gün aynı ise today = TODAY kalır. I will help you tomorrow She told me (that) she would help me the following day. I never get up late. She said that she never got up late. I am working on my thesis. She told me that she was working on her thesis. I applied for a new job. She said that she had applied for a new job. I have been working for two hours. He said that he had been working for two hours. I was working in Ankara last year. He said that he had been working in Ankara the previous year. NOT: Direk cümledeki WOULD / WOULD LIKE / WOULD RATHER gibi yapılar aynı kalır. c) Diğer Aktarma Sözcükleri: 37
Add / admit / answer / assure / boast / complain / grumble / inform / object / point out / promise / protest / remark / remind / reply / scream / shout / whisper / yell. 2) REPORTED QUESTION: Reported statements kuralları bu yapıylada uygulanır. Reporting Verbs: Ask / inquire / wonder / want to know. a) Qestion word ile yapılan soruların aktarılması Why didn t you come to the party? She asked (me) why I hadn t come to the party. b) Yardımcı fiil ile yapılan soru cümlelerinin aktarılması Are you coming with us? She asked (me) if / whether I was coming/going with them. 3) REPORTED IMPERATIVE: Emir cümlelerinin aktarılması Reporting Verbs: tell / ask / order / remind / advise a) Olumlu emir cümlelerinin aktarılması (tell somebody to do something) Our teacher told us to study hard. b) Olumlsuz emir cümlelerinin aktarılması (tell somebody to do something) Our teacher warned us not to cheat during the exam. AUXILIARY VERBS IN SHORT ANSWERS 1) TOO / EITHER Too/as well: Olumlu cümlelerin sonun da (de-da) anlamında kullanılır. They have a pet dog at home. They have a cat too. Either: Olumsuz cümlelerin sonunda (de-da) anlamında kullanılır. He doesn t raise cows on his farm. f He doesn t raise pigs either. 38
2) SO / NEITHER veya NOR İki cümle anlamca aynı özneler farklıysa (de-da) anlamında Olumlu cümlelerde = so, olumsuz cümlelerde = neither / nor I like reading. So does my wife. I don t like cats. Neither does my wife. / Nor does my wife. My wife doesn t either. *NOT: Komplex cümlelerde temel cümlenin yardımcı fiilini dikkate alırız. I don t think we can afford such an expensive car. Neither does my brother. = Ben söylüyorum. Neither can your father. = Başkası söylüyorsa. *Şayet bizim düşüncemiz başkasıyla çelişiyorsa; My wife doesn t like fish = But I do. 3) ECO QUESTION Birisiyle sohbet ederken karşımızdakinin söyledikleriyle ilgilendiğimizi göstermek için; öylemi / gerçekten mi? sözlerini kullanırız. a) Söylenen sözün tense ine dikkat ederiz. b) Cümle olumlu ise olumlu, olumsuz ise olumsuz bir yardımcı fiil kullanırız. I can t go on holiday this summer. Really? Can t you? I have never been abroad. Realy? Haven t you? I can cook very well. Can you? 4) QUESTION TAGS Pozitive cümle Negative tag Negative cümle _ Pozitive tag. a) Emin olmadığımız bilgiyi onaylatmak için. b) Karşımızdaki kişiyi sohbete davet etmek için. c) Karşımızdaki kişinin bir işi yapmasını istemediğimizi belirtmek için. Your brother is still at university isn t he? Yes he is. We have ten fingers, don t we? Yes we do. You don t want another cup of tea, do you? No I don t. ÖNEMLİ NOTLAR 39
a) Cümlenin öznesi; everybody / everyone /somebody / someone / anybody / anyone gibi belgisiz zamir ise Question tag They They olur. Everyone is here aren t they? b) Cümlenin öznesi; nothing / everything / something / anything / gibi belgisiz zamir ise question tag It olur Nothing has been done yet has it? c) Olumlu yada olumsuz emir cümleleri will you d) Let s ile başlayan cümlelerin question tag I shall we Let s meet in front of the cinema, shall we? 5) THAT CLAUSE YERİNE SO / NOT KULLANIMI Believe / expect / suppose / think / hope gibi fiillerden, I am afraid / it seems / it appears gibi yapılardan sonar gelen THAT CLAUSE yerine SO / NOT kullanırız. Will that party win the election? I think (that) that party will win the election. I think so Olumsuz bir ifade ederken Think olumsuz yapılır. I don t think (that) that party will win the election. I don t think so. Has your brother found a solution? I don t believe / suppose / expect (that) he has found d a solution. (olumlu) I don t believe / suppose / expect so. I believe / suppose / expect (that) he hasn t found a solution. Olumsuz I believe / suppose / expect not. 6) THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES Bütün öznelerle fiil yalın halde kullanılır. BE fiili de bütün öznelerle BE biçimindedir. It s important that we be punctual. The boss insists that everybody be present at the meeting. The doctor insists that I stop smoking. I suggest that you go to a doctor. I demand that your son not be so obedient. His employer has requested that he not leave his job until the 40