BALNIMALCON Fulltext Notes

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1 Namık Kemal University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Animal Science VI th International Balkan Animal Conference BALNIMALCON 2013 Fulltext Notes 3-5 October 2013 Tekirdag / Turkey

2 THE NATIVE GENETIC RESOURCE DAĞLIÇ SHEEP BREED TÜLAY CANATAN 1 * MUSTAFA KAN 1 KÜRŞAT AKBULUT 1 OYA AKIN 2 1 Bahri Dağdaş Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, KONYA-TÜRKİYE 2 Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü (TAGEM), ANKARA-TÜRKİYE ABSTRACT Turkey is considered as one of the world's most important gene centers. Archaeological evidence show that sheep, cattle, goats, and even pig has been domesticated in Anatolia or very close to it (Zeder, 2008). Sheep, which is considered as one of the most important genetic resources, even if declined in number, it hasn t lost its importance, and it has constituted the main source of income of many agricultural holdings in Turkey. Agricultural holdings have led to some of the confusion between the race and even the disappearance of some sheep races through various cross-breeding to increase their incomes. One of the most important indigenous genetic resources facing extinction is "Dağlıç" sheep breed. Dağlıç sheep breed is generally raised around the Lakes Region and the best ones can be found in Bolvadin- Afyonkarahisar province. This breed is named locally as Gıcık in some Anatolian regions. The main yield of Dağlıç breed is meat. It is in 3.order in side of meat quality after Kıvırcık and Karakaya sheep breeds.the yield performance of Dağlıç sheep breed is lower than the other indigenous sheep breeds in Turkey. In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in the number of Dağlıç sheep breed which has an important place in sheep population in Turkey. For this reason, The Dağlıç sheep conservation flocks have been formed within the framework of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation Project by the Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock in Konya and Afyonkarahisar provinces. In this study, the historical development process and general characteristics of Dağlıç sheep breed which is one of the domestic genetic resources and conserved by the Minister, were evaluated and the general information about the studies on the economic and sustainable sheep raising possibilities in Turkey were given. Key words: Native Genetic Resource, Sheep, Dağlıç ÖZET YERLİ GENETİK KAYNAKLARIMIZDAN DAĞLIÇ KOYUN IRKI Türkiye dünyanın önemli gen merkezlerinden birisi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Arkeolojik kanıtlar, koyun, sığır, keçi ve hatta domuzun bile Anadolu da veya çok yakınında evcilleştirilmiş olduğunu göstermektedir (Zeder, 2008). En önemli genetik kaynaklarımızdan biri kabul edilen koyun sayıca azalsa bile Türkiye de hemen hemen hiç önemini kaybetmemiş ve bir çok tarımsal işletmenin ana gelir kaynağını oluşturmuştur. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde işletmeler gelirlerini arttırmak için değişik melezlemeler yolu ile ırklar arası karışıklığa ve hatta bazı ırkların kaybolmasına neden olmuştur. Nesli kaybolmaya yüz tutmuş en önemli yerli gen kaynaklarımızdan biri de Dağlıç koyun ırkıdır. Dağlıç ırkı koyunlar daha çok göller bölgesinde yetiştirilmekte olup en iyi numuneleri Bolvadin-Afyonkarahisar da bulunmaktadır. Anadolu nun bazı yörelerinde Dağlıç denilen bu ırk Gıcık olarak ta ifade edilmektedir. Dağlıçların esas verimi ettir. Et kalitesi bakımından Kıvırcık ve Karayaka dan sonra 3. sırada yer alır. Bu ırkın verim düzeyleri diğer yerli koyun ırkları ile kıyaslanınca oldukça düşüktür. Son yıllarda Türkiye koyun popülasyonu içerisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan Dağlıç koyunlarının sayılarında önemli bir azalma olmuştur. Bu nedenle Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı tarafından başlatılan Evcil Hayvan Genetik Kaynakların Korunması Projesi çerçevesinde dağlıç ırkının korunması amacıyla Konya ve Afyonkarahisar bölgelerinde Dağlıç koruma sürüleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışma ile yerli genetik kaynaklarımızdan biri olan ve Bakanlık tarafından koruma altına alınan Dağlıç koyun ırkının tarihsel süreçteki gelişimi ve genel özellikleri değerlendirilmiş olup Türkiye de bu ırka dayalı ekonomik ve sürdürülebilir bir koyunculuk faaliyeti yürütme imkanları üzerine yapılan çalışmalar hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Yerli Genetik Kaynak, Koyun, Dağlıç 1. INTRODUCTION 1 * Respondent author; Bahri Dağdaş Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Ereğli yolu üzeri, 2. Km, PK:125, Karatay-Konya-Türkiye, tulaycanatan@hotmail.com Phone: /307 Mobile phone:

3 Anatolian peninsula encompassed many civilizations, and hosted biodiversity consisting of plant and animal species, and has still hosted. Migrations throughout the history and transitions with various purposes provided entrance and exit of many animal species and their breeds and thus, it induced that this region reach to a rich location in side of biodiversity. However, the changing world order, and climate change caused by global warming has become threat the human life by influencing the yield and the increase course of productivity. Thus, the concerns on the sustainability of high yield performance, which was achieved by work done over many years, has been increasing. it is thought that native genetic resources, which can survive and the yield was obtained in spite of adverse environmental conditions, provide a major contribution on eliminating these concerns Starting from this, in the future, it is thought that the term animal genetic resources will have a direct impact on human life, and cover all the animal species having economic, scientific and cultural characteristics (Rege ve Gibson, 2003). Indeed, Turkey was one of the sheep raising countries in years ago. It has begun to lose its potential due to the serious decline in the presence of sheep numbers in recent years. If numerically spoken, the presence of sheep was 48,630,000 heads (Kaymakçı ve ark.2000) in 1980, the number declined to 23,089,691 heads in 2011 (TSI, 2013). It means that the relative decline in the number of sheep is 47.5%. This decline has many reasons including the social and cultural origins. Native genetic resources which guarantee of humanity's future life, must be removed out of the danger or the threat as soon as possible. Otherwise, the result will not affect only a part or a desperate people in a region, but also it will affect all of humanity. Social changes, political trends and technology have significant impact on the biological balances and also reach a threat to native genetic resources in the world. This increased threats have effected to livestock having smaller size gene pool more than plants (Karaca ve ark,2004) and they have led to extinction of some animal species and some of them are at the point of extinction. Especially in developing countries, the demand for animal products increases rapidly due to population growth and development, and the efforts to increase the productivity of animals are concentrated in order to meet the increasing demand. These efforts becomes in the direction of breeding native breeds, which are raised because they are appropriate to the particular circumstances of the region and country, or cross-breeding of native and culture breeds to increase the yield, and even in many places highly yield culture breeds are superseded of the native breeds. The variation is rapidly declining because of these reasons. However, native breeds has emerged by means of the specific conditions of their grown environment in a hundred even a thousand years, their yields are low but they have original features, they are durable, frugal and they carry on their lives and be able to fertile in poor environmental conditions (Ertuğrul ve ark. 2000). Extinction of these breeds means the extinction of their specific qualifications. In future, it is not possible to guess in which ones we need already. Also, the native breeds assess the local resources better than culture ones in bad condition and so, they have undisputed advantages by providing participation of the regions to the economy. Because of that, it must not be turned a blind eye to the extinction of native breeds. Turkey has a large number of native cattle, sheep and poultry breeds and is the richest geography in terms of genetic resources in own region. One of these races is Dağlıç sheep bred and it is intensively raised in the west transitional region of Turkey. It was raised over a wide area from the western parts of Konya province to the mountainous regions of Çanakkale province. In this study, the findings collected the national and international literature are presented for the purpose of recognition of Dağlıç sheep breed in more detail 2. EXTENDED AREA OF DAĞLIÇ BREED

4 Turkey has favorable features for sheep farming with the agricultural infrastructure shaping by its climate, topography and vegetation. There are many native sheep breeds in the different regions and places of Turkey (Düzgüneş 1990). One of them is Dağlıç sheep breed. Dağlıç sheep is one of the fat tailed native sheep breed in Turkey. While numerically, it was in the third order (12%) in the past in Turkey sheep population, in recent years, the number of pure Dağlıç sheep breed has declined due to massive cross-breeding The raised area of it begins from Sakarya River, and extends to the coastal provinces of Aegean region. Dağlıç sheep is native breed with a combined yield which is raised in Central and Western Anatolian Regions (Eskişehir, Çanakkale, Kütahya, Afyon, Uşak, denizli, Aydın, Muğla, Isparta, Burdur, Antalya and Konya provinces), very well adapted to the environmental nature of the region, and has coarse-mixed wool (Özcan 1990, Kaymakçı ve Sönmez 1992, Akçapınar 1994, Bilgemre 1950, Abidin 1340). Dağlıç breed is named as Gıcık in some places of Anatolian and around İstanbul. The Dağlıç word means as big and huge in the Anatolia (Abidin, 1340 (1924) ). It was reported that the most typical and well samples were encountered in Central and Bolvadin districts of Afyonkarahisar (Yarkın, 1959). 3. GENERAL FEATURES OF DAĞLIÇ BREED Dağlıç breed has small structure in overall. The main yield of it is meat. It has placed in third order after Kıvırcık and Karayaka breeds in terms of meat quality. The meat yield is 48-51% in pasture and it is 51-57% in fattening program. The meat of Dağlıç breed is juicy and crisp as accumulation of fat between the fibers, therefore, its meat is much more delicious than Karaman breed (Bilgemre 1950). Photo 1. Some photos from Dağlıç sheep flock The body of Dağlıç breed is in white color, and the black and yellow spots are seen on the mouth, nose, ears, feet and around the eyes of it.

5 Photo 2. The general features of Dağlıç head and feet Dağlıç rams are always strong and have helical (spiral) horns. The horns are smaller than the horns Kıvırcık rams. The ewes are generally hornless, but the horns can be found at the rate of 5-10% in Dağlıç ewes. The head is generally smaller than Karaman sheep breed. The producers prefer the ones which have black spots with certain boundaries around the eyes, and black noise, mouth and half of its ears. There are, however, tawny and black Dağlıç breeds. The black part of the tawny ones and the all body of the black ones turn to gray with the aging, in contrast to Karagül breed, the lower parts of hair maintain their black color. The skin has black pigment in black hairy areas. Dağlıç breed is smaller than Karaman breed in terms of body. Dağlıç breed has straight back line and lower rump unlike Karaman breed. Its feet are long (Bilgemre 1950, Abidin 1340 (1924), Akçapınar 1994, Kaymakçı ve Sönmez 1992). Photo 3. The general view of Dağlıç ram and Dağlıç ewe Dağlıç sheep is a fat tailed breed like Karaman breed. The length of tail is a bit smaller than Akkaraman breed. There is no S fold on the tail of Dağlıç breed unlike Akkaraman breed. When viewed from behind the tail, it partakes of the ball pillow. A hollow in the middle of the tail being not covered with fleece (mizabe) is displayed and it splits the tail into two parts. There is a small lean piece at the tail-end with cm. long. Lean tail-end could vary by the shape and direction.

6 Photo 4. The tail structure of Dağlıç breeds The tail weight of Dağlıç breed is 13% of carcass weight of it. The tail fat of it is average 3 kg, and it varies between 2,5 and 3,6 kg. But, the tail fat reaches to 4-6 kg for the fattened Dağlıç sheep. The bone structure and frame of Dağlıç breed are strong (Abidin 1340 (1924), Bilgemre 1950, Özcan 1990, Ertuğrul 1997, Akçapınar 1994, Kaymakçı ve Sönmez 1992). Dağlıç breed is tagged once a year. Tagging is generally done in the first 15 days of May. Dağlıç breed has coarse and mixed type wool. It has average 47% D (48 S), 33% D-E (46-48 S), 14% C-D (48-50 S), and 6% E (46 S) wool quality. The wool yield of Dağlıç breed varies between 1,5 and 3 kg annually. The ringlet length of Dağlıç breed is between cm. Dağlıç breed was raised in the Isparta and Lakes Regions where the carpet business is well developed, because the Dağlıç fleece wool, which is very solid and strong, is a good carpet wool (Bilgemre 1950, Özcan 1990, Yarkın 1959,Kaymakçı and Sönmez 1992, Kaymakçı and Sönmez 1996, Akçapınar 1994). Photo 5. Isparta handmade woven carpet The fiber of Dağlıç breed is longer than it of Karaman sheep. The amount of kemp is more than it of Karaman breed. Fleece and staple are light color and brighter (Özcan 1990, Bilgemre 1950, Kaymakçı ve Sönmez 1992). Abidin (1340) stated that withers height on Dağlıç breed is cm, body length is cm, and chest girth is cm. Ozcan (1990) stated that Dağlıç ewes and Dağlıç rams have withers height as cm and 67 cm respectively. Akçapınar (1994) informed in his study that The withers height for Dağlıç ewes is 58 cm.

7 Meadows and pastures constitute very important roughages resources in terms of the applied farming model in the region. Animal farming in the region where the Dağlıç breed was raised is completely done extensively. The pastures are able to meet the roughages need of the breed during the particular time of the spring and summer months. It remains incapable towards to the end of July and August to meet the roughages needs of animals. Additional feeding is not done during the pasture time, and grazing continues until the snow falls. In the present conditions, the animals cannot show the full actual yield performance. Therefore, some characters of Dağlıç breed are able to show some variation according to environmental conditions such as caring, feeding, rearing and the farm conditions Table 1. General Characteristics of Dağlıç Breed Live Weight Dağlıç Ewes Dağlıç Rams kg kg Growth Performance Birth Weight Weaning Age Weaning Weight 3.5 kg 3,5-4 months kg Reproductive Performance Male and female breeding are used in first time breeding at 1.5 age Generally, the rams until 6-7 ages and the ewes until 6-8 ages are used in breeding The introduction time of rams to the flock is able to change by provinces, generally September and October months Lambing season is between the second half of February and the beginning of April months. Twinning rate is 1-2% Milk Yield Lactation Period Lactation Milk Yield days kg The milking continues months or month depending on the pastures after weaning Table 1 (Cont.). General Characteristics of Dağlıç Breed Some Body Average Sizes of Dağlıç Breed Rump Height 62 cm

8 Withers Height Ridge Height Chest Depth Chest Girth Cannon Bone Circumference Chest Wide Body Length cm 61 cm 29 cm 81 cm 6 cm 17 cm 63 cm Source: Akçapınar 1990, Yarkın 1959, Kaymakçı and Sönmez WHY DO THE NUMBER OF DAĞLIÇ BREED TENDS TO DECREASE? In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in the number of Dağlıç sheep breed which has an important place in the sheep population. The producers state on the reasons why the Dağlıç sheep breed population is decreasing as the increasing trend towards the consumption of lean meat, lower level revenues from sheep husbandry compared to the past, poor pasture condition due to global warming, not enough rainfall and heavy grazing, the absence of the shepherd in the rural area, being of fat-tailed, not used of tail fat in human nutrition more, and being sold of fat carcasses in the market at lower price. In addition, the producers who don t satisfy the yield of Dağlıç breed have cross-bred the pure Dağlıç breed with Kıvırcık, Akkaraman, Ivesi, and Merino breed rams. These studies carried out by trial-and-error method rather than rely on a scientific basis, and they generally aim to achieve heavier lambs for slaughter. Reduction in pure Dağlıç sheep husbandry has restricted the possibilities of finding a sufficient number of high-quality breeding rams, and especially reduction in the yield particularly the reduction in fertility has happened in the small flocks based on the increase in kinship 5. THE IMPORTANCE OF DAĞLIÇ BREED AS NATIVE GENETIC RESOURCE Dağlıç sheep is an important value for our country in terms of being genetic resources. However, the number of the breed has decreased considerably because of uncontrolled crossbreeding activity of breeders to obtain heavier lambs slaughtered in order to increase the income, unconscious husbandry, not include the conservation program in time, and the mass migration of the breeders. Dağlıç breed is a significant potential to be source of sheep breeding work in the future because of some features of it. Because, it has capable to evaluate the precipice areas with high altitude, and to sustain its growth in these areas. The provinces where Dağlıç breed raised have large pasture areas. These areas are evaluated by grazing in the best and most efficient way. The pasture areas, which have a slope not suitable for crossbreed animals, are evaluated by Dağlıç breed well and with this aspect, it contributes to the farm economy in side of feed input. On the other hand, this breed has considerable importance in terms of husbandry. The field crop cultivation is limited because of geographical condition of the provinces where Dağlıç breed was raised. The wheat cultivation constitutes an important part of field crop cultivation. Therefore, wheat straw is frequently encountered in the farms in these regions. Wheat straw,

9 which is low-quality forage and has low nutritive value, are evaluated well by Dağlıç breed. In this regard, the livestock breeds adapted to harsh conditions where the crop production is not done enough are important elements for agricultural production system. Genetically diversified (separated by race) animal production facilities presents production options guaranteed against possible inefficiencies in future to humanity. The producers head towards same animal breed with conscious and unconscious cross-breeding activities, and waste their own breed without knowing the breed s special features. Even though the native breeds have some insufficient yield traits, they have advantages such as adaption to insufficient environmental conditions and disease resistance. Because of that, unused breeds and genotypes for the present should be protected by the logic of Save up something for a rainy day. 6. RESULT AND RECOMMENDATIONS In developing countries, requirement of animal products increasing in parallel with the development and population growth necessitates to be increased the yield obtained from per unit. Correspondingly, highly productive crossbreeds replace the native genetic resources. Therefore, the number of native Dağlıç breed and genetic variation of these reduce significantly. However, Dağlıç breed is a native sheep race which has gorgeously adapted to the particular circumstances of environment where it is bred, even if it is low efficiency, it has original features, resistant, satisfied, living and offspring in inconvenient environmental condition. Extinction of this sheep means extinction of its distinguishing features. Already now, estimate that we will need which features due to changes may occur in the future is very difficult for this reason, as far as possible increased the number of protected Dağlıç sheep, protected of this animals against to epidemics and bred in different region are provided. The area breeder trend early lamb slaughter due to they have low-income. Therefore, the animals with breeding value are sellout and flocks are restricted. If sheep with relatively thin fleece select from flocks and they are bred, suitable fabric is obtained for sport. This race which is part of social and cultural structure of region life substantially should be tackled and bred in accordance with the racial characteristics without genetically further degradation. Breeding programs should be planned for these breeds that can increase the efficiency at the point of environmental conditions are improved. Should be focused on research that determining breeding condition in detail for better identification of this race, concentrating on morphological and physiological characteristics and setting out the specific characteristics of traditional products. Should be made a serious inventory work for this race that can living and being productive without very special care, feeding and breeding conditions. Presentation and marketing of traditional products derived from Daglic Sheep should be supported, the awareness of breeders should be raised and directed for this topic. 7. REFERENCE Abidin, İ (1924). Ziraat ve Baytar Kitabından Hususi Zootekni-2 Türkiye de Koyun Yetiştirme ve Irkları Yapağıcılık İlmi. Yüksek Baytar ve Ziraat, Askeri Tatbikat (Veterinerlik) Bakteriye Mekteplerinde Vatan Matbaası 1340 S: İstanbul. Bilgemre K Özel Zootekni Ders Notlarından III. Koyun Yetiştirmek. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Talebe Derneği Yayınlarından Sayı:1 Düzgüneş O Hayvancılıkta genetik kaynaklar Türkiye nin Biyolojik Zenginlikleri Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı Yayınları. Ankara. Ertuğrul E, Akman N, Dellal G, Goncagül T Hayvan Gen Kaynaklarının Korunması ve Türkiye Hayvan Gen Kaynakları, Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği V. Teknik Kongresi, Ocak 2000 S Ankara

10 Akçapınar H Koyun Yetiştiriciliği. Medisan Yayın Serisi No: 8 Medisan Yayınevi. Ankara. Karaca, O, Cemal İ, Altın T Yerli Çine Çaparı Koyun Irkının Genetik Kaynak Olarak Korunması Çalışmaları. 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, Eylül 2004, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Isparta. Cilt 1(Sözlü Bildirileri), s Kaymakçı M ve Sönmez R Koyun Yetiştiriciliği. Hasad Yayıncılık Hayvancılık Serisi 3. İstanbul. Kaymakçı, M., Sönmez, R İleri Koyun Yetiştiriciliği. E.Ü.I.Baskı, Bornova İzmir. Kaymakçı M, Eliçin A, Tuncel E, Pekel E, Karaca O,Işın F, Taşkın T, Aşkın Y, Emsen H, Özder M, Selçuk E, Sönmez R Türkiye de Küçükbaş Hayvan Yetiştiriciliği Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği V. Teknik Kongresi Ocak Ankara. Özcan, L Koyunculuk. Tarım Orman ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı. Ankara. Rege JEO, Gibson JP Animal Genetic Resources and Economic Development: İssues in relation to economic valuation. Ecological Economics, 45: Sönmez, R., Koyunculuk ve Yapağı. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:108, Bornova İzmir. TSI, Turkish Statistical Institute, Animal Statistics, Yarkın, İ., Koyunculuk. İkinci basım. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:37, Ankara.