Working Group 4 ECENA - Activity Scheme 4.1

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1 The European Union s Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) Working Group 4 ECENA - Activity Scheme 4.1 Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) TRAINING EVALUATION country: Turkey dates: 4 7 October 2011 This project is funded by the European Union A project implemented by a Consortium led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG

2 Contact: Dr. Ir. Ike van der Putte Tel: Mob: Fax: This project is funded by the European Union. RENA Secretariat: Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG; Lothringer Strasse 16, 1030 Vienna (Wien), Austria Tel: ; Fax: ; rena.secretariat@renanetwork.org Website: 1

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8 ANNEX 1. Training programme Turkey ANNEX 2: Air Quality Permit for Steel Industry (Electric Arc Furnace) EGE CELIK in Izmir, Turkey ANNEX 3: Participants list ANNEX 4. Overview of EU waste Legislation a. General b. Waste treatment operations c. Directives related to specific waste streams d. Iron and Steel Scrap with reference to end of waste status ANNEX 5. Human resources calculation permit writers a. New permit b. Renewals of permit c. Blanc form ANNEX 6. Presentation Montenegro on IPPC ANNEX 7. Overview of Steel industry in Turkey (In Turkish) ANNEX 8. Summary course evaluation forms

9 ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) Turkey 4 7 October 2011 DAY Registration Opening Session (30 minutes) Introduction (explanation of the training programme, information on RENA, ECENA and the project activity: Introduction of participants) (IP/Gl) Session (15 minutes) Regulatory cycle (the role and functioning of the regulatory cycle; consequences for the organisation of the process of environmental policy-making and strategy with its implementation; systematic approach; feedback asked from participants and explanations of what is presented; how are they going to use this in practice during their training) (short discussion on regulatory cycle) (RGl) Session (15 minutes) Minimum criteria for inspection (Scope, definitions, Inspection, Inspectorate, Inspectors, why to inspect routine and non-routine inspections, frequency of inspection setting priorities new trends in permitting and compliance, RMCEI) etc.) (RGl/IP) Coffee Break (15 minutes) Session `11.00 (45 minutes) Planning use of human resources capacity scheme (exercise) (human resources calculation scheme) (RG) ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 1

10 ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Session (90 minutes) Basics of Integrated Permitting and its Application (background information on IPPC and related permitting and application aspects) (RG/IP) Lunch break (60 minutes) Session (45 minutes) On site inspection and planning (which ways to inspect; announced/unannounced; desk/versus -on site; preparation of site visit; identification of roles; use of checklists; example of checklist for a virtual site to be visited) Session (45 minutes) Monitoring/Self monitoring (quality assurance management; impact of self monitoring on inspections, LCP monitoring,) Coffee Break (15 minutes) Session (30 minutes) General analysis of the inspection results (evaluation of results and feedback) (Covering evaluation. Feedback and three types of reporting: individual inspection report, annual summary report for the site and country report. Should cover, prompt reporting, better comment and analysis after the inspection.) Session (75 minutes) Special Subject: Waste management intro (IP)* Closing Session * Under Special Subjects a selection can be made from a list including: ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 2

11 ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) Turkey DAY 2 Session (45 minutes) IED in context with IPPC and other directives (General information on developments and current situation of the environmental legislation with consequences for enforcement mechanisms in EU)(IP) Session (90 minutes) Permit applications (Contents of a permit application in detail in general, cemen, /steel industry as an example Explanation of the steel process applied)(representative OF FACTORY and RGL) Coffee Provided Session (90 minutes) Integrated permit of factory to be visited (The translation of the permit conditions of the prevailing permit and comments of invited inspectors as well as local country inspector in charge of inspection, discussion on enforceability of permit conditions )(REPR OF FACTORY, inv INSP and RGL) Lunch Break (60 minutes) Session (40 minutes) Introduction to BREF and BAT of the cement industry* (Comparison of prevailing emission and monitoring data with the information from the BREF/BAT) (Inv INSPECTORS, REPR FACTORY, RGL) * For Turkey the Steel industry has been chosen as a pilot; the BREF and BAT information is included under Special subjects 7. Steel and Iron Session (50 minutes) Basic approach to site visits (overview of methods and questioning during investigations and inspection Exercise: )(RGL/IP) ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 3

12 ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Coffee Break (15 minutes) Session (60 minutes) Planning of visits in groups with specific assignments. Preparation for next day inspection visit (Study in groups on the specific assignments setting up a questionnaire with questions and attention points during the site visit (IP) Session (30 minutes) (Invited Inspectors presenting experiences in their country) (Inv INSPECTORS) 16:45 Closing Session (IP) ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 4

13 ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) Turkey DAY Departure to STEEL FACTORY Execution of site visit according to prepared plan of action. At the site. Preliminary discussions in the office Review documentation (monitoring data, quality checks, site plans, permits) is necessary documentation in place? Comments and questions Divide into groups with chairman and reporter in each. Chairman has allocated specific responsibilities to each member of the group Site visit: Request site staff to provide guides: groups to see all of the site, but focus on areas: like handling and storage, dust abatement, waste handling and filling stations, cleanliness of factory, evaluate surrounding area. Each member of the group will make their own inspection and make notes and compare results later in the group. Return to Meeting room at the factory. General comments on visit site and any further questions Return to meeting room in the hotel Session ( 30 minutes) Visit report preparation in groups Session (45 minutes) Presentation of reports by members of the groups (Comments by inv Inspectors. Conclusion of site visit Suggested follow-up actions.) ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 5

14 ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual Capacity building regarding compliance with environmental legislation through better understanding of issues and identification of targeted solutions (training of inspectors and permit writers) DAY 4 Session (90 minutes) Special subjects Follow-up of session Coffee Break (15 minutes) Session (85-90 minutes) Cooperation between authorities Closing session and evaluation forms Lunch Break Delegates leave after lunch ECENA WG 4- Activity 1: Manual 6

15 Air Emission Permit Annex ) Converters Producing Steel, Electric Arc Furnaces, Melting with induction and Melting Facilities with vacuum: In converters producing steel, electric arc furnaces, melting with induction and melting facilities with vacuum following principles shall be followed: 2.1) Under all operating conditions (filling, emptying, mixing, taking sulphur operations and such) waste gases shall be collected and sent to a dust separation facility. 2.2) Dust emissions of waste gases shall not exceed 50 mg/nm 3 limit value. This limit value will be applied as 25 mg/nm 3 starting from 1 st of January ) Carbon monoxide emission shall be assessed, burned or if it is not possible to burn in with 90% and higher burning efficiency, it shall be released to atmosphere as stated in Annex ) Relevant principles in Annex-1 shall be followed. Measures should be taken against dust emissions from storage of scrap, ore etc. 2.5) Technologies on Blowing Converters and studies on decreasing of dust emission published relevant Turkish Standards and existing best techniques shall be followed. Annex ) Facilities where heat treatment is applied to steel and nonferrous material (Heat Ovens): In these facilities following principles shall be followed: 4.1) Dust formed emissions in waste gases shall not exceed 50 mg/nm 3 limit value. 4.2) Relevant principles in Annex-1 shall be followed. 4.3) By performing 3% volume oxygen correction; For facilities using liquid fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 2400 mg/nm 3 For facilities using gas fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 100 mg/nm 3 For facilities using coke gas as fuel sulphur dioxide emission shall not exceed 200 mg/nm 3 For facilities using double fuel (liquid+gas) sulphur dioxide emission 2400 mg/nm 3 value shall be provided by performing 3% volume oxygen correction and a constant chimney as analysis apparatus with recorder shall be equipped. 4.4) Sootiness shall not exceed 3 according to Bacharach scale in facilities using liquid fuel. Annex-1a.2 a.2) Degree of soot of waste gases of facilities which burn liquid fuels shall be at most 2 (two) according to Bacharach scale for the ones burning diesel oil and at most 3 (three) in the ones that burn fuel oil. Annex-1c c) Hoarded materials stored in open area: Hoarded material stored in open area shall be stored in open area providing the conditions of the air quality standards. For this purpose some of the measures that shall be taken are listed below:

16 -Wind preventing slabs shall be placed on the land, walls are built or trees for wind prevention shall be planted, -Conveyors and other transporters and linking parts through which these transporters unload materials to each other are covered, -Loading and unloading activities are held without winnowing, -Top of the materials are covered with nylon canvas or with matters whose grain sizes are bigger than 10 mm, -Upper layers are protected in a humidity of 10%. Necessary equipment for the assurance of this position shall be established. Annex-1e e) Condition of roads inside the facility: Roads inside the facility shall be cleaned regularly, all measures shall be taken against dust emissions (wetting, sweeping, exposure to dust holding materials etc.) and roads shall be covered with covering materials with bitumen (asphalt etc.) and/or concrete. Annex-1f f) Unloading of Filters: During unloading of the filters which hold emissions in the form of dust, dust shall be unloaded using a closed system or shall be humidified during unloading to prevent dust emission. Pollutants that need to be monitored for air quality: Dust, dustfall Pollutants in the stack gas that need to be continuously monitored: Dust emission

17 List of participants Invited Inspectors from fyr of Macedonia (Mac) and from Montenegro (Mte)

18 SPECIAL SUBJECTS Overview of EU waste legislation WG 4 ECENA Overview of EU waste legislation part 1 Sources include: 1) 2) European CommissionUnit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption/ Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006 Extraction: 16 tons What is the Issue? Growing technosphere To physical stock: 10 tons Disposal: 6 tons 2 t/cap CO2 3.5 t/cap waste 0.5 t/cap agr waste Source Environment Sink

19 During this session we will look at European policies and strategies on waste Framework Legislation Waste treatment operations Waste streams Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of waste The Vision: integrating Resources, Products and Waste Policies EU 6th ENV Action Programme Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of Resources Integrated Product Policy / Sustainable Production & Consumption The Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste (Waste TS) (COM(2005)666) and the Thematic Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources COM(2005) 670 are two of seven such strategies called for by the Sixth Environmental Action Plan (Decision 1600/2002/EC). Objective: Decoupling Decoupling resource use from economic growth: more value per kilogram Economic activity (GDP) Better eco-efficiency: efficiency: more value per impact Resource use (kg, km 2, kw ) Decoupling environmental impact from resource use less impacts per kilogram Environmental impact ( indicators )

20 Waste Framework Dir. (Dir.2006/12/EC, formerly 75/442/EEC) NEW 2008/98/EC Framework Legislation Hazardous Waste Directive Dir.91/689/EEC Waste Shipment Regulation (Reg. (EEC) 259/93) revised Reg. (EC) 1013/2006 Waste Treatment Operations Incineration 89/369 & 429 (MW) 94/67 (HW) Replaced by 2000/76/EC, In IED 2010 Landfill 99/31/EC Waste Streams Recycling EU Standards,, as part of Recycling Strategy Waste Titanium Sewage Batteries and Packaging PCBs End-of-life Sludge Accumulators and Dir.96/59/EC oils Dioxide Vehicles Dir 2000/53 EC Dir. Dir. 2006/66/EC Packaging Dir Dir 78/176/EEC 86/278/EEC 75/439/EEC Waste repeal with Simplify in Update in Dir. 94/62/EC WFD 2006, in 2011 revision IED REF. EC waste website 8/7/2011 and Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006 Waste Restriction electric of Haz. and Substances electronic electronic equipment equipment Dir.2002/95EC Dir.2002/95/EC RECAST Mining Waste Dir 2006/21/EC FRAMEWORK waste legislation WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE WASTE SHIPMENT REGULATION (TFS) The (New) Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC Source:ECENA IMPEL EUROPEAID/124643/D/SER/Multi (Eptisa /RPS) 2009 Tricia Marcouse/ Ike van der Putte See for more information the section special subject of the RENA WG4 ECENA activity 1- manual

21 Synopsis The Waste Framework Directive (2008/98/EC) repealed directives on waste disposal(75/439/eec), hazardous waste (91/689/EEC) and waste oils (2006/12/EC). The Directive also added clarity by incorporating basic definitions relating to waste management. It also opened the possibility to establish "end-of-waste criteria for certain waste streams in order to simplify the procedures. Criteria for ferrous, aluminium and copper scrap metals as well as for paper, glass and Biowaste are under development. Original WFD, 75/442/EC Main Objective Protection of human health and the environment against harmful effects caused by the collection, transport, treatment storage and tipping of waste This objective remains in the new Directive Original WFD, 75/442/EC First definition of waste and disposal Harmonization of legislation in Member States Encouragement of recovery of waste and reuse of materials Support for waste minimisation and clean technology Waste Management Plans Polluter Pays principle should apply Requirement for data collection on waste

22 Nice and short Directive, BUT Poor definitions Insufficient minimum requirements for issuing permits Didn t provide a consistent approach across the EU Some Major Changes to WFD, 91/156/EEC Better definition of waste Requirement for a list of wastes to be developed Definition of disposal and recovery Prohibits uncontrolled dumping of waste, and therefore requires a collection/disposal service Article 4: Waste Hierarchy Prevention Best Option Preparing for Reuse Recycling Other Recovery Disposal Worst Option

23 Article 6: End of Waste status Waste will cease to be waste when When it has undergone a recovery/recycling operation and Meets specified criteria to be developed by the Commission (assisted by a technical committee) following certain conditions, which will include limit values for pollutants when necessary If the commission does not set criteria, Member States may do so Aggregates, paper, glass, metal, tyres and textiles must have end of waste status defined. General Criteria for end of waste status The substance is commonly used for specific purposes A market or demand exists The substance can be used directly without further processing, other than normal industrial practice The substance fulfils the technical requirements for this purpose, and meets existing legislation and standards applicable to products The use will not lead to overall adverse environmental or health impacts End-of waste Criteria for Iron and Steel Scrap IMPACTS 1) Ref. REACH regulation 2) Ref. Waste Shipments regulation See separate presentation

24 Specific technical requirements and targets for sustainable development are given by other legislation Landfill Directive Waste Incineration Directive (now in IED) but the legal basis of ALL of these are the definitions of waste, disposal, recovery etc from the Waste Framework Directive Transfrontier shipment of waste TFS

25 Transfrontier shipment of waste TFS Regulation (EC) No. 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14th June, 2006 on shipments of waste. TFS TFS and lists of waste Some wastes are more strictly controlled than others. The regulation sets out a system for the classifying waste into three lists (generalized):

26 The green list: green listed wastes are nonhazardous and easily recyclable, such as paper and plastic. These wastes may move across international borders within the EU without having to request permission or advance notification. The amber list: When green wastes are mixed ("co-mingled"), they become amber listed wastes. They then do require pre-notification and prior written consent before they can be exported. Consequently as a waste becomes somewhat more difficult to recover or somewhat more hazardous it goes onto the amber list. T The red list: This covers particularly dangerous wastes NOTIFICATION (1) The notification procedure requires that the competent authorities of the countries concerned by the shipment (country of dispatch, country of transit and country of destination) give their consent prior to any shipment. Waste shipments must be the subject of a contract between the person responsible for shipping the waste, or having it shipped, and the consignee of such waste. Where the waste in question is subject to a notification requirement, the contract must include financial guarantees.

27 NOTIFICATION (2) Under the notification procedure, the notification must be submitted by the notifier only to the competent authority of dispatch which, in turn, will be responsible for passing it on to the competent authorities of destination and transit. The competent authorities must give their consent (with or without conditions) or express their objections within 30 days. Any changes involving the main aspects of the shipment (quantity, itinerary, etc.) must be the subject of a new notification, save in cases where all the competent authorities grant the notifier an exemption from this obligation. Exports If a shipment cannot be completed (including the recovery or disposal of waste), the notifier must take the waste back, normally at his own expense (note some exceptions!) Exports to third countries of waste intended for disposal are prohibited, except to European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries which are party to the Basel Convention. Exports of hazardous waste intended for recovery are prohibited, except those directed to countries to which the OECD decision applies. Imports Imports from third countries of waste intended for disposal or recovery are prohibited, with the exception of imports: from countries to which the OECD Decision applies, third countries which are party to the Basel Convention, countries which have concluded a bilateral agreement with the Community or Member States, or other areas during situations of crisis.

28 . IMPEL-TFS Verification-project Is what you see, what you get? Background Huge amounts of waste is being transported through EU / world Enforcement stops at the border Is it really processed: At an appropriate facility? At an environmentally sound manner? Is it shipped in the right way? Or does it end up outside of EU? Therefore: inspection from cradle to grave by the verification method

29 Verification method Starting point: transport inspection lead batteries Starting point (2)

30 Inspection up stream: origin the waste Inspection downstream

31 SPECIAL SUBJECTS Overview of EU waste legislation WG 4 ECENA Overview of EU waste legislation part 2 Sources include: 1) 2) European CommissionUnit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption/ Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006 Waste treatment operations Waste Incineration Directive (Recasted in Industrial Emissions Directive) see IED presentations The Landfill Directive

32 Waste Treatment Operations INCINERATION (2000/76/EC) (Now IED) LANDFILL (1999/31/EC) Covers MW and HW Covers incineration and co-incineration Permitting Emission limit values (air, water) Management of residues Recovery of energy Permitting system Control procedures Technical requirements Reduction of landfill of biodegradable waste Collection of methane and energy recovery Internalisation of costs Interdiction of co-disposal The Landfill Directive Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Adapted from the following sources: Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Objectives To prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects from the landfilling of waste on the environment the global environment human health

33 Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Key elements of the Directive 3 classes of landfill: (No co-disposal!) landfills for hazardous waste landfills for non-hazardous waste landfills for inert waste Obligation to treat waste before landfilling Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Key elements (continued) Permit, control and monitoring requirements: - content of permit application (article 7) - conditions of the permit (article 8) - financial security (article 8-(a)iv) - Content of the permit (article 9) with monitoring of water and gas emissions (operation phase/after-care phase) Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Key elements (continued) Ban of certain wastes: 2003 whole tyres, 2006 shredded tyres liquid waste explosive, corrosive, oxidising, flammable waste infectious hospital and veterinary waste waste not meeting acceptance criteria

34 Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Key elements (continued) Reduction targets for the landfilling of biodegradable waste (based on data for 1995): 75 % by % by % by 2016 The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK, DE, NL and SE. The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are close to it. The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT, IE. UK second worst after Greece. Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste Figure 3. Biodegradable municipal waste distance to target, 2002 (Excluding Luxembourg and the Belgium regions Wallonia and Brussels) % landfilled 140% 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Target 2006 Target 2009 Target % Austria Belgium-Fl Denmark (2002) Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom EU15*) Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste Figure 2a. Tonnes of biodegradable municipal waste Landfilled, Tonnes United Kingdom Italy Spain Germany France Greece Portugal Ireland Finland Belgium-Fl Netherlands Austria Sweden Denmark

35 Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste Kg/capita Un ited Kingd om Ita ly Spain Germ any Fra nce Gre ece Portuga l Ireland Finland Belgium -Fl Ne therlands Austria Swed en De nmark EU average Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Technical Annexes Annex I: General requirements (location, protection of soil/water) Annex II: Waste acceptance criteria for landfills (general principles, preliminary criteria) Annex III: Control and monitoring (water, leachate, gas) Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Waste acceptance procedure, Art. 11 The principles are set out in Art 11. Detailed rules about standardisation of control, sampling and analysis methods are set out in a separate Council Decision. There is little transparency about how waste acceptance criteria are applied in different MS. There is no knowledge about how criteria are applied in the new Member States.

36 Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Decision on waste acceptance criteria and procedures (2003/33/EC) Objective: landfill only waste that is compatible with the protection afforded by each landfill class. Acceptance procedure: what information to collect, when to test. Acceptance criteria: limit values and/or lists of waste acceptable at a specific landfill class. List of test and sampling methods to be used (developed by CEN). Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Procedure Waste acceptance criteria (continued) Basic characterisation (including sampling) Compliance testing On-site verification Criteria for three landfill classes, including underground storage. Higher limit values may be authorised for some parameters under certain conditions (case by case decision, no additional risk) Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste Main Problems: Existing landfills Landfills for non-hazardous waste and inert waste do often not comply. No comprehensive data from Member States. Too many unauthorized landfills (horizontal cases against some Member States.)

37 Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste FACTS AND FIGURES ON LANDFILLS Total municipal waste going to landfills (EU-25 average): 49% (in some countries 90%). Although waste generation is growing in parallel with GDP, in EU-25 by 19% between 1995 and 2003, waste landfilled goes slightly down. Number of existing landfills in EU-15: hazardous waste: 504 (141 comply) non-hazardous waste: 6286 (1267 comply) inert waste: 3416 (925 comply) (No figures from UK, Denmark. Czech. Rep. on compliance). Full compliance to be achieved until 16 July Trend since implementation: number of permitted landfills declines/ - quantity of wastes, including biodegradable declines/ - landfills improve technically Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Existing landfills Figure 4a. Landfills for hazardous waste; total and complying with the directive 250 Number of landfills HZW total HZWcomplying Austria Belgium/Flanders Belgium/Brussels Belgium/Wallonia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Czech Republic Hungary Slovakia Slovenia Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Existing landfills Landfills for non-hazardous waste; total and complying with the directive Number of landfills 400 Non-HZW total Non-HZWcomplying Austria Belgium/Flanders Belgium/Brussels Belgium/Wallonia Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Czech Republic Hungary Slovakia Slovenia

38 Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Enforcement Infringement proceedings Art. 226 EC Letter of formal notice Reasoned opinion Infringement proceedings Art. 228 EC Lump sum or penalty depend on: Seriousness of infringement (factor x) Duration (factor x) Deterrent effect (factor x) daily penalties of or a lump sum of 20.Mio are not uncommon Landfill Awareness Raising events 2007 Conclusions Insufficient implementation of Directive and Decision Polluter pays principle not observed No pre-treatment Predominance of landfilling High numbers of uncontrolled dumps Low coverage through collection systems No separation at source Low administrative capacity Too little investment Profound lack of public awareness Waste generation is increasing Overall generation Billion tonnes EEA/Eurostat EU EU 27 N/A Across different waste streams: municipal solid waste; packaging waste; hazardous waste; construction and demolition waste industrial waste *

39 Trends in municipal waste generation DRAFT FIGURE - EEA Proportion of recycling is increasing Recycling and composting of MSW in EU-27: %; % (Source: EEA SOER report 2010) In 2006 the EU 27 recycled approximately 55% of waste targeted by EU Directives 70% of ELVs, 57% of packaging, 65% of construction and demolition waste, 34% of municipal solid waste 19% of WEEE. - Rate of recycling and improvement varies significantly by Member State and waste stream

40 Recycling of End of Life Vehicles Recycling rates for municipal waste in the EU 27 DRAFT FIGURE - EEA - June 2010 Landfill of MSW decreasing: kg per capita kg per capita Range in 2008 from 672 kg/capita in Cyprus to 3kg/capita in Germany (EU-27) (Source: EEA) Incineration of MSW increasing: kg per capita kg per capita Ranges from 0 kg/capita in a variety of MS to 433 kg/capita in Denmark (EU-27) (Source: Eurostat) Preferred disposal route highly varied dependent on the Member State and national circumstance A consequence of public awareness/perceptions, infrastructure, choice of legal instruments