The distribution of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species in Ankara Stream (Turkey)

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1 Review of Hydrobiology 6,2: (2013) ISSN RESEARCH ARTICLE The distribution of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species in Ankara Stream (Turkey) ÖZGE BAŞÖREN¹, NİLGÜN KAZANCI¹ * AND SÖNMEZ GİRGİN 2 ¹Hacettepe University, Science Faculty, Biology Department, Hydrobiology Section, Ankara, Turkey 2 Gazi University, Gazi Education Faculty, Science Education Department, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey [ * Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Nilgün Kazancı, nilgunkazanci@gmail.com] ABSTRACT 1. In this study, Simuliidae fauna of Ankara Stream was investigated in 11 sites between 1991 and As a result of this study, nine species (Prosimulium tomosvaryi, Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes, Simulium (Simulium) argenteostriatum, Simulium (Simulium) bezzii, Simulium (Simulium) ornatum, Simulium (Simulium) trifasciatum, Simulium (Wilhelmia) balcanicum, Simulium (Wilhelmia) lineatum, Simulium (Wilhelmia) pseudequinum) belonging to three genera (Prosimulium, Simulium and Wilhelmia) were determined from 11 collecting sites. 3. Ankara Stream and tributaries have been affected by agricultural pollution and wastewater from domestic and industrial sources. Accordingly, community structures of Simuliidae and other benthic macroinvertebrates were negatively affected by this pollution types. For this reason, it is very important to take the necessary precautions. KEY WORDS: Ankara Stream, Blackflies, fauna, habitat degradation, pollution, running water, Simuliidae, species, Turkey, water quality 157

2 Review of Hydrobiology 6,2: (2013) ISSN ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ Ankara Çayı ndaki (Türkiye) Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) türlerinin dağılımı ÖZGE BAŞÖREN¹, NİLGÜN KAZANCI¹ * VE SÖNMEZ GİRGİN 2 ¹ Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü Hidrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı Ankara, Türkiye 2 Gazi Üniversitesi, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi, İlköğretim Bölümü, Fen Bilgisi Öğretmenliği Anabilim Dalı, Beşevler, Ankara, Türkiye [ * İletişim: Prof. Dr. Nilgün Kazancı, nilgunkazanci@gmail.com] ÖZ 1. Bu çalışmada, 1991 ve 1992 yılları arasında Ankara Çayı ve kollarındaki 11 istasyonun Simuliidae faunası araştırılmıştır. 2. Çalışma sonucunda, 11 istasyondan 3 cinse (Prosimulium, Simulium and Wilhelmia) ait 9 tür (Prosimulium tomosvaryi, Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes, Simulium (Simulium) argenteostriatum, Simulium (Simulium) bezzii, Simulium (Simulium) ornatum, Simulium (Simulium) trifasciatum, Simulium (Wilhelmia) balcanicum, Simulium (Wilhelmia) lineatum, Simulium (Wilhelmia) pseudequinum) kaydedilmiştir. 3. Ankara Çayı ve kolları evsel, endüstriyel ve tarımsal kirliliğin etkisi altındadır. Bu kirlilik nedeniyle, Simuliidae türleri olumsuz şekilde etkilenmektedir. Bu nedenle, gerekli önlemlerin alınması büyük önem taşımaktadır. ANAHTAR KELİMELER: Akarsu, Ankara Çayı, fauna, habitat bozulması, kara sinekler, kirlilik, Simuliidae, su kalitesi, tür, Türkiye. 158

3 The distribution of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species in Ankara Stream (Turkey) INTRODUCTION Simuliidae is a family of Diptera order with approximately 2163 species (2,151 living and 12 fossil) described species worldwide (Adler and Crosskey 2014). The larvae and pupae of blackflies are widespread and regular members of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of lotic ecosystems (Feld 2005 and Zhang et al. 1998). They inhabit most types of running waters and play a key role in running water ecosystems (Zhang et al. 1998). The densities of blackfly larvae and pupae are affected by various environmental variables and hydromorphological conditions of running waters (Lautenschlager and Kiel 2005, Kazancı 2006). Species of this family are highly sensitive to environmental changes (Feld et al. 2002). Ankara Stream is one of the most important tributaries of the Sakarya River. Altough the stream has been contaminated mainly by sewage and industrial waste water, it is an important freshwater source for the city of Ankara. The benthic macroinvertebrates of Ankara Stream are studied by Girgin and Kazancı 1994, Kazancı and Girgin 1996, Girgin 1997, Girgin et al. 1997, Girgin and Kazancı 1997, Kazancı et al. 1997, Kazancı and Girgin 1998, Girgin et al. 2003, Girgin and Kazancı 2006, Girgin et al The objectives of the present study are to determine the Simuliidae fauna of Ankara Stream and tributaries and to determine species distribution in relation to aquatic habitat quality. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simuliidae individuals together with other benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from 6 sites between 1991 and The 6 sites are situated in Ankara Stream and tributaries. Samples of Site 1 were collected at two different months. Samples of Site 9 (May 92) and Site 18 were collected at three different months. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected by a standard pond net. Simuliidae larvae were preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol and were identified to species level. The names and collection dates of investigated sites were given in Table

4 ÖZGE BAŞÖREN, NİLGÜN KAZANCI AND SÖNMEZ GİRGİN Table 1. Investigated sites and dates of Ankara Stream and tributaries. Site No. Site Name Sampling Dates 1 Kocaçay, Çubuk ; Çubuk II Dam Outlet, Çavundur Bayındır Stream, Bayındır Dam Inlet ; ; Hatip Stream Pazar Stream, Kurtboğazı Dam Inlet Zir Stream, Yenikent ; ; RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As a result of this study, nine species (Prosimulium tomosvaryi (Enderlein 1921), Simulium (Eusimulium) angustipes Edwards 1915, Simulium (Simulium) argenteostriatum Strobl 1898, Simulium (Simulium) bezzii (Corti 1914), Simulium (Simulium) ornatum Meigen 1818, Simulium (Simulium) trifasciatum Curtis 1839, Simulium (Wilhelmia) balcanicum (Enderlein 1924), Simulium (Wilhelmia) lineatum (Meigen 1804), Simulium (Wilhelmia) pseudequinum Seguy 1921) belonging to three genera (Prosimulium, Simulium and Wilhelmia) were identified from 11 collecting sites. The distribution of the Simuliidae species in Ankara Stream is given in Table 2. The highest species number obtained (3 species) in Site 9 (July 92) and Site 18 (July 92). Prosimulium tomosvaryi shows a European-Trans-Caucasian distribution (Seitz 1992). It prefers mainly betamesosaprobic and alphamesosaprobic environments (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 1 (May 92), Site 9 (May 92) and Site 14. The water qualities of Site 14, Site 9 (May 92) were alphamesosaprobic and Site 1 (May 92) was betamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). In Turkey, Prosimulium tomosvaryi is known from Büyük Melen River, Sakarya River Basin and Eastern Black Sea region (Şirin 2002, Crosskey and Zwick 2007, Kazancı and Ertunç 2008a, Başören and Kazancı 2013). Simulium (E.) angustipes lives in small and nutrient-rich waters (Lechthaler and Car 2005). This species is wide-spread all over Europe (Crosskey and Howard 2004). It prefers mainly betamesosaprobic environments but it might also be encountered in alphamesosaprobic and oligosaprobic environments (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 18 (November 92). The water quality of this site was alphamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). 160

5 The distribution of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species in Ankara Stream (Turkey) Table 2. The distribution of the Simuliidae species in Ankara Stream and tributaries Site 1 Site 1 Site 2 Site 9 Site 9 Site 9 Site 11 Site 4 Site 18 Site 18 Site Prosimulium tomosvaryi * * * S. (E.) angustipes * S. (S.) argenteostriatum * S. (S.) bezzii * * * S. (S.) ornatum * S. (S.) trifasciatum * * S. (W.) balcanicum * * S. (W.) lineatum * * S. (W.) pseudequinum * * * Total species

6 ÖZGE BAŞÖREN, NİLGÜN KAZANCI AND SÖNMEZ GİRGİN In Turkey, Simulium (E.) angustipes is known from Yedigöller National Park, Sakarya River Basin, Yeşilırmak River Basin (Şirin 2002, Ertunç 2009, Kazancı and Ertunç 2010, Başören (Ertunç) and Kazancı 2011, Başören (Ertunç) and Kazancı 2012). Simulium (S.) argenteostriatum mostly lives on stones in fast-flowing running water (Lechthaler and Car 2005). It is generally found in oligosaprobic and xenosaprobic environments (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 1 (May 92). The water quality of this site was betamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). In Turkey, it is known from Yeşilırmak River Basin (Kazancı and Ertunç 2010). Simulium (S.) bezzii prefers eutrophic waters and lives in medium sized rivers (Lechthaler and Car 2005). It can survive in physically degraded habitats (Kazancı 2006, Kazancı and Ertunç 2010). This species is a typical Mediterranean species (Lechthaler and Car 2005). It prefers oligosaprobic, betamesosaprobic and alphamesosaprobic environments (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 2, Site 9 (June 92) and Site 9 (July 92). The water qualities of these sites were alphamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). In Turkey, it is known from Ceyhan River Basin, Fırat River Basin, Göksu River Basin, Kızılırmak River Basin, Büyük Menderes River Basin, Çoruh River Basin (Rize Province, Ovit Mountain), Yuvarlakçay Stream (Köyceğiz Basin), Yeşilırmak River Basin and Sakarya River Basin (Clergue-Gazeau and Kazancı 1992, Şirin 2002, Crosskey and Zwick 2007, Kazancı and Ertunç 2008a,b, Kazancı and Ertunç 2010, Başören (Ertunç) and Kazancı 2012, Başören and Kazancı 2012). Simulium (S.) ornatum can survive in polluted waters (Cupina et al. 2003). Furthermore, this species can be found in clean waters (Lechthaler and Car 2005). Substrate structure, water temperature and water discharge are not important for distribution of this species (Bernotiene 2006). This species is one of the most widespread blackfly species of Europe (Crosskey and Howard 2004) and it can be found all over the Palaearctic region. Its habitat preference is mostly alphamesosaprobic and betamesosaprobic habitats (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 2. The water quality of this site was alphamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). In Turkey, it is known from Fırat River Basin, Göksu River Basin, Büyük Menderes River Basin, Namnam Stream (Köyceğiz Basin), Yeşilırmak River Basin, Köyceğiz Protected Area (Muğla Province), Yedigöller National Park, Sakarya River Basin and Eastern Black Sea region (Clergue-Gazeau and Kazancı 1992, Şirin 2002, Ertunç et al. 2008, Crosskey and 162

7 The distribution of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species in Ankara Stream (Turkey) Zwick 2007, Kazancı and Ertunç 2008a, b, Ertunç 2009, Kazancı and Ertunç 2010, Başören (Ertunç) and Kazancı 2011, 2012, Başören and Kazancı 2012). Simulium (S.) trifasciatum prefers high oxygen content and high current velocity (Scheder and Waringer 2002). It lives in small streams during spring and autumn (Bass 1998). This species is distributed almost all over Europe (Crosskey and Howard 2004). It is generally found in oligosaprobic and betamesosaprobic environments (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 9 (July 92) and Site 11. The water qualities of these sites were alphamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). In Turkey, it is known from Çoruh River Basin, Köyceğiz Protected Area (Muğla Province), Yedigöller National Park, Sakarya River Basin and Yeşilırmak River Basin (Ertunç et al. 2008, Kazancı and Ertunç 2008a, b, Ertunç 2009, Kazancı and Ertunç 2010, Başören (Ertunç) and Kazancı 2011, 2012, Başören and Kazancı 2012). Simulium (W.) balcanicum inhabits small running waters (Rubtsov 1990). According to Stangler and Halgos (2007), it is thermophilic species and it survives in degraded environments. This species distributes from Central to Eastern Europe (Crosskey and Howard 2004). It prefers mainly betamesosaprobic and alphamesosaprobic environments (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 1 (November 92) and Site 18 (July 92). The water quality of Site 1 (November 92) was betamesosaprobic and Site 18 (July 92) was alphamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). In Turkey, it is known from Büyük Menderes River Basin, Kızılırmak River Basin, Yeşilırmak River Basin, Sakarya River Basin, Yedigöller National Park and Eastern Black Sea region (Şirin 2001, Crosskey and Zwick 2007, Kazancı and Ertunç 2008a, b, Ertunç 2009, Kazancı and Ertunç 2010, Başören (Ertunç) and Kazancı 2011, 2012). Başören and Kazancı 2013). Simulium (W.) lineatum prefers mostly medium-sized and sand-bottom lowland rivers, and its habitat is hydromorphologically undisturbed sites (Feld 2005). This species is reported from most parts of Europe (Lechthaler and Car 2005). It prefers mainly betamesosaprobic environments but it occurs also in alphamesosaprobic environments (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 18 (April 92) and Site 18 (July 92). The water qualities of these sites were alphamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). In Turkey, it is known from Büyük Menderes River Basin, Çoruh River Basin (Artvin Province), Kızılırmak River Basin, Yeşilırmak River Basin, Sakarya River Basin, Köyceğiz 163

8 ÖZGE BAŞÖREN, NİLGÜN KAZANCI AND SÖNMEZ GİRGİN Protected Area (Muğla Province), Yedigöller National Park and Eastern Black Sea region (Şirin 2001, 2002, Ertunç et al. 2008, Kazancı and Ertunç 2008a,b, Ertunç 2009, Kazancı and Ertunç 2010, Başören (Ertunç) and Kazancı 2011, 2012, Başören and Kazancı 2013). Simulium (W.) pseudequinum can live in a wide range of habitats and it is able to resist high water temperatures (Feld et al. 2002, Lautenschlager and Kiel 2005). This species shows an East-West European distribution and it is a common species in the southern Palaearctic region (Crosskey and Howard 2004). It prefers mainly betamesosaprobic and alphamesosaprobic environments (Car et al. 1995). This species was collected from Site 9 (July 92), Site 18 (July 92) and Site 18 (November 92). The water qualities of these sites were alphamesosaprobic (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). In Turkey, it is known from Altındere Stream (Trabzon Province, Maçka), Büyük Menderes River Basin, Çoruh River Basin, Kızılırmak River Basin, Fırat River Basin, Yeşilırmak River Basin, Namnam Stream, Sakarya River Basin, Seyhan River Basin, Köyceğiz Protected Area (Muğla Province), Zamantı River, Yedigöller National Park and Eastern Black Sea region (Clergue-Gazeau and Kazancı 1992, Şirin 2001, 2002, Crosskey and Zwick 2007, Ertunç et al. 2008, Kazancı and Ertunç 2008a,b, Ertunç 2009, Kazancı and Ertunç 2010, Başören (Ertunç) and Kazancı 2011, 2012, Başören and Kazancı 2013). CONCLUSION Eleven sites located on the Ankara Stream and its tributaries were characterized as betamesosaprobic and alphamesosaprobic and habitat characteristics of sites were suitable for 9 species (Prosimulium tomosvaryi, Simulium (E.) angustipes, Simulium (S.) argenteostriatum, Simulium (S.) bezzii, Simulium (S.) ornatum, Simulium (S.) trifasciatum, Simulium (W.) balcanicum, Simulium (W.) lineatum and Simulium (W.) pseudequinum). In other words, Blackfly (Diptera, Simuliidae) communities that inhabit Ankara Stream and tributaries include mainly betamesosaprobic and alphamesosaprobic species. Site 2, Site 1 (May 92) and Site 1 (November 92) closest to the headwater were affected by domestic waste and agricultural pollution. Site 11 was contaminated by the wastes of a milk factory. This site was also affected by domestic and agricultural pollution. Site 14, Site 9 (May 92), Site 9 (June 92) and Site 9 (July 92) were affected by domestic waste and by agricultural pollution. There is no major industrial waste in this area. Site 18 (April 92), Site 18 (July 92) and Site 18 (November 92) were contaminated by the wastes of a integrated meat plant and by fertilizers (Girgin and Kazancı 1994). 164

9 The distribution of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species in Ankara Stream (Turkey) The environmental impacts of intense and increasing pollution are observed in Ankara Stream and its tributaries. Accordingly, community structures of Simuliidae and other benthic macroinvertebrates were negatively affected by this pollution. Therefore, treating the wastes from factories and from other plants which cause pollution has great importance and more research is required to prevent this situation. REFERENCES Adler, P. H. and Crosskey, R. W., World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory. Başören (Ertunç) Ö. and Kazancı, N., The distributional data of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species in some streams of Yedigöller National Park (Bolu, Turkey). Review of Hydrobiology, 4, 2: Başören (Ertunç) Ö. and Kazancı, N., Clustering of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) species and sampling sites according to their similarities by using the UPGMA method. Review of Hydrobiology, 5,1: Başören, Ö. and Kazancı, N., Contribution to the knowledge of Simuliidae (Diptera, Insecta) fauna of Turkey: Eastern Black Sea Region. Review of Hydrobiology, 5,2: Başören, Ö. and Kazancı, N., Additional species records of Simuliidae (Insecta, Diptera) fauna of Eastern Blacksea Region (Turkey). Review of Hydrobiology, 6,1: Bernotiene, R., On the distribution of black fly larvae in small lowland rivers in Lithuania. Acta entomologica Serbica, 11: Car, M., Mohrig, W., Moog, O., Oosterbroek, P., Reusch, H., Wagner, R. and Zwick, P., Diptera (except Chironomidae) (authors depending on family). In: Moog, O. (Ed.): Fauna Aquatica Austriaca, Lieferungen 1995, Wasserwirtschaftskataster, Bundesministerium für Land-und Forstwirtschaft, Umwelt und Wasserwirtschaft, Wien. Clergue-Gazeau, M. and Kazancı N., Simuliidae (Insecta:Diptera) of Turkey II. An ecological approach of species collected from various running water ecosystems. Hacettepe Bulletin of Natural Sciences and Engineering, 13: Crosskey, R. W. and Howard, T. M., A Revised Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London. Crosskey, R. W. and Zwick, H., New Faunal Records with Taxonomic Annotations for the Blackflies of Turkey (Diptera: Simuliidae). Aquatic Insects, 29: 1,

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