KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ

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2 ISSN KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ VETERİNER FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ THE JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF KAFKAS CİLT VOLUME 16 SAYI NUMBER 4 YIL YEAR 2010

3 This journal is indexed and abstracted by Thomson Reuters Services beginning with Volume 13 (1) 2007 in the followings: Science Citation Index Expanded (also known as SciSearch ) Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition This journal is also indexed and abstracted in: CAB Abstracts ULAKBIM-TUBITAK YAZIŞMA ADRESİ (ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE) Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi Editörlüğü Kars / TÜRKİYE Phone: /1244 Fax: vetdergi@kafkas.edu.tr ELEKTRONİK BASKI (ELECTRONIC EDITION) ISSN: ONLINE MAKALE GÖNDERME (ONLINE SUBMISSION)

4 Bu dergi Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi tarafından iki ayda bir yayımlanır. This journal is published bi-monthly, by the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Adına Sahibi (OWNER) Prof.Dr. Şahin ASLAN Dekan (Dean) EDİTÖR (EDITOR-IN-CHIEF) Prof.Dr. İsa ÖZAYDIN YABANCI DİL EDİTÖRLERİ (ENGLISH EDITORS) Prof.Dr. H. Metin ERDOĞAN Doç.Dr. Ahmet ÜNVER EDİTÖR YARDIMCILARI (ASSOCIATE EDITORS) Prof.Dr. Çiğdem ALTINSAAT Doç.Dr. Mehmet ÇİTİL Doç.Dr. Özgür AKSOY Yrd.Doç.Dr. Erdoğan UZLU Yrd.Doç.Dr. Oktay ÖZKAN YÜRÜTME KURULU (EXECUTIVE BOARD) Prof.Dr. Nurhayat GÜLMEZ Prof.Dr. Abdullah DOĞAN Prof.Dr. Kemal IRMAK Prof.Dr. Sami ÖZCAN Prof.Dr. Yavuz ÖZTÜRKLER Prof.Dr. İsmail KAYA Doç.Dr. Hakan KOCAMIŞ DİZGİ (COMPOSITION) Dr. Pınar DEMİR BASKI (PRINT) ESER OFSET - ERZURUM Prof.Dr. Kemal AK Prof.Dr. Belma ALABAY Prof.Dr. Mustafa ALİŞARLI Prof.Dr. Feray ALKAN Prof.Dr. Metin BAYRAKTAR Prof.Dr. Burhan ÇETİNKAYA Prof.Dr. Hüdaverdi ERER Prof.Dr. Gül ERGÜN Prof.Dr. Ayhan FİLAZİ Prof.Dr. O. Sacit GÖRGÜL Prof.Dr. Ekrem GÜREL Prof.Dr. Tolga GÜVENÇ Prof.Dr. Ali İŞMEN Prof.Dr. Hakkı İZGÜR Prof.Dr. Zafer KARAER Prof.Dr. Arif KURTDEDE Prof.Dr. Erdoğan KÜÇÜKÖNER Prof.Dr. Kamil ÖCAL Prof.Dr. Metin PETEK Prof.Dr. Engin SAKARYA Prof.Dr. Berrin SALMANOĞLU Prof.Dr. Nesrin SULU Prof.Dr. Ş. Doğan TUNCER Prof.Dr. Halis YERLİKAYA DANIŞMA KURULU (ADVISORY BOARD) İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi

5 Bu Sayının Hakem Listesi (alfabetik sıra) The Referees List of This Issue (in alphabetical order) AKBAŞ Yavuz AKSOY Özgür AKYÜZ Bilal ALP Müjdat ATALAN Gültekin AVKİ Sırrı AYHAN Veysel BAYDAN Emine BAYTOK Erol BELGE Ali BEŞOLUK Kamil BİLDİK Ayşegül BÖRKÜ Kazım CİRİT Ümüt ÇAKIROĞLU Duygu ÇİÇEK Hasan ÇİTİL Mehmet ÇOLAK Armağan ÇOYAN Kenan DEMİR Hıdır DEMİRKAN İbrahim DÖNMEZ Nurcan DUMANLI Nazir ERDOĞAN Hidayet Metin ERTAŞ Hasan Basri EYDURAN Ecevit FIRAT İbrahim GICIK Yunus GÜLBAHAR M. Yavuz GÜLER Mehmet GÜNAY Ülgen GÜNLÜ Aytekin GÜRLER Ayşe Menteş HATİPOĞLU Fatih IRMAK Kemal KAHRAMAN Müfit KAMİLOĞLU Alkan KAR Sırrı KARA Murat KARAPEHLİVAN Mahmut KEÇECİ Tufan KILIÇ Engin KIRMIZIBAYRAK Turgut KOCABAĞLI Neşe KUL Oğuz KÜPLÜLÜ ŞÜKRÜ MERAL Yücel NALBANTOĞLU Serpil OKUMUŞ Zafer OTLU Salih ÖGE Hatice ÖGE Semih ÖZDAŞ Özen Banu ÖZER Kürşat ÖZGEL Özcan ÖZTÜRK Savaş PANCARCI Şükrü Metin SAÇAKLI Pınar SEL Tevhide ŞAHAL Mehmet ŞAHİN Gönül ŞAHİN Mitat TİLKİ Muammer TUNCA Recai UYSAL Abdülkadir ÜNSALDI Emine ÜNVER Ahmet VURAL Rıfat VURAL Sevil Atalay YARDIMCI Cenk YAŞAR Aşkın YILDIZ Gültekin Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Zootekni Anabilim Dalı İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dölerme ve Suni Tohumlama Anabilim Dalı Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Sağlığı Ekonomisi ve İşletme Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Doğum ve Jinekoloji Anabilim Dalı Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dölerme ve Suni Tohumlama Anabilim Dalı İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Zootekni Anabilim Dalı Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Fizyoloji Anabilim Dalı Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı Iğdır Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Besin Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi Anabilim Dalı Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dölerme ve Suni Tohumlama Anabilim Dalı Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Sağlığı Ekonomisi ve İşletme Anabilim Dalı Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Veteriner Hekimliği Tarihi ve Deontoloji Anabilim Dalı Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Biyoloji Bölümü Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Fizyoloji Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Zootekni Anabilim Dalı İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Vetreriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Doğum ve Jinekoloji Anabilim Dalı Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı Atatürk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dölerme ve Suni Tohumlama Anabilim Dalı İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Anatomi Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Doğum ve Jinekoloji Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Farmasötik Toksikoloji Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Zootekni ve Hayvan Besleme Anabilim Dalı Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji ve Hayvan Besleme Anabilim Dalı İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Fırat Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobyoloji Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Doğum ve Jinekoloji Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Patoloji Anabilim Dalı Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Cerrahi Anabilim Dalı Selçuk Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Deontoloji Anabilim Dalı Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı

6 İÇİNDEKİLER (CONTENTS) ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ (RESEARCH ARTICLES) Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Trends of 305-day Milk Yield for Simmentals Reared in Kazova State Farm in Turkey ULUTAS Z, SEZER M, SAATCI M, SAHIN A... Effects of Nonylphenol on Growth Parameters and Antioxidant Defense System in Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) AVCI G, UGUZ C, BAYRAM I, ERDOGAN M, KUCUKKURT I, DOSAY AKBULUT M, OZDEMIR M, LENGER OF, ISCAN M, TOGAN I... The Histologic Evaluation of Atorvastatin and Melatonin Treatment on Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis of Diabetic Rat Pancreas GURPINAR T, EKERBICER N, UYSAL HARZADIN N, BARUT T, TARAKCI F, TUGLU MI... The Effects of Lower Supplementation Levels of Organically Complexed Minerals (Zinc, Copper and Manganese) Versus Inorganic Forms on Hematological and Biochemical Parameters in Broilers SARIPINAR AKSU D, AKSU T, OZSOY B... Siyah Alaca ve Esmer Sığırlarda Fazla Meme Başı Sayısına Ait Gen Frekansı, Kalıtım Derecesi ve Süt Verimi ile İlişkileri KAYGISIZ A... Sığır Mastitislerinden İzole Edilen Stafilokoklarda Metisilin Direnci ve Slaym Pozitifliği KAYNARCA S, TURKYILMAZ S... Clinical and Surgical Evaluation of Perineal Hernia in 41 Dogs PEKCAN Z, BESALTI O, SIRIN YS, CALISKAN M... Plasma β-carotene, Vitamin A and Vitamin C Levels in Cyclic and Pregnant Cows ATAMAN MB, ERDEM H, BULBUL B, HALILOGLU S, CINAR M, AKOZ M... Kars İli Süt Sanayi İşletmelerinde Üretim ve Sanayi Entegrasyonunun Ekonomik ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Analizi DEMIR P, ARAL S... Influence of Tarantula cubensis Extract on the Treatment of the Oral Lesions in Cattle with Bluetongue Disease ALBAY MK, SAHINDURAN S, KALE M, KARAKURUM MC, SEZER K... Protective Role of Lycopene on Aflatoxin B1 Induced Changes Sperm Characteristics and Testicular Damages in Rats TAS M, GUNEY SARUHAN B, KURT D, YOKUS B, DENLI M... Şanlıurfa Bölgesi nde Atlarda Taylorella equigenitalis in Kültür ve PCR Yöntemi ile Saptanması TEL OY, KESKIN O, ZONTURLU AK, DAKMAN A, YURDAYDIN N... Koyun ve Sığır Örneklerinden Arcanobacterium pyogenes İzolasyonu ve Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu ile İdentifikasyonu HADIMLI HH, ERGANIS O, KAV K, SAYIN Z... Treatment Results of Traumatic Injuries in 20 Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus): A Retrospective Study NISBET HO, OZAK A, YARDIMCI C, SIRIN YS... Morphologic Features of the Interdigital Sinus of the Tuj Sheep ASLAN K, KURTUL I, NAZLI M, ATES S... İvermektin in Sığır Deri Papillomatozisinde Tedavi Etkinliği KIRMIZIGUL AH, GOKCE E, SOZMEN M, YILDIRIM Y, BEYTUT E... Sayfa (Page)

7 Clinical, Pathological, Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Observations on Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma in Five Goats OZMEN O, SAHINDURAN S, HALIGUR M, DEMIR N... An Investigation on Serum Troponin Concentration in Healthy Ruminants BASBUGAN Y, AGAOGLU Z, YUKSEK N... Türkiye de Pet Hayvanlarının Saldırgan Davranışları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme YIGIT A, TURKMENOGLU E... Methicillin Resistance Among Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci Isolated from Dogs with Otitis Externa, Skin Wounds and Pyoderma OZTURK D, AVKI S, TURUTOGLU H, YIGITARSLAN K, SAGNAK S... Kars ve Ardahan Yöresinde Kış Mevsiminde Atlarda Babesia caballi ve Theileria equi nin Seroprevalansı SARI B, KIRMIZIGUL AH, DENIZ A, TASCI GT... Trichostrongylosis in Cattle from South Marmara Region of Turkey: Assessment of Various Factors Related to Faecal Egg Counts SENLIK B, CIRAK VY, AKYOL V, TINAR R... KISA BİLDİRİ (SHORT COMMUNICATION) Sayfa (Page) Eimeria Species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from Anatolian Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus) in Turkey UTUK AE, SIMSEK S, KOROGLU E, DUMANLI N OLGU SUNUMU (CASE REPORT) Melez Bir Dağ Keçisinde Kistik Hydatidosis ve Moleküler Karakterizasyonu UTUK AE, PISKIN FC... Bir Köpekte Eş Zamanlı Seyreden Ovaryan Remnant Sendromu, Bulaşıcı Veneral Tümör ve Stump Pyometra Olgusu SONTAS H, ALTUN D, TURNA YILMAZ O, ARUN S, SENUNVER A, EKICI H... Rectocutaneous Fistula in A Cat: A Case Report KILIC N, YAYGINGUL R DERLEME (REVIEW) İnülinin Kanatlı Beslemede Kullanılması KESER O, BILAL T... Hayvan Beslemede β-karoten Kullanılması ve Etkilerii AYASAN T, KARAKOZAK E EDİTÖRE MEKTUP (LETTER TO EDITOR) Gastric Rupture in A Horse KASAP S, SALCI H, KENNERMAN E, ALASONYALILAR A, YILMAZ R... Coonhound Paralysis in A Dog GAZYAGCI S, DOGRU T

8 Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 16 (4): , 2010 DOI: /kvfd RESEARCH ARTICLE Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic Trends of 305-day Milk Yield for Simmentals Reared in Kazova State Farm in Turkey Zafer ULUTAŞ * Metin SEZER ** Mustafa SAATCI *** Aziz ŞAHİN * * Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Zootekni, TR Tokat - TÜRKİYE ** Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Meslek Yüksekokulu Ev ve Deney Hayvanları Yetiştiriciliği Programı, TR Karaman - TÜRKİYE *** Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi, Zootekni, TR Burdur - TÜRKİYE Makale Kodu (Article Code): KVFD Summary This study was conducted to estimate breeding values of 232 Simmental cows for 305-day milk yield calved between 1990 to Breeding values were obtained for animals by using individual animal model. Although, phenotypic values of 305 day milk yield showed a smooth increasing trend in the examined period, genetic trend has not shown a substantial trend among the years, generally an irregular fluctuation was observed. It is concluded that there was not any standard selection programme in the evaluated Simmental herd reared in Kazova state farm. Keywords: Breeding value, Genetic trend, Milk yield, Simmental Özet Kazova Tarım İşletmesinde Yetiştirilen Simentallerde 305 Gün Süt Verimi Yönünden Genetik ve Fenotipik Yönelim Araştırmada, Kazova Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştiriciliği yapılan ve yılları arasında buzağılayan 232 Simmental ineğin 305-gün süt verimi bakımından damızlık değeri tahmin edilmiştir. Hayvanlara ait damızlık değerleri bireysel hayvan modeli ile tahmin edilmiştir. 305-gün süt verimine ait fenotipik değerler düz bir artış eğiliminde olmasına rağmen, genetik yönelim yıllar arasında dalgalı bir seyir takip etmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Kazova Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştirilen Simmental ırkı sığırlar için standart bir seleksiyon programı uygulanmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Anahtar sözcükler: Damızlık değeri, Genetik yönelim, Süt verimi, Simmental INTRODUCTION Milk is the source of nutrients and immunological protection for the calves and its production continues for an average of 305 days. Traditionally, aggregated 305 day milk yield has been used as the breeding goal for production in dairy cattle. The 305 day milk yield has been estimated from individual test-day records 1 that are usually taken at monthly intervals. Additionally, genetic evaluation of dairy system including sires and cows are generally based on 305 day lactation yields. These applications show that, 305 day milk yield is a significant measurement for cattle milk industry. During the lactation period quite large amount of milk is produced considering the calf only needs for growth. This exceeded amount of milk play an important role in human life for nutritional and economical sides. Therefore genetic aspects of milk yield become vital for the producers and high milk yield has been the primary selection emphasis in dairy breeding 2,3. Being an İletişim (Correspondence) /2181 zulutas@gop.edu.tr

9 534 Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic... economic trait for selection in dairy cattle it makes the milk yield essential for both farmers and researchers. Precise estimates of genetic parameters are required for the prediction of breeding values using mixed models or selection indices 4. In addition, animal breeders use breeding values to predict genetic progress 5. Especially following the applications of new techniques during the last decades, selection supported with breeding values which were estimated by Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP), brought better input on the genetic values of dairy cows 6,7. Yang et al. 8 used the similar analyzing methods and reported the strong genetic correlations between the milk traits and heritabilities ranging from 0.28 to 0.32 for the 305 day milk yield in Simmental cows reared in China. Ilahi and Kadarmideen 9 employed the same analyzing method to estimate the variance components and heritabilities of milk flow for Holstein, Brown Swiss and Simmental cows. Heritability values for milk traits including 305 day milk yield (0.34) were also reported for the Croatian Simmental dairy cattle by Kaps and Spehar 10. They additionally calculated the mean breeding values of the herd according to evaluated years to define the genetic trend as aimed in this study. Comparable calculations were made using a simplified analyzing method for 305 day milk traits in Italian Simmentals 11. Özkan and Güneş 12 studied on the Simmental population which was reared in Kayseri city, Türkiye, they defined the environmental factors effecting on milk traits without dealing with genetic parameters. Additive and non-additive genetic variances were studied in detail for the Simmental s milk yields in Austria and showed the importance of variance components to calculate the genetic parameters 13. Nearly 50% of Turkey s cattle population is consisted of European originated cattle (Holstein, Brown Swiss, Simmental, Jersey) and their crosses. Simmental has a special place among them with more meat producing capacity besides the milk yield on Anatolian highlands. Therefore many breeders, especially in east part of the country, prefer Simmentals. It is a reality that, recording is essential to apply the new techniques in modern livestock breeding but only cattle reared in state farms and limited numbers of private farms have records for milk production. Hence, limited recording practice in the industry restricts the application of new techniques, such as BLUP, on the animal population. It was clearly demonstrated in the above explanations that estimating the breeding values for milk yield are the most important steps for the future progress of the sector. Therefore the aim of this study was to predict the breeding values of 305 day milk yield for Simmental cows reared in Kazova state farm between 1990 and MATERIAL and METHODS Data Data consisted of lactation records of 232 cows born from 1987 and onwards and calved between 1990 to Pedigree information and the data used in this study were obtained from the Kazova state farm. Prior to analyses, abnormal records affected by diseases or abortion and animals having calving interval less than 310 and greater then 650 days, and lactation length less then 220 and greater then 550 days were excluded from the data set. Additionally, parities more than 5 were also removed form the data set due to less number of observations. The calving months were grouped into four seasons: December to February (winter), March to May (spring), June to August (summer), and September to November (autumn). After editing, the data set consisted of 691 multiple lactation records (up to parity 5) on 232 cows which are daughters of 67 sires. Milk records were pre-adjusted for 305-day lactation length. Characteristics of the data set are given in Table 1. Table 1. Characteristics of the data set used for genetic parameter estimates Tablo 1. Genetik parametrelerin tahmininde kullanılan veri setinin özellikleri Description Total Records in data 691 Cows in data 232 Sires in data 67 Dams in data 163 Animals in pedigree 407 Years ( ) 11 Seasons 4 Lactation classes 5 Statistical Analyses Preliminary analyses were conducted for 305-day milk yield to identify the significant fixed effects, eliminating non significant terms by backwards elimination until all factors were significant (P<0.05) using a General Linear Model 14. The final model included the fixed effects of calving year, calving season and parity. Estimates of breeding values of 305-day milk yield were obtained by Restricted Maximum Likelihood fitting an animal model and utilising all pedigree information using the program ASREML 15. The following was used for the analyses. Yijklm = μ+ cmi + cyj+ lk+βjage(lk)+al+pl+eijklm Where, Yijklm is the observation of cow milk yield; al is the random direct additive genetic effect of lth animal; pl is the random permanent environmental

10 535 ULUTAŞ, SEZER, SAATCI, ŞAHİN effect lth animal; cmi is the effects of calving season (1,..,4); cyj is the effects of calving year (1990,..,2000); lk is the effects of lactation (1,..,5); βj is the regression coefficient for age at calving (Age) nested within lactation k (lk); and eijklm the random residual term. Genetic trends of cows were estimated by averaging the estimated breeding values (EBVs) by birth year of cows and regressing the averages against year of birth. Because of the insufficient numbers in the years 1990 and 1991, they were combined in 1992 (Figs. 1 and 2). RESULTS As seen from Table 1, a suitable data set for phenotypic and genetic analyses was used. Comparisons among the years in terms of 305 day milk yield were made and the detected trend was demonstrated in Fig. 1. The smallest amount was in the year of 1993, after this time a constant increase was continued up to year substantial tendency among the years, generally an irregular fluctuation was observed. But a promising positive trend was detected after the year of 1997 and the highest mean EBV was found in the last year. DISCUSSION Used data and analyzing methods gave an opportunity to make a comparison between the evaluated years. According to phenotypic values of 305 day milk yield, a smooth increasing trend was observed in the examined period as shown in Fig. 1, but in the year of 2000 a tiny decrease was also detected. This trend might be accepted as a reflection of the management system and the characteristics of the herd. Similar trends for milk production were also reported by many authors Little differences of milk yield in the successive years may also show that any selection was not applied on the herd to improve the milk yield. Therefore it can be said that milk Fig day milk yields during the years Şekil 1. Yıllara göre 305 gün süt verimi Fig 2. Breeding values and permanent environmental effects due to cow during the years Şekil 2. Yıllara göre damızlık değerleri ve inekten kaynaklanan daimi çevresel etkiler Estimated Breeding Values (EBS) for each animal was detected and the mean values of EBVs according to birth years were calculated. Similarly Permanent Environmental Effect due to Cow (PEEC) was also estimated according to years. Fig. 2 shows the mean cow breeding values and permanent environmental effect for birth year. Genetic and environmental trends have not shown a yield of the studied Simmental herd can be increased with management applications. Similar explanations about the 305 day milk yield for Simmental breed in various countries were made by Özkan and Güneş 12, Yang et al. 8 and Kaps and Spehar 10. These explanations were also supporting the effects of management techniques on animals according to evaluated years.

11 536 Estimation of Genetic and Phenotypic... Same instability was reported in the EBVs of milk yield for different cattle breeds This waving in the mean EBVs can be observed in many herds and it can be a reflection of applying management system which does not have a systematic selection. Similar trend was also defined in permanent environmental effect due to cow. The fluctuation in this parameter was sharper than the EBVs, because permanent environmental effect due to cow easily shows any environmental influence on milk yield. This sharp waving among the years also shows the non-stability in the management system. As can be seen in the figures, an increase in the Fig. 2 for permanent environmental effect after the year 1999 caused a decrease in milk yield in year 2000 (Fig. 1). This influence might be accepted as a negative environmental effect on milk production by cows originated from management faults. The obtained parameters for estimated breeding values, permanent environmental effects and 305 day milk yield, from the recorded data gave an opportunity to compare the phenotypic and genetic sides of the studied Simmental herd. This situation also shows that recorded data in livestock breeding can bring new applications to improve the production traits. Management systems in dairy herds can also be easily assessed with the confidently recorded datasets. It was evident from the trend analyses that there was no standard selection programme in the evaluated Simmental herd. This decision was also supported with the irregular trends among the examined years. Additionally, this study showed that recording systems are essential for the livestock breeding to be made reliable decisions. Therefore, breeders can be supported to keep the records of their livestock and only with this condition they can apply the new techniques, such as BLUP and selection based on EBV, on their animals. Simmental cows can be introduced to the new breeders in Turkey, with their genetically analyzed records with the support of these new techniques. REFERENCES 1. Jakobsen JH, Madsen, P Jensen J, Pedersen J, Christensen LG, Sorensen DA: Genetic parameters for milk production and persistency for Danish Holsteins estimated in random regression models using REML. J Dairy Sci, 85, , Strabel T, Szwaczkowski T: Additive genetic and permanent environmental variance components for test day milk traits in Black-White cattle. Livest Prod Sci, 48, 91-98, Dematawewa CMB, Berger PJ: Genetic and phenotypic parameters for 305-day yield, fertility, and survival in Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 81, , Chauhan VPS, Hayes JF: Genetic parameters traits for Holsteins for first lactation milk production and composition using multivariate restricted maximum likelihood. J Dairy Sci, 74, , Santus EC, Everett RW, Quaas RL, Galton DM: Genetic parameters of Italian Brown Swiss for levels of herd yield. J Dairy Sci, 76, , Beynhesk LL, Bertrand JK: National genetic improvement programmes in the United States beef industry. S Africa J Anim Sci, 20, , Bryan JGE, Wray NR, Crump R, Thompson R, Bond DG: Development and application of multi trait BLUP analysis to the UK Beef industry. Br Cattle Breed Club Digest, 47, 32-40, Yang RQ, Ren HY, Schaeffer LR, Xu SZ: Estimation of genetic parameters for lactational milk yields using two-dimensional random regressions on parities and days in milk in Chinese Simmental cattle. J Anim Breed Genet, 1, 49-55, Ilahi H, Kadarmideen HN: Bayesian segregation analysis of milk flow in Swiss dairy cattle using Gibbs sampling. Genet Selec Evol, 36, , Kaps M, Spehar M: Estimation of genetic parameters and breeding values of milk traits for Simmental cattle in Croatia using a lactation animal model. Agric Conspectus Scientificus, 69, 91-94, Macciotta NPP, Vicario D, Pulina G, Cappio-Borlino A: Test day and lactation yield predictions in Italian Simmental cows by ARMA methods. J Dairy Sci, 85, , Özkan M, Güneş H: Kayseri deki özel işletmelerde yetiştirilen Simmental s ğ rlar n süt verimi özellikleri üzerine araşt rmalar. Istanbul Univ Vet Fak Derg, 33 (3): 17-30, Fuerst C, Sölkner J: Additive and nonadditive genetic variances for milk yield, fertility, and lifetime performance traits of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 77 (4): , Minitab: Minitab reference manual. Release 12 for Windows. Minitab Inc, Gilmour AR, Cullis BR, Welham SJ, Thompson R: ASREML. NSW Agriculture Orange Australia, Powell RL, Wiggans GR: Animal model evaluations for Mexican Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 74, , Ptak E, Horst HS, Schaeffer LR: Interaction of age and month of calving with year of calving for production traits of Ontario Holsteins. J Dairy Sci, 76, , Khan MS, Shook GE: Effects of age on milk yield, Time trends and method of adjustment. J Dairy Sci, 79, , Ulutaş Z: Estimation of genetic and phenotypic trends of 305-day milk yield for Holsteins reared Gelemen State Farm in Turkey. Indian J Anim Sci, 72 (10): , Ojango JMK, Pollott GE: The relationship between Holstein bull breeding values for milk yield derived in both the UK and Kenya. Livest Prod Sci, 74, 1-12, Lidauer M, Mantysaari EA, Stranden I: Comparison of test-day models for genetic evaluation of production traits in dairy cattle. Livest Prod Sci, 79, 73-86, Takma Ç, Akbaş Y: Variance components and genetic parameter estimates using random regression models on test day milk yields of Holstein Friesians. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 15, , 2009.

12 Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 16 (4): , 2010 DOI: /kvfd RESEARCH ARTICLE Effects of Nonylphenol on Growth Parameters and Antioxidant Defense System in Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) [1] Gülcan AVCI * Cevdet UĞUZ ** İsmail BAYRAM *** Metin ERDOĞAN ** İsmail KÜÇÜKKURT * Mine DOSAY AKBULUT ** Mehmet ÖZDEMİR **** Ömer Faruk LENGER ** Mesude İŞCAN ***** İnci TOGAN ***** [1] Research was supported with a project numbered VHAG-1926 by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey in * Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversity, TR Afyonkarahisar - TÜRKİYE ** Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversity, TR Afyonkarahisar - TÜRKİYE *** Department of Animal Feeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversity, TR Afyonkarahisar - TÜRKİYE **** Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversity, TR Afyonkarahisar - TÜRKİYE ***** Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, TR Ankara - TÜRKİYE Makale Kodu (Article Code): KVFD Summary Alkylpehnol polyethoxylates (APEOs) and the derivatives of APEOs such as nonylphenol (NP) are generally used as anti-oxidants in many organic compounds including detergents, herbicides and pesticides. In this study, NP effects on growth, egg production and hatching in Japanese quails were investigated. Also, NP effects on plasma vitamin levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. NP does not affect body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio for growth (FCRG) in all experimental groups in growing chicks, while it cause a significant decrease in egg production (EP) (P<0.01). Also, the present study showed that NP concentrations, 10, 100 and 500 μg NP in ethanol (ETOH) /kg-feed, exposure cause an increase in β-carotene, Vitamin A and MDA levels (P<0.01). There is also significant rise in Vitamin C level induced by NP in all experimental groups (P<0.01). In conclusion, NP has dramatic effects on EP rate and anti-oxidant system in a concentration dependent manner in Japanese quails. Keywords: Nonylphenol, Egg production, Antioxidant, Vitamin, Lipid peroxidation Japon Bıldırcınlarında (Coturnix japonica) Büyüme Parametreleri ve Antioksidan Savunma Sistemine Nonilfenolün Etkileri Özet Alkilfenol polietoksilatlar (AFEO) bileşikleri ve nonilfenol (NF) gibi AFEO türevleri, deterjanlar, ot ve böcek ilaçlarını da içeren pek çok organik bileşikte, genellikle antioksidan olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Japon Bıldırcınlarında büyüme, yumurta üretimi ve kuluçka randımanı üzerine nonilfenol etkileri araştırıldı. Ayrıca, nonilfenolün plazma vitamin düzeyleri ve malondialdehit (MDA) üzerine etkileri belirlendi. NF büyüme dönemindeki tüm deney guruplarında canlı ağırlık artışı (BWG) ve yemden yararlanma oranını (FCRG) etkilemezken, yumurta üretiminde önemli bir azalmaya neden olmaktadır (P<0.01). Ayrıca, bu çalışmada etanolde çözünen nonilfenolün 10, 100 ve 500 μg NP/kg-yem konsantrasyonları β-karoten, Vitamin A ve MDA düzeylerinde bir artışa sebep olduğu (P<0.01) gözlenmiştir. Tüm deney gruplarındaki NF, Vitamin C düzeyinde önemli bir artışa neden olmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, konsantrasyona bağlı olarak NF Japon bıldırcınlarında EP oranını ve antioksidan sistemi dramatik bir şekilde etkilemektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Nonilfenol, Yumurta üretimi, Antioksidan, Vitamin, Lipid peroksidasyon İletişim (Correspondence) /133 cuguz@aku.edu.tr

13 538 Effects of Nonylphenol on Growth... INTRODUCTION Alkylphenolpolyethoxylates (APEs), commonly called estrogenic environmental endocrine disrupters, are widely used as non-ionic surfactants and anti-oxidants in detergents, herbicides, pesticides, paints, plasticware, emulsifiers and intra vaginal spermicides 1,2. APEs are produced about metric tons in a year around the world and it has been shown that 60% of this produced amount accumulated in the streams, rivers, lakes and seas around the world 3,4. APEs undergo biodegradation process to give short side chain derivatives such as nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and butylphenol (BP) in anaerobic conditions in water 5. APEs have been shown to have estrogenic 6, carcinogenic 7,8 and toxic effects 9 in both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Nonylphenol (NP), one of the most abundant derivatives of APEs, has been demonstrated to stay biologically active state for a longer period of time in the body than that of natural estrogen 10. A decade ago, it was believed that NP had been posing a direct threat to the health and fertility in aquatic organism, since the waste majority of NP is accumulated in the bodies of water around the world 4. NP accumulation in aquatic environment through the sewage and household effluent poses indirect threat to the terrestrial organism through the consumption of fish or by the addition of fish meal to the animal feed ration. It has been reported that dietary fish meal are used as substitute in poultry rations Furthermore, recent findings have indicated that APEs especially NP is ubiquitously found in terrestrial food including fresh fruits and vegetables 14,15, human milk 16,17, in aquatic as well as livestock products and in rice 18. The pathway for nonylphenol contamination of food was occur due to the use of cleaning agents in the food processing industries as well as application of pesticides 19. It has also been reported by Kawaguchi et al. 20 that 200 μg NP/kg-feed was extracted from feed samples of animals including poultry. These reports strongly suggest that APEs particularly NP poses serious direct threats on the health, reproduction and fertility of the terrestrial organisms through direct intake of NP along with fruits, vegetables, and rice and livestock products. Japanese quails were chosen as experimental animals in this study since they are fairly inexpensive and readily available in the market. Furthermore, they are good research model since they grow fast, reach sexual maturation very early and their eggs require very short incubation time for hatching, and finally they have small size for convenient handling and breeding. Japanese quails have been used in many NP related toxicological studies. For example, Razia et al. 21 reported that NP has suppressive effects on immune system and has estrogenic effects similar to 17β-estradiol on endocrine organs in Japanese quail embryo. Yoshimura and Fujita 22 also demonstrated that only a minor disorder occurs in the female reproductive tract of the F1 generation in Japanese quails treated with NP by intramuscular injection for 5 days. Although APEs or the derivatives of APEs such as NP are generally used as anti-oxidant in detergents or in other organic compounds outlined above, it has been reported by Chitra et al. 23 that NP causes a decrease antioxidant enzymes activities including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase, while causing an increase in the generation of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation. Uguz et al. 24,25 demonstrated that NP bioaccumulates and alters the activity of phase II enzyme glutathione-s-transferase [GST] in a dose and time dependent manner in the liver of rainbow trout. It has also been shown that man made estrogen-mimicking compounds commonly called xenobiotics and/or xenoestrogen such as NP could reduce the activity of antioxidant defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS) 26,27. Livingstone 28 reported that ROS could be generated in endogenous xenobiotic metabolism. Indeed, paranonylphenol and bisphenol A have been shown to stimulate the generation of ROS in striatum 29. Therefore, living organisms have evolved to develop a defense systems against oxidative damage including antioxidant scavengers and specific antioxidant enzymes namely catalase and glutathione peroxidase 30. This study was designed to determine the effects of nonylphenol, given orally by feed, on growth, egg production and hatching and its adverse effects on lipid peroxidation and vitamin levels in Japanese quails. MATERIAL and METHODS Chemicals 4-nonylphenol was purchased from Aldrich, Germany. Sodium tungustate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, ethanol, hexane, butylhydroxytoluene, retinol acetate, β-carotene sodium benzoate, sodium phosphate, hydrogen peroxide, uric acid, trichloroacetic acid, 2-thiobarbituric acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany). Ammonium iron (II) sulfate hexahydrate, EDTA, NaOH, L-ascorbic acid (Merck), acetic acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany).

14 539 AVCI, UĞUZ, BAYRAM, ERDOĞAN, KÜÇÜKKURT DOSAY AKBULUT, ÖZDEMİR, LENGER, İŞCAN, TOGAN Quails Japanese quail layers were purchased from Quails Research Unit from the Directorate of Agricultural Research Ministry of Agriculture, Konya and transferred to the Quail Research Unit, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Quails were then bred and maintained in the cages at the Research Unit in Afyonkarahisar Feed Factory. Nonylphenol Containing Feed Ration Preparation Nonylphenol (NP) stock solution was prepared (1 gr NP/L ethanol) in absolute ethanol (ETOH). The stock solution was then added in 10 ml ethanol to attain final concentrations outlined below. For example, in order to attain 10 µg NP concentrations aliquots of 10 µl from 1 gr NP/L stock solution was added in 10 ml ethanol. The 10 ml volume of ethanol containing 0 (ethanol alone) 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 µg NP were pulverized in 1 kg quails-feed spread on a nylon sheet and mixed thoroughly. Neither ethanol nor NP containing feed was fed to control group. Feeding A basal diet feed containing ingredients shown in Table 1 containing different concentrations of NP was given ad libitum to growing quails, whereas another basal diet feed shown in Table 2 containing NP concentrations was given ad libitum to quail layers. Table 1. Basal diet for quails growth Tablo 1. Bıldırcınlar için temel büyüme rasyonu Feedstuffs % Corn 51.4 Plant oil 1.6 Soybean meal 28.2 Full fat soybean 5.1 Sunflower meal 7.0 Limestone 1.0 Calcium phosphate 0.5 Fishmeal 4.5 Salt 0.4 Vitamin * 0.1 Mineral ** 0.2 Calculated values Crude protein (%) 24.0 Metabolisable energy (kcal/kg) 2900 Calcium (%) 0.80 Available phosphorus (%) 0.30 * Provided by per kg of diet: Vitamin A, IU; Vitamin D3, IU; Vitamin E, 25 mg; Vitamin K3, 3 mg; Vitamin B1, 2 mg; Vitamin B2, 6 mg; Niacin 20 mg; Vitamin B6, 4 mg; Vitamin B12, 15 mg, Folic acid, 0.8 mg; Choline chloride, ** Provided by per kg of diet: 300 mg; Mn, 80 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Zn, 60 mg; Cu, 5 mg, I, 1 mg; Co, 0.2 mg; Se Table 2. Basal diet for quails layer Tablo 2. Yumurtacı bıldırcınların temel rasyon Feedstuffs % Corn 51.4 Plant oil 2.7 Soybean meal 27.0 Barley 7.7 Limestone 5.5 Calcium phosphate 0.5 Fishmeal 4.5 Salt 0.4 Vitamin * 0.1 Mineral ** 0.2 Calculated values Crude protein (%) 20.0 Metabolisable energy (kcal/kg) 2900 Calcium (%) 2.5 Available phosphorus (%) 0.35 * Provided by per kg of diet: Vitamin A, IU; Vitamin D3, IU; Vitamin E, 25 mg; Vitamin K3, 3 mg; Vitamin B1, 2 mg; Vitamin B2, 6 mg; Niacin 20 mg; Vitamin B6, 4 mg; Vitamin B12, 15 mg, Folic acid, 0.8 mg; Choline chloride, ** Provided by per kg of diet: 300 mg; Mn, 80 mg; Fe, 60 mg; Zn, 60 mg; Cu, 5 mg, I, 1 mg; Co, 0.2 mg; Se Assessing Growth and Feed Conversion Ratio The total of 468 healthy chicks was used in this trial. Seven-day old chicks, 1:1 ratio of male and female, were exposed to 0 (ethanol alone for solvent control) 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 µg NP/kg-feed. Control group was fed with neither ethanol nor NP containing feed. Each treatment as well as control group had 78 animals. Experimentation was continued for 120 days. Feed consumption (FC) was determined daily by the subtraction of feed given from feed remained. Live weight gain was determined or assess growth (G) by weighing quails and recording at the end of every week during experimentation. Feed conversion ratio for growth (FCRG) was determined by dividing weekly consumed feed (gr) to weekly live-weight-gain (gr), while feed conversion ration for egg production (FCRE) was determined by dividing weekly consumed feed (kg) to weekly egg production (dozen) after feeding. In another word: FCRG = feed given (gr) - feed remain (gr)/live weight gain (gr); FCRE = feed given (kg) - feed remain (kg)/dozen egg. Egg Production and Hatching Trial Eight females and two males were randomly selected among six-week-old non-treated (42-day-old) quails and were put in the layer s cages. Each treatment group had 30 animals. The total of 210 quails including males and females were employed in this trial. Animals were fed

15 540 Effects of Nonylphenol on Growth... ad-libitum. Photoperiod was adjusted to 8:16 hr dark and light. This trial was continued for 8 weeks. During experimentation feed consumption was determined in every week and egg production was recorded daily. Quails eggs were collected daily and stored in egg cone. Eggs collected within one week were put in incubator at 38ºC±0.5 with 65% humidity for 17 days. Eggs were hatched at day 17. The hatchability rate was 93%. To indicate the age of quails, the eighteenth day was named Day 1 post hatching (ph). Quails chicks were then moved from incubator to a warm room with a temperature at 30ºC on Day 2 ph. Chicks were fed with the chick growth ration in this room until Day 7 ph. The survival rate until Day 7 ph was 98%. Blood Sampling Blood samples were collected into sterilized tubes containing lithium heparin from the heart of 10 quails on Day 120 post hatching. Plasma was separated by using centrifuging the samples at 3000 rpm for 10 min at +4 C). Plasma vitamin C, A and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured immediately. Determination of Vitamin, MDA and AOA Levels - Vitamin C Levels Plasma vitamin C level was measured as described by Kway 31. Briefly, after precipitation of proteins by phosphotungistic acid spectrophotometric measurement was employed to determine vitamin C level on the basis of the color formation in response to reaction between protein precipitate and ascorbic acid. Hardley 33. Briefly, this method is based on MDA coupling with thiobarbituric acid. - Antioxidant Activity (AOA) Plasma AOA was assayed by colorimetric method as described by Koracevic et al. 34. A standardized solution of Fe-EDTA complex reacts with hydrogen peroxide by a Fenton-type reaction leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals ( OH). These radical oxygen species (ROS) induced benzoate degradation causes the release of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the addition of antioxidants suppresses TBARS production. This reaction was then measured spectrophotometrically and the inhibition of color development defined as the AOA. Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA 35 using SPSS progamme (SPSS Inc. 2001) and Tukey s test was used to compare means using pair-wise comparison 36. RESULTS Effects of NP on FC, FCR and EP Results are shown through Tables 3-7. Survival rate for both quail layers and chicks throughout the study in all experimental groups were very high (Tables 3 and 6). NP exposure did not have significant effects on body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption (FC), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P>0.05) in comparison to control, while ETOH alone had significant effect on FC (P<0.05) Table 3. Effects of NP on mean survival rate of Quails in growth trials Tablo 3. Büyüme döneminde Bıldırcınların ortalama yaşama gücüne NP nin etkileri Experimental Groups Parameter Control ETOH 10 µg NP/kg-Feed 100 µg NP/kg-Feed 500 µg NP/kg-Feed 1000 µg NP/kg-Feed 5000 µg NP/kg-Feed Survival Rate (%) Vitamin A Levels The plasma vitamin A and β-carotene concentrations were measured as previously described by Suziki and Katoh 32. Retinol peaks were detected at 325 nm using 1:1 ratio of ethanol and hexane, whereas β-carotene peaks were detected at 453 nm using 1:3 ratio of ethanol and hexane. - MDA Levels The MDA, a biomarker for oxidative stress was determined by using a method developed by Draper and (Table 4). However, ETOH alone did not have any effects on any other parameters investigated (P>0.05) (Table 4). NP had dramatic effects on egg production (EP), initial body weight (IBW) and final body weight (FBW) in Japanese quails layers and these effects were statistically significant and the levels of significances are shown in Table 5. As shown in Table 5 that NP did not have any effect on egg weight (EW), hatching rate (HR), egg fertility (EF), and Japanese quails chick weight (CW).

16 541 AVCI, UĞUZ, BAYRAM, ERDOĞAN, KÜÇÜKKURT DOSAY AKBULUT, ÖZDEMİR, LENGER, İŞCAN, TOGAN Table 4. Effects of NP on BWG, FC, and FCR of Quails Tablo 4. NP nin Bıldırcınların BWG, FC ve FCR üzerine etkileri Experimental Groups 1-6 Weeks of Age Control Mean±SE ETOH Mean±SE 10 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE 100 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE 500 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE 1000 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE 5000 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE BWG FC (gr/35 day) FCR 172±1 766±21 4± ±2 812±15* 5±1 168±3 769±37 5± ±4 774±16 4± ±4 732±27 4± ±4 808±27 5± ±2 767±23 4±0.1 * Significant at P<0.05, BWG: Body Weight Gain Table 5. Effects of NP on egg production parameters Tablo 5. Yumurta verim parametreleri üzerine NP nin etkileri Experimental Groups Parameters Control ETOH 10 µg 100 µg 500 µg 1000 µg 5000 µg P NP/kg-Feed NP/kg-Feed NP/kg-Feed NP/kg-Feed NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE Mean±SE Mean±SE Mean±SE Mean±SE Mean±SE Mean±SE EP (yield/day) 78±2 a 77±2 a 81±2 b 81±1 b 77±2 a 77±2 a 73±2 c ** FC (gr/day) 36± ±1 36±1 35±1 36±1 32±1 36±1 NS FCRE (gr/kg) 1±0.01 1±0.1b 1±0.01 1±0.01 1±0.01 1±0.01 1±0.01 NS EW (gr) 12± ±0.1 12± ± ± ± ±0.01 NS IBW (gr) 201±5 a 206±6 a 216±4 b 209±4 c 209±3 c 214±4 bc 204±3 a * FBW (gr) 220±4 a 221±3 a 242±5 b 234±3 c 231±4 c 231±5 c 218±3 a *** EP: Egg production; FC: Feed Consumption; FCR: Feed Conversion Ratio; EW: Egg Weight; IBW: Initial Body Weight; FBW: Final Body Weight Mean values with different superscripts within a row differ significantly NS: Non significant; * Significant at P<0.05, ** Significant at P<0.01, *** Significant at P<0.001 Table 6. Effects of NP egg weight, hatching, egg fertility, chick weight and survival Tablo 6. Yumurta ağırlığı, kuluçka randımanı, döllü yumurta, civciv ağırlığı ve yaşama gücü üzerine NP etkileri Experimental Groups Parameter Control Mean±SE ETOH Mean±SE 10 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE 100 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE 500 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE 1000 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE 5000 µg NP/kg-Feed Mean±SE EW (gr) 12±0.1 12±0.1 12±0.1 12±1 12±0.1 11±1 12±0.1 HR (%) 74±5 74±3 80±3 73±5 75±4 81±3 81±3 FE (%) 5±1 8±1 4±1 8±2 6±2 7±1 5±1 CW (gr) 8±0.1 8±0.1 8±0.1 8±0.1 8±0.1 8±0.1 8±0.1 Survival rate (%) EW: Egg weight; HR: Hatching Rate; FE: Fertile Eggs; CW: Chick Weight Effects of NP on Lipid Peroxidation and Vitamins Results are shown in Tables NP stimulated a significant increase in plasma vitamin C level in comparison to control (P<0.01). However, NP-induced increase in vitamin C level appeared to be not dose dependent since this increase was not significantly different among NP treated groups (P>0.01). Plasma vitamin C level in ethanol alone treated group was not affected significantly (P>0.01). Effects of NP on AOA and MDA in Quails As shown in Table 8, NP did not have any effects on plasma AOA level. The rise in plasma MDA levels was significant in NP groups in comparison to control group. However, the plasma level of MDA dropped back to control level in 1000 and 5000 µg NP in ETOH/kg-feed groups (Table 9). As shown in Table 10, vitamin A was not dramatically