YDSFORUM SORU PAYLAŞIM PROGRAMI GRUBUMUZA ÜYE OLMAK İÇİN TIKLAYINIZ. www.facebook.com/groups/ydsforum CONDITIONALS AND WISH CLAUSES CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1
TYPE 0: Bilimsel gerçeklik, neden sonuç ilişkisi, genel geçerlilik. Burada whenever anlamı vardır. If + Present Simple, Present Simple If I have enough time, I write to my parents every week. Ice melts if you heat it. If I make a promise, I keep it. (Whenever I make a promise, I keep it.) If I don t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class. Water freezes (will freeze) if the temperature goes below 0 C. Yan cümlecik / ana cümlecik TYPE 1: TRUE IN THE PRESENT OR FUTURE: İçinde bulunduğumuz anda ya da gelecekte belli bir şart yerine geldiğinde gerçekleşebilecek olay ya da durumları TYPE 1 kullanarak anlatırız. ŞART CÜMLECİĞİ/ YAN CÜMLECİK If + V1 am-is-are Ving have has V3 can must /have to should /ought to (should / ought to kullanımında eylemin gerçekleşme olasılığı azdır) ANA CÜMLECİK WILL / SHALL May, might could Can Must, have to.. etc. Emir cümleleri If I don't eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry during class. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. He may leave the office if he has finished the task. If we should miss the 10 o clock train, we cannot get there on time. If she is studying, don t disturb her. If you are looking for your slippers, they are under the cupboard. If she has to study tonight, she won't be able to come to the cinema with us. ŞART CÜMLELERİNDE YANCÜMLECİĞE VE ANACÜMLECİĞE GELEMEYECEK YAPILAR IF CLAUSE ANA CÜMLECİK 2
WILL SHALL MAY/MIGHT COULD (POSSIBILITY) WOULD BE GOING TO HAVE /HAS v3 V2 WAS/WERE HAD V3 AM IS ARE (GENELLİKLE KULLANILMAZ. TYPE2 : UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PRESENT / FUTURE Şu anki ya da gelecekteki bir durumun aksini ifade ederek şart cümlesi yaparken Type 2 kullanırız. Olma olasılığı zayıf ya da imkansız durumlar için kullanılır. ŞART CÜMLECİĞİ/ YAN CÜMLECİK If + V2 Was were Ving Could Had to should ANA CÜMLECİK Would Might Could I would be sleeping if I weren t here now. If I should see him tomorrow, I would give him your message. If they weren t out of town next week, we could visit them. If you could speak English, you might get the job. If I taught this class, I wouldn't give tests. If he were here right now, he would help us. If I were you, I would accept their invitation. 2002 kasım kpds In (i): In truth, I don't teach this class. In (j): In truth, he is not here right now. In (k): In truth, I am not you. Note: Were is used for both singular and plural subjects. Was (with I, he, she, it) is sometimes used in very informal speech but is not general considered grammatically acceptable. TYPE 3 : UNTRUE (CONTRARY TO FACT) IN THE PAST 3
Geçmişteki bir durumun aksini ifade ederek şart cümlesi yaparken Type 3 kullanılır. Gerçekdışılık olduğu için Type 2 de olduğu gibi Type 3 de de gerçek zamanın bir derece geçmişini kullanırız. ŞART CÜMLECİĞİ/ YAN CÜMLECİK If + HAD V3 Had been ving Could have V3 ANA CÜMLECİK Would have V3 Might have V3 Could have V3 If you had explained your problem to me, I would have been able to help you. He could have passed the examination if he could have answered all the questions. If he had given his number, I would have telephoned him. (l) If you had told me about the problem, In(l):In truth, you did not tell me about. I would have helped you. In (m): In truth, they did not study. They failed the exam. (m) If they had studied, they would have In (n): In truth, I slipped on the ice. I broke my arm. passed the exam. (n) If I hadn't slipped on the ice, I wouldn't have broken my arm. MIXED TYPES: TYPE 2 VE TYPE 3 yapısını bir arada kullandığımız yapılara mixed type diyoruz. Geçmişte yapılan ya da yapılmayan eylemin şu ana etkisinden bahsederken: If + type 3, type 2 kullanırız. USING MIXED TIME IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (a) TRUE: I did not eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now. (b) CONDITIONAL: If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be hungry now. (past) (present) (c) TRUE: yesterday. (d) CONDITIONAL: He is not a good student. He did not study for the test If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test. (present) (past) If you had taken my advice, we wouldn t be in a difficult position now. (If type3,type2) If she spoke German, she could have helped you to translate the passage. 2009 ekim üds sosyal (If type2, type3) 4
If Clause da Devrik yapı (a) Were I you, I wouldn't do that. (b) Had I known, I would have told you. (c) Should anyone call, please take a message. With were, had (past perfect), and should, sometimes if is omitted and the subject and verb are inverted. In (a): Were I you = If I were you In (b): Had I known = If I had known In (c): Should anyone call = If anyone should call WISH CLAUSES Wish : If only (Bu iki yapı aynı anlamda kullanılmaktadır. ) Keşke yapısı gerçek dışı durumlardan bahsettiği için gerçek zamanın bir derece geçmiş zamanıyla kullanılır. A wish about the future Temel cümlenin öznesi ile yan cümlenin öznesi aynı ise would kullanılmaz. Hoşumuza gitmeyen bir durumu başkasının değiştirmesini istediğimizde, kendimiz dışındaki özneleri eleştirdiğimizde (bir istekte bulunduğumuzda da) would kullanılır. (a) She will not tell me. (b) He isn t going to be here. I She can t come tomorrow. I wish (that) she would tell me. I wish he were going to be here. I wish she could come tomorrow. I wish you would stop murmuring. Iwish she would change her mind. A wish about the present İçinde bulunduğumuz durumun tersini istediğimizi anlatırken kullanırız. A wish about the past Geçmişe yönelik pişmanlık ifadesi vardır. (d) I don't know French. (e) It is raining right now. (g) John didn't come. (h) Mary couldn't come. I wish I knew French. I wish it weren't raining right now. I wish I could speak Japanese. I wish John had come* I wish Mary could have come. 5
OTHER CONDITIONALS (DİĞER ŞART YAPILARI) 1. PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT, AS LONG AS/SO LONG AS, ONLY IF Bu yapılar, tense kuralları açısından aynı "If' gibi kullanılırlar. Ancak "if den daha güçlü bir koşul ifade ederler. You can pass the exam if you study hard. (Eğer çok çalışırsan sınavı geçebilirsin.) You can pass the exam only if provided (that) providing (that) as long as so long as (Sınavı ancak çok çalışırsan geçebilirsin.) you study hard. "Only If' cümlenin başında kullanılırsa, temel cümle devrik olur. Diğerlerinde böyle bir değişiklik yapılmaz. Provided (that) you study hard, you can pass the exam. Providing (that) As long as So long as Only if you study hard can you pass the exam. I will lend him some money provided he promises to pay me back. I would lend him some money provided he promised to pay me back. I would have lent him some money provided he had promised to pay me back. I can forgive her so long as she apologizes to me. I could forgive her so long as she apologized to me. I could have forgiven her so long as she had apologized to me. 2. UNLESS Unless, "except on the condition that' anlamını veren bir bağlaçtır. Olumsuz bir anlama sahip olduğu için bağlı bulunduğu cümle genellikle olumlu yapıdadır. Bu nedenle unless, bazı cümlelerde "If... not" yerine kullanılabilir. Unless daha çok uyarı anlamı içeren ifadelerde kullanılır. Type 2 ve Type 3 if clause ile kullanımı çok kısıtlıdır. You can't pass the exam if you don't study. You can't pass the exam unless you study. We can't get to the cinema in time for the beginning of the film unless we leave immediately/if we don't leave immediately. Unless you leave home at once, you will be late for work. The factory will have to be closed down unless the economic situation improves. Don't call me unless you (really) need help. Call me only If you really need help. Don't call me if you don't need any help. 6
(There is only one exception to "Don't call me", and that is your really needing help.) 3. EVEN IF "Even If, "... olsa bile/... olmasa bile" anlamını verir. Yani, istenilen koşul yerine gelmese bile, sonuç değişmeyecek demektir. Şu iki cümleyi karşılaştıralım: If it is cold tomorrow, we won't go on a picnic. (Eğer yarın hava soğuk olursa pikniğe gitmeyeceğiz.) Even if it is cold tomorrow, we will go on a picnic. (Yarın hava soğuk olsa. bile pikniğe gideceğiz.) I will forgive him If he apologizes to me. (Eğer benden özür dilerse onu bağışlarım.) I won't forgive him even if he apologizes to me. (Benden özür dilese bile onu bağışlamayacağım.) If clause'da kullanılan tense kuralları, "even if için de geçerlidir. I will go to the party even if they dont invite me. I would go to the party even if they didn't invite me. I would have gone to the party even if they hadn't invited me. 4. WHETHER... OR NOT "Whether... or not" "... olsa da, olmasa da" anlamını verir. Yani istenilen koşul yerine gelse de gelmese de sonucu etkilemeyecek demektir. I will go to the party whether they invite me or not. (Beni davet etseler de etmeseler de partiye gideceğim.) "Whether... or not" ile "even If', anlam yönünden birbirlerine benzerler. I won't forgive him whether he apologizes to me or not. I won't forgive him even if he apologizes to me. You have to help him whether you like him or not. You have to help him even if you don't like him. You must hand in your exam papers whether you have finished writing them or not. You must hand in your exam papers even if you haven't finished writing them. 5. SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING (THAT), ON (THE) CONDITION THAT and WHAT IF Bu kalıplar genellikle, resmiyet gerektirmeyen, samimi ortamlarda kullanılır. Suppose (that) we miss the train, how else can we get there? (If we miss the train, how else can we get there?) (Farzet ki treni kaçırdık,... ) Supposing (that) he cheated on you, how would you react? (If he cheated on you, how would you react?) (Farzet ki seni aldattı...) I can allow you to use my car on (the) condition that you promise to drive carefully. (...dikkatli süreceğine söz vermen koşuluyla...) You can take my dictionary on (the) condition that you bring it back by Friday. (Cuma gününe kadar geri getirmen koşuluyla...) What if you don't get your salary in time? What will happen if you don't get your salary in time? (Maaşını vaktinde alamazsan ne olacak?) What if he didn't come tomorrow? What would happen if he didn't come tomorrow? (O yarın gelmese ne olur?) 7
6. IN CASE "In case", "...olursa diye" anlamını verir. Temel cümlede yapılan eylem, "in case" li cümledeki olabilecek, olması muhtemel bir başka eyleme karşı bir ön hazırlık ifade eder. I will take something to eat in case I get hungry during the journey. (Yolda acıkırsam diye yanıma yiyecek bir şeyler alacağım.) I took an umbrella with me in case it rained. (Yağmur yağarsa diye yanıma şemsiye aldım.) l sent him a second letter in case he hadn't received the first one. (Birincisini almamışsa diye ona ikinci bir mektup gönderdim.} I want to give you my phone number in case you need to call me/in case you should need to call me. I gave him my phone number in case he needed to call me/in case he should need to call me. He would always take (used to take) his umbrella with him in case it rained/should rain. Take plenty of clothes with you while going on holiday in case you cant wash the dirty ones. I advised her to take plenty of clothes with her while going on holiday in case she couldn't wash the dirty ones. 7. IF IT WEREN T FOR (OLMASA) Bir type 2 yapısıdır. If It weren t for your great contributions, I would have trouble doing my homework. (Senin önemli katkıların olmasa, ödevimi yapmakta sıkıntı çekerdim. ) 8. IF IT HADN T BEEN FOR (olmasaydı) Bir type 3 yapısıdır. If It hadn t been for your help, I wouldn t have passed the exam. 9. BUT FOR : (OLMASA, OLMASAYDI) Kendisinden sonra bir noun phrase alır. Bütün type larla kullanılabilir. But for her support, James cannot do anything on his own. (type1) But for your love and affection, he would feel like an orphan.(type2) But for her relationship with the boss, she would have been fired long ago. (type 3) IMPLIED CONDITIONALS Bazen ifadelerimizde koşul cümlesi kullanmadan da koşul ileri sürebiliriz. Yani, açık olarak bir koşul cümlesi yoktur ifademizde; ancak, ima edilmiş bir koşul vardır. "Dün seni görmeye gelecektim ama vaktim olmadı" ifadesinde bir koşul cümlesi yoktur. Ama bu cümle, koşul cümlesi kullanarak oluşturacağımız bir başka ifadeyle eş anlamlıdır. "Eğer dün vaktim olsaydı 8
seni görmeye gelecektim." İngilizce'de, but, otherwise, or else, without gibi sözcükler kullanarak, ima edilmiş koşul cümleleri oluşturabiliriz. a) BUT I would have come to see you yesterday, but I didn't have time. (If I had had time, I would have come to see you yesterday.) I would come with you, but my father doesn't let me out alone at night. (If my father let me out alone at night, I would come with you.) He would be a lawyer now, but he had to quit school because of his financial problems. (He would be a lawyer now if he hadn't had to quit school because of his financial problems.) b) "OTHERWISE" or "OR (ELSE)" (Aksi takdirde, Yoksa) You have to hurry; otherwise, you will miss the bus. (If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.) You must study hard, or (else) you won't pass the exam. (If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exam.) She must be very happy; otherwise, she wouldn't be laughing so uproariously. (If she weren't very happy, she wouldn't be laughing so uproariously.) He must be studying hard, or (else) he wouldn't get such high marks. (If he weren't studying hard, he wouldn't get such high marks.) I must have forgotten to set my alarm clock; otherwise, it would have gone off at 7 this morning. (If I had set my alarm clock, it would have gone off at 7 this morning.) She didn't tell him the truth, or (else) he would have got angry with her. (If she had told him the truth, he would have got angry with her.) Konuşma dilinde "or else", özellikle emir cümlelerinin sonunda kullanıldığında, tehdit anlamı verir. Don't open that door, or else! Eat all the food on your plate, or else\ c) WITHOUT I can't possibly finish this job without any help. (I can't possibly finish this job If I don't get any help.) We would still be living like primitives without electricity. (If there were no electricity, we would still be living like primitives.) Without his generous contributions, we could never have held the Charity Ball. (If he hadn't contributed generously, we could never have held the Charity Ball.) 9