IF CLAUSES. "If clause + main clause"

Transkript

1 IF CLAUSES "If clause + main clause" Koşul cümleleri temel olarak if'in içinde bulunduğu if cümleciği ve sonucun bildirildiği bir ana cümleden oluşur. Cümle kuruluşunda main clause'un IF clause'dan önce yada sonra kullanılması anlamda bir değişikliğe neden olmaz. IF clause cümle başında iken kendisinden sonra virgül gelir. IF bağlacı cümle ortasında olduğunda virgül kalkar. Koşullu cümlelerde verilmek istenen anlama ve zamana dayalı olarak cümlenin yapısı değişir. Bunlar, Type 0, Type 1, Type 2 ve Type 3 olarak sınıflandırılır: BASIC STRUCTURES USED IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES SITUATION IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE Type 0: Facts / General truths / Habits Type 1: True in the present / future Simple Future Modal (can, should, may, vs.) Type 2: Untrue in the present / future Simple Past would + verb 1 Type3: Untrue in the past Past Perfect would have + verb3 TYPE 0: Facts/General truths/habitual reactions If Clause + Main Clause Eğer koşul, tabiat olayları, doğa kanunları gibi olayların gerçekleşmesi geçerli bir durumu ifade ediyorsa Type 1 yapısı kullanılır. Bu tip cümlelerde her iki cümlecik de Tense ile kurulur. Bu tür cümlelerde when ve if kelimeleri birbirinin yerine kullanılabilir. e.g. If / When you cool metals, they contract. e.g. If / When I see a student cheating in the exam, I get extremely angry. e.g. If / When the Moon aligns exactly with the Earth and the Sun, we get a lunar eclipse. TYPE 1: True in the present or future If Clause + Main Clause Simple Future Present Cont. tense Present Modals Present Perfect Tense Present Modals Type 1'de main clause içinde yer alabilecek yapılar şunlardır: 1. will yapıları ve going to future: e.g. If you have time, I will talk to you after the class. e.g. If they choose me for the post, I will be dealing with sales representatives. e.g. If I get started with the project now, I will have completed it by next month. e.g. If Mr. Jones doesn't retire next month, he will have been teaching for 30 years. e.g. If I get the scholarship, I am going to study at Cambridge University. 2. Modal kullanımı A. Possibility: e.g. If we don't take our place at the dinner table, my father may / might / could go mad. e.g. If you keep on coming to work late, they may / might / could fire you soon.

2 B. Permission - ability: e.g. If you finish the test in the last half hour, you may not /cannot leave the test hall. e.g. If you let us know where you are, you may / can stay out late tonight. C. Necessity: e.g. If you want to pass the exam, you must / have to / have got to study hard. e.g. If he wants to be chosen for the post, he must / has to / has got to be fluent and accurate in two foreign languages at least. D. Advisability: e.g. If she still suffers from the headache she has been having for a long time, she should / ought to / had better see a doctor. e.g. If you want to make a good first impression, you should get dressed well. E. Command, request, suggestion: e.g. If you need help from people, ask for it. (command) e.g. If you are free today, could you help me with my homework? (request) e.g. If our parents send us the money, shall we / why don't we buy the new DVD player? (suggestion) Type 1'de if clause içinde yer alabilecek yapılar şunlardır: 1. Present Progressive Tense: e.g. If he is taking a nap now, I'll talk to him later. e.g. If you are trying to quit smoking, there are a number of stop-smoking programs available which can offer support and advice. 2. Present Perfect: e.g. If you haven't seen or read any of Shakespeare's work yet, Shakespeare in Love is quite accessible. e.g. If you have taken more medicine than you have been told to, contact either your doctor or the nearest hospital emergency service. 3. Necessity (have to): e.g. If you have to work under these circumstances, then you should ask for more money. e.g. If I have to stay late at work, I will let you know. 4. Permission or ability (can): e.g. If I can get the contract signed, I will take you out for dinner to celebrate. e.g. If you can catch the next train, you will be there in time for the meeting. 5. Less likely conditional (should): e.g. If anyone should call, please take a message. e.g. If you should need any money there, don't hesitate to call us. NOT: If Clause yapılarında, koşul bildiren cümlecikte özel bir vurgu ifade edilmediği sürece, ana cümlede gelecek zamana ait bir zaman zarfı kullanılmışsa bile "will" kullanımı yanlıştır.

3 TYPE 2: Untrue in the present or future If clause Simple Past + main clause would + verb Type 2'de dikkat edilmesi gereken husus, cümle yapısının past tense olmasına rağmen anlamın şimdiki zaman ya da gelecek zaman olmasıdır. Type 1'den farklı olarak anlam untrue bir şekilde yani şu an için doğru olmayan, hayali bir durum ifade edilir. e.g. If I have time tomorrow, I will meet an old friend of mine. (Type1) (Yarın vaktim olursa, eski bir arkadaşımla buluşacağım.) e.g. If I had time tomorrow, I would meet an old friend of mine. (Type 2) (Yarın vaktim olsaydı, eski bir arkadaşımla buluşacaktım.) Type 2'de main clause içinde yer alabilecek yapılar şunlardır: 1. Would, would be doing: e.g. If I were you, I would buy an estate with the money. e.g. You wouldn't be struggling now if you had a better job. 2. Permission - ability: e.g. If he were over 18, I could let him into the bar. e.g. If I knew the password, then I would be able to use the program on the computer. 3. Possibility: e.g. If I had the time and the money, I might / could spend my holiday in Miami. e.g. If you were taller, you might be / could be chosen for the basketball team. 4. Necessity: e.g. If I didn't lose my key, I wouldn't have to call a locksmith. e.g. If the problem were big, I would have to call a mechanic to repair my car. Type 2'de if clause içinde yer alabilecek diğer yapılar şunlardır: e.g. If everything were going all right, the police wouldn't intervene in the case. e.g. If I were teaching this class, I would use audio-visual aids in the classroom. e.g. If I could change the world, I would stop the wars and famine. e.g. If I could buy any car on earth right now, a Ferrari would be my first choice. e.g. If I didn't have to make money, I would be a fisherman in a small seaside village. e.g. If I had to take the responsibility of running the company, I wouldn't hesitate at all. e.g. If I were to pick a major for my future career, I would consult my parents, too. e.g. If I were to decide between my job and my family, I would probably choose the latter. TYPE 3- untrue in the past If clause + main clause Past Perfect would have + verb3 Type 3, geçmiş zamanda "olmuş olsaydı" dediğimiz olayları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Koşul gerçek dışıdır; artık geriye dönüp söz konusu koşulu yaratmak imkansızdır. e.g. If I had graduated from the university on time, we would have started to work in the same year.

4 Type 3'de main clause içinde yer alabilecek yapılar şunlardır: 1. would have Verb-3 / would have been Verb+ing: e.g. If you had told me that you wanted to go to the concert, I would have booked the tickets in advance. e.g. I would have let you know if I had learnt earlier that the meeting was cancelled. e.g. I wouldn't have been working in the same company for years if the conditions had been bad. e.g. If he had been in my position back then, he would have been doing the same thing. (Benim yerimde olmuş olsaydı, aynı şeyi yapıyor olurdu.) 2. Ability: e.g. If I had had a good income, I would have been able to live alone. e.g. If you hadn't taken a taxi, you wouldn't have been able to catch your plane. 3. Necessity: e.g. I wouldn't have had to sell my car if I hadn't been in debt. e.g. If you hadn't talked to her about the party, I wouldn't have had to invite her. 4. Possibility: e.g. If I had applied earlier, I might have got the job. e.g. We might have won yesterday if our team had played better. e.g. If I had taken my laptop with me, I could have shown the slide show that I had prepared. Type 3'de if clause içinde yer alabilecek diğer yapılar şunlardır: e.g. If you had been driving over 60 km/h, the damage would have been much worse. e.g. If I had had to choose another job, I would have studied medicine. e.g. If I had had to wait in a traffic jam for four hours, I probably would have exploded. e.g. If you hadn't been able to prove your innocence, you might have been in big trouble. e.g. If I had been able to talk to the professor, I could have explained why I handed in my assignment late. e.g. If I had been checking the reports more carefully, I could have noticed the mistake in the calculations easily. KOŞUL ĐFADE EDEN DĐĞER YAPILAR: 1. only if: Only if, sonucun ancak tek bir koşulda değişeceğini vurgular. "Only" sözcüğü, "ancak" sözcüğüne karşılık gelir. Only if, cümle başında kullanılırsa ana cümle devrik olur. e.g. I will tell you my secret only if you promise not to tell it to anybody else. e.g. Only if you promise not to tell it to anybody else, will I tell you my secret. 2. provided (that) / providing (that): olduğu / olmadığı takdirde e.g. Provided / providing (that) your goods fit in our sales program, we can trade. e.g. We can have the party in the garden provided / providing (that) it doesn't rain at the weekend. 3. As / So long as: " olduğu müddetçe /. yaptığın sürece". e.g. As / So long as you use it, you can improve your foreign language. e.g. It is much easier to find a job as / so long as you know how to use a computer.

5 4. Unless: " olmadıkça /.gerçekleşmedikçe" gibi anlamlar ifade eder ve uyarı niteliğindedir. Unless, olumlu yapıda kullanılsa bile anlamca olumsuzdur. Unless, "if not" şeklinde de ifade edilebilir, ancak "if not" yapısı "except if" anlamında olmalıdır. e.g. You can't vote unless you are 18 years old. (.if you are not 18 years old.) e.g. You mustn't let her take the car on her own unless she is experienced enough. ( if she is not experienced enough.) e.g. You can't qualify for the next round unless you are good enough. 5. Even if: " olsa bile" Even if, söz konusu koşul gerçekleşmese bile sonucun değişmeyeceğini ifade eder. e.g. Even if he brings back the money he has stolen, I will inform the police about him. (Çaldığı parayı geri getirse bile onu polise ihbar edeceğim.) e.g. The result won't change even if you appeal against the court verdict. (Mahkeme kararını temyiz etsen bile sonuç değişmeyecek.) e.g. The result wouldn't change even if you appealed against the court verdict. e.g. The result wouldn't have changed even if you had appealed against the court verdict. 6. Whether or not: "olsa da olmasa da" anlamını verir. Even if ile anlamca yakın ifadelerin yer aldığı sorularda karşımıza çıkabilir. e.g. I won't accept the job offer whether they make a good offer or not. e.g. I won't accept the job offer even if they make a good offer. e.g. I will buy the house whether or not I can get a loan from the bank. e.g. I will buy the house even if I can't get a loan from the bank. 7. Suppose(that) / Supposing (that): "Diyelim ki.., Farzedelim ki " e.g. Suppose that you won a million dollar from the lottery, what would you do? e.g. Supposing that you are ill on the day of the concert, will you still go on stage? 8. What if: "Ya olursa / Ya olmazsa". e.g. What if I miss the last train? e.g. What if your partner deceived you? 9. In case: In case, çoğu zaman bir önlem ifade ederken kullanılır. Olması muhtemel şeylere karşı aldığımız tedbirleri ifade edebiliriz. In case, should ile kullanıldığında cümleye "by chance" anlamı katılmış olur. e.g. Take some warm clothes in case it is colder than you expect. e.g. Bring some canned food in case you can't find anything to eat in the mountains. e.g. I am calling the manager in case the inspector should ask to see him, too. e.g. In case we got stuck in traffic, we left home a bit earlier. e.g. I wrote down his phone number in case I should forget it. e.g. He would always keep his medicine with him in case his blood pressure went up. e.g. He got rid of his cell phone in case he could be traced. e.g. Some of my friends earned a teaching credential as insurance in case they couldn't find work in their own fields. e.g. I didn't want to say anything about the accident in case she hadn't been informed that her son was involved. 10. In case of: " durumunda / halinde" In case of yapısı kendisinden sonra noun ister e.g. What kinds of food supplies are recommended to be stored in case of a disaster? e.g. In case of a failure in a course, the student will be asked to withdraw from the program.

6 11. Mixed Conditionals: Koşullu cümlelerde bazen temel cümle ile koşul bildiren cümleler farklı type'da olabilirler. Type 3 + Type 2 e.g. If I had been more careful in the exam, (= Sınavda daha dikkatli olmuş olsaydım) PAST (untrue) I would be having a holiday instead of studying for my make up exam now. (= Şimdi telafi sınavına çalışmak yerine tatil yapıyor olurdum. PRESENT (untrue) Type 2 e.g. If you were an understanding person, (= Eğer anlayışlı bir insan olsaydın/olsan) PRESENT (untrue) + Type 3 you wouldn't have insulted him in front of everyone yesterday. (dün herkesin önünde onu aşağılamazdın.) PAST (untrue) 12. Omitting if: Her bir koşul cümlesi if kelimesi kullanılmadan da yazılabilir. Type 1 için: e.g. If he wants to know my opinion, he can ask me directly. Should he want to know my opinion, he can ask me directly. e.g. If you call me, I will be at home. Should you call me, I will be at home. Type 2 için: e.g. If I were you, I d go home and have a rest. Were I you, I d go home and have a rest. e.g. If I went to the party, I would surely let you know. Were I to go to the party, I would surely let you know. e.g. If I were told the news, I would act differently. Were I to be told the news, I would act differently. Type 3 için: e.g. If he had moved to Istanbul, he would have found a better job. Had he moved to Istanbul, he would have found a better job. e.g. If he hadn't broken his leg, he could have taken place in the winter games. Had he not broken his leg, he could have taken place in the winter games. 13. Bir temel cümleden sonra "otherwise" (aksi takdirde) veya "or else" (yoksa) yapılarını getirirsek, bu yapılar bir "if clause" görevi görürler. Bundan dolayı bu yapıların arkasından getirilen cümlelerin zaman yapıları, if clause'lardan sonra getirilen ana cümleciklerin yapılarıyla aynı şekilde kullanılır. e.g. My father helped me with my homework; otherwise (or else), I wouldn't have been able to finish it. ("If he hadn't helped me" anlamında "otherwise" kullanılmıştır) 14. "Otherwise" ve "or else" yapılarına benzer şekilde kullanabileceğimiz "but for" ve "without" yapıları bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu yapılardan sonra bir cümle getiremeyiz; bir isim veya isim grubu getirebiliriz. e.g. But for their support, it wouldn't have been possible for us to achieve great success. ("If they hadn't supported us" anlamında) e.g. Without their parents' approval, they wouldn't have got married. ("If their parents had not approved...")