ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ADJECTIVES: Sıfatlar isimleri nitelerler. (Renk, boy,büyüklüğü, durumu, yaşı, vb.) KULLANIM: Adjective + To Vo (istisnalar dışında) It is not difficult to learn English. Adjective + That Clause (Duygu, fikir ya da inanış belirten sıfatlar that clause alabilirler.) She is worried that she cannot answer all the questions in two hours. Adjective + Wh Questions/How Whether /If --- (Duygu, fikir ya da inanış bildiren sıfatlar kendilerinden sonra kararsız durum bağlaçları (wh soru kelimeleri, how, whether,if)) She wasn t sure which direction she would choose. Adjective + Noun ( niteledikleri ismin önünde bulunurlar) A dangerous attempt, an unexpected recovery A serious assault was avoided owing to his help. Sıfatlar LinkingVerbs dediğimiz eylem bildirmeyen fiillerden sonra kullanılırlar. Subject + Linking Verb+ Adjective (Complement) LINKING VERBS ( Bu fiiller sıfatlarla kullanılırlar, zarflarla kullanılmazlar) Be Become Prove Get Seem Appear Look Feel Taste Smell Sound Go Grow turn Keep Stay Remain The wages are rather low. They became unpleased hearing the bad news. The method proved helpful. He got ill after eating the soup. He seems quite energetic for a man of seventy. He appears confident. She looks pale. I feel a bit exhausted. This soup tastes awful. This room smells terrible. The music sounds a little bit slow. The milk went sour. He grew interested in the course as time went by. His hair turned grey. Try to keep(stay,remain) calm. Eat right to stay healthy. The boy remained silent Look, Feel, Taste, Smell, Sound + LIKE + NOUN My pillow feels like a stone. This article looks like the one I read last week. The fruit smells like lemon. 1
Ving, V3 as Adjective Etkileyen --- Ving Etkilenen --- V3 The movie was fascinating. We were fascinated. Tamamlanmış Süreç V3---- Developed countries. Devam eden Süreç--- Ving --- Boiling water, developing countries. ADVERBS: KULLANIM: Zarflar Fiiller İle Kullanılırlar ( Fiili niteler) Please speak slowly ( Lütfen yavaş bir şekilde konuşun. ) He passed the exam because he had studied hard. ( O sınavı geçti. Çünkü sıkı bir şekilde çalışmıştı ) 2. ) Zarflar Sıfatlar İle Kullanılırlar (Sıfatı niteler) an expensive dress a rather expensive dress It was a badly planned holiday. 3. ) Zarflar Zarflar İle Kullanılırlar (Zarfı niteler) She behaved unexpectedly cowardly and didn t want to face with him. She speaks English fairly fluently. ( O İngilizce'yi oldukça akıcı bir şekilde konuşur ) Fair: adil, doğru Fairly: oldukça, adil bir şekilde Zarflar genellikle sıfatlara ly- takısı getirilerek elde edilir. Extreme: aşırı Extremely: aşırı bir şekilde, son derece True: doğru, gerçek Truly: doğru bir şekide Whole: tüm, bütün Wholly: büsbütün, tamamen Undue: gereksiz Unduely: gereksiz yere, gereksiz bir şekilde Reluctant: isteksiz Reluctantly: isteksizce, isteksiz bir şekilde Adequate: uygun, elverişli Adequately: elverişli bir şekilde Accurate: doğru Accurately: doğru bir şekilde ***Adamant: sert Adamantly: sert bir şekilde ***Vehement: sert Vehemently: sert bir şekilde, öfkeli İyi Sözcükleri Bunların sıfat ve zarfları birbirleri ile ilişkili değildir. Bunların sıfat ve zarfları için ayrı kelimeler oluşturulmuştur. Good:iyi ( sıfat ) Well: iyi ( zarf ) Sıfat ve Zarfı Aynı Olan Sözcükler 2
Bunlar için sıfat ve zarf olarak ayrı kelimeler türetilmemiştir. "ly" de almazlar. Cümlede kullanımlarına göre zarf veya sıfat olurlar. Zarf olarak kullanıldıklarında sıfat anlamlarına "bir şekilde, bir biçimde" eklenerek çevirisi yapılır. Hard: sıkı Fast: hızlı Near: yakın High: yüksek Enough: yeter, yeterli Much: çok ( sayılamayanlar için ) Little: az, küçük Late: geç Early: erken He has enough money. ( Onun yeterli parası var. ) enough = sıfat She doesn't study enough. ( O yeterli bir şekilde çalışmaz. ) enough = zarf A late decision. ( Geç bir karar ) late = sıfat He gets up late. ( O geç bir şekilde kalkar. ) late = zarf Aşağıdaki zarflar köken aldıkları sıfatlardan farklı anlama gelirler. Sıfat Zarf Hard: sıkı Hardly: pek...mez Scarce: kıt Scarcely: pek...mez Bare: yalın Barely: pek...mez Near: yakın Nearly: yaklaşık olarak Late: geç Lately: son zamanlarda Fair: adil, doğru Fairly: oldukça Eventual: olası, muhtemel Eventually: sonuç olarak, sonunda Consistent: uygun, tutarlı Consistantly: sürekli olarak Steady: istikrarlı Steadily: sürekli olarak Constant: sabit Constantly: sürekli olarak Ly takısı bir isme getirildiğinde zarf değil sıfat elde ederiz. Friend friendly She is very friendly. Not she behaves very friendly. ( Yanlış Kullanım) Cost - costly Dead - deadly Love- lovely ADVERBS OF DEGREE (Derecelendirme zarfları) Badly, awfully, terribly Kendi asıl anlamları olan kötü şekilde anlamına ek olarak çok fazla, oldukça anlamında da kullanılabilir. We are terribly/ badly/ awfully dissappointed with the result he got in the Olympics. (Aldığı sonuç bizi çok fazla hayal kırıklığına uğrattı. ) 3
Too Çok fazla, gereğinden çok anlamında. Negatif anlamdadır. Sıfat ya da zarf niteler. Too zarfını nitelemek için rather, far, a little, a bit, much gibi zarflar kullanılır. He is rather too thrilled. I have far too much exam anxiety. This boy is a little too shy. The cafe on the third floor is a bit too crowded. The questions in the practice exam were much too hard. Barely, hardly, scarcely, little ***Olumsuz anlam içerirler. Bu yüzden olumlu cümlede kullanılırlar ve anlamı olumsuz yaparlar. Barely, hardly, scarcely zarfları neredeyse hiç ve zar zor/ güç bela anlamı taşırlar. Ancak little zarfı sadece neredeyse hiç anlamı taşır. They hardly know about me. We could hardly/barely/scarcely answer the questions asked by the boss. The professor little knew about his new assistant. Almost, nearly, practically, virtually Bu zarflar neredeyse anlamı taşırlar. Virtually ise gerçekten anlamında da kullanılmaktadır. The questions on the test were really difficult. I almost/nearly/practically/virtually did nothing. (But I did something.) (Neredeyse/hemen hemen hiçbir şey yapmadım.) The van almost/ nearly / practically ran over the poor old lady. ***The defeat of our team was virtually a disaster. ( Gerçekten bir felaketti.) Barely/scarcely/hardly ile Almost, nearly, practically, virtually anlam farkı "I barely/hardly/scarcely passed the exam." cümlesi "Sınavı güçlükle/güçbela geçebildim. "I almost/nearly/practically passed the exam." cümlesi ise "Sınavı neredeyse geçiyordum. Geçmeme ramak kalmıştı." anlamını verir. Fairly, quite, rather Oldukça anlamı taşırlar. Rather daha çok olumsuz bir özelliği vurgulamak için kullanılır. She behaved rather foolishly yesterday. It is rather cold today. Quite oldukça anlamının yanı sıra tamamen- kesinlikle anlamına da gelir. Bu anlamda rather ve fairly kullanılmaz. I haven t quite completed the whole design yet. Henüz bütün tasarımı tamamen bitirmedim. Fairly sadece zarfları ve sıfatları niteler. Quite ve rather ise bunlara ek olarak fiil de nitelerler. I quite like his manners. I rather disapprove of her attitude towards the children in the orphanage. 4
It was a fairly long lasting movie. He played fairly well and scored two goals. It is quite difficult to say that he is innocent. He answered the question quite carefully. She behaved rather foolishly yesterday. He felt rather tired after working all day. Rather da like, enjoy, dislike, object gibi fiilleri nitelemek için "oldukça" anlamında kullanılır. I rather object to elementary school students being given too much homework. She rather likes doing housework. Sıfat tamlamalarında a/an, "fairly" den önce kullanılır. She is a fairly tall girl. It is a fairly interesting story. - A/an, "rather" dan önce ya da sonra gelebilir. This is a rather difficult question/rather a difficult question. This is a rather noisy place/rather a noisy place. A/an, "quite" dan sonra gelir. It was quite a nice holiday. She was quite an understanding person. Our house is quite a long way from here. SENTENCE ADVERBS Bütün bir cümleyi niteleyerek konuşmacının olaya bakışını ve tutumunu anlatan zarflardır. Wrongly unluckily indeed evidently rightly luckily obviously seriously unfortunately In fact Of course Fortunately Actually Surely Perhaps Surprisingly Frankly certainly possibly naturally maybe annoyingly definitely presumably personally admittedly clearly honestly undoubtedly understandably Bu zarflar ortada kullanıldığı zaman "be" fiilinden sonra gelir. He is obviously innocent./they are probably at home. Yardımcı fiil yoksa, özne ile asıl fiil arasında; yardımcı fiil varsa yardımcı fiille asıl fiil arasında yer alırlar. He obviously avoids being seen with his new girlfriend. They probably delayed going on holiday. He will probably come late tonight. He had obviously taken the money. At the beginning or at the end of a sentence: Certainly, he has been working very hard. He has been working very hard, certainly. Obviously, they will raise the prices again. They will raise the prices again, obviously 5
Definitely'nin cümlenin başında kullanılması çok enderdir. Daha çok cümlenin ortasında kullanılır. Cümle sonunda da yer alabilir. He was definitely at home at that hour. He is trying to do his best, definitely. ' Perhaps, of course ve maybe, cümlenin sonunda da kullanılabilmelerine rağmen daha çok cümlenin başında kullanılır. Ancak, vurguyu artırmak için ortada kullanılmaları da mümkündür. Bu durumda iki virgül arasında kullanılırlar. Perhaps, he can lend us his car. He can lend us his car, perhaps. He can, perhaps, lend us his car. Of course, he is capable of doing that. He is capable of doing that, of course. He is, of course, capable of doing that. Surely, daha çok cümlenin başında ya da sonunda kullanılır. Surely he was at the demonstration! (/ feel almost sure that he was.) You're not taking what I say seriously, surely admittedly luckily surprisingly annoyingly unluckily understandably frankly honestly seriously fortunately personally rightly unfortunately naturally wrongly Bu zarflar genellikle cümlenin başında kullanılırlar. Bir virgülle cümlenin devamından ayrılırlar. Understandably, he doesn't want to join us. (Anlaşıldığı gibi/anlaşıldığı üzere/anlaşılan o ki, bize katılmak istemiyor.) Seriously, why don't your parents move to the country? The air is cleaner there. (Cidden/Gerçekten, ailen neden taşraya taşınmıyor?) Rightly or wrongly, he decided to quit school and start work. (Doğru ya da yanlış, okulu bırakıp çalışmaya karar verdi.) Naturally, everybody wants to live in better conditions, FOCUSING ADVERBS: Bu zarflar, cümlenin bir öğesini vurgulamak için kullanılır. Cümle içindeki yerleri genelde vurguladıkları sözcükten hemen öncedir. Bu zarfları şöyle sıralayabiliriz: only purely exactly too just exclusively mostly either merely primarily especially as well simply chiefly particularly also solely mainly even I merely/purely/simply wanted to warn you. I had no other intention. Only the director was against the idea. This is exactly what I have been trying to illustrate. The director wants to attend the seminar, too. I also added your name to the list. She cannot do such a thing, either. Some countries, especially Germany and France, will not attend the summit. COMPARATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 6
ADJ er THAN More ADJ THAN MORE + ADVERB(ending with LY) OR TWO SYLLABLE ADVERBS ***EARLY (ADVERB) FAST HARD LATE Bigger than /taller than /cheaper than More comfortable than/more beautiful than Frankly more frankly often- more often Carefully- more carefully Earlier Faster harder - later She works harder than I do. me. do I. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES AND AND ADVERBS GOOD BETTER BAD WORSE MUCH MORE MANY/ A LOT OF MORE LITTLE LESS FAR FARTHER (Daha uzak) Your hotel is farther form the sea than ours. FAR FURTHER(Daha uzak) (daha fazla) We need further(more) explanation for it. LATE LATER ---- (daha sonra) He arrived later than us. LATE LATTER--- (iki şeyden ikincisi) I saw two films yesterday. The latter was perfect. FORMER/LATTER Eğer iki şeyden bahsediyorsak 1.si the former 2. si the latter (önceki sonraki) OLD OLDER-- The theatre building is older than my father. OLD ELDER (Aile bireylerinden büyük olan) My elder brother works for IBM. ***Much /far /rather/ a little/ a lot/ a bit / no kelimeleri comparative yapıları vurgularlar. He is a much better dentist than you are. She is far more intelligent than I thought. Some species of dinosaurs were no bigger than a chicken. She s only a little taller than her sister. This answer sounds rather better than the previous one. The more. the more Birbirine bağlı olarak değişen iki durumu karşılaştırma kullanarak bildireceksek bu yapıyı kullanırız. The longer you work, the more you earn. The more money you have, the better you live. The taller someone is, the better s/he can play basketball. 2006 KASIM kpds 7
AS /SO +ADJ/ADV +AS: Olumsuz cümlede so.. as tercih edilir. You should drive as carefully as you can in order not to have an accident. A man must be as determined as possible to be able to get what he wants Living in the country doesn t cost as/ so much as living in big cities. As /so much/many/few/little +adj +as Ralf wasn t as /so much interested in the news as his brother. As /so + adj+ a/an countable noun+ as I haven t seen as /so studious a boy as him so far. SUCH..AS : Such +adj+noun+as I haven t seen such awful weather as this so far here. (sayılamayan isim) They didn t expect me to make such a good presentation as the other candidate, but I managed it.(sayılabilen isim) AS /SO+ ADJ/ADV+ AS+ to Vo (YAPACAK KADAR SUCH +ADJ+ NOUN+ AS+ to Vo (YAPACAK KADAR) He isn t so qualified as to get the post without having some additional training. She isn t such a qualified candidate as to deal with all these diplomatic troubles. Twice Three times Half as AS (positive degree) AS She earns twice as much as me. She s only half as well-qualified as her sister. The final exam was twice as difficult as the mid term exam. The same + Noun+ as The same Eşitlik bildirir. İki şeyde aynıdır. Tony is the same weight as me / I am / am I Her grades are the same as mine. (Her grades are as good as mine) Our grades are the same. SO + ADJ/ADV + THAT: 8
Sonuç bildiren bir yapıdır. Sayılabilen tekil bir isim ile adj+ a/an+ noun şeklinde kullanmak mümkündür. The exam was so difficult that few people were able to pass. She was so efficient a secretary that the boss promoted her before long. Many, much, few, little ile kullanım mümkündür. She has so little experience that she cannot do this on her own. So that yapısı devrik kullanılabilir. The exam was so difficult that few people were able to pass. So difficult was the exam that few people were able to pass. 2004 Kasım kpds SUCH+ ADJ+ NOUN+ THAT : Sonuç bildiren bir diğer yapı da such that yapısıdır.arada bir sıfat +isim alabilir. Sadece isim ile de kullanılabilir. He is such an influential person that he can do what he wants. They have such severe problems that money itself cannot be enough. A lot of / a few / a little gibi miktar ifadeleriyle de kullanılabilir. We have such a lot of resources that you won t need anything else. Devrik yapı da mümkündür. It was such a difficult exam that few people were able to pass. Such a difficult exam was it that few people were able to pass. (devrik) 2007 MART ÜDS FEN 9
TOO + ADJ/ADV+ TO Vo Olumsuz anlam taşır. Many/few/little/much+ noun şeklinde de kullanılabilir The coffee is too hot to drink. There is too much noise to hear you. It was too complicated a question to answer in two minutes. ENOUGH ADJ/ADV+ ENOUGH+ TO Vo She is not old enough to enter the disco. She doesn t speak slowly enough to understand. 2006 Ekim üds sağlık SUPERLATIVE FORM OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ADJ est The most ADJ The most+ ADVERB(ending with LY) OR TWO SYLLABLE ADVERBS ***EARLY (ADVERB) FAST HARD LATE The biggest /the cheapest The most comfortable / the most beautiful Frankly- the most frankly often- the most often Carefully- the most carefully Earliest Fastest- hardest- latest 10
Sıfatlar önlerine my, his,their, Jason s gibi aitlik bildiren yapılar aldıklarında the almazlar. My best friend, his most successful student, their least appreciated offer. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES AND AND ADVERBS GOOD BETTER --- THE BEST BAD WORSE---- THE WORST MUCH MORE THE MOST MANY/ A LOT OF MORE--- THE MOST LITTLE LESS---- THE LEAST FAR FARTHEST (en uzak) The farthest landmark visible is aobut 30 kilometres away. FAR FURTHEST (en uzak/ en fazla) The novel explores the furthest extremes of human experience. LATE LATEST ---- (up-to-date) The machine is of the latest technology. LATE LAST-- () The last man to leave the building was Mark. OLD OLD OLDEST-- The oldest tapes were used in such a modern party. ELDEST-- My eldest uncle is now abroad. By far, quite, much, almost, nearly, together gibi derecelendirme zarfları ile de kullanılabilirler. She is by far the most hardworking student in the class. ÖNEMLİ BY FAR / OF (ALL), AMONG, IN gibi grup ifade eden edatlar varsa superlative yapıyı tercih etmeliyiz. Of all the applicants, she seems to be the most effective. She is by far the best singer in the contest. I am pretty much the best in the class. It is for sure that I am quite the worst member of the team. 2003 mart üds sosyal More, most, least, better ve best yapıları önlerine the almadan filleri nitelerken kullanılabilir. I like this red best among all my dresses. The famous actress most fear that they may lose their fans one day. Of these two selective courses, I want to take the course of History of Music better. MOST +ADJECTIVE /ADVERB MOST yapısı the almadan kullanıldığında very anlamına gelir. 11
He argued his case most persuasively. (very persuasively) It was a most beautiful morning. (very beautiful) Superlative yapılar zaman ya da bir grup ifade eden sözcüklerle OF kullanılır. Cümlenin başında OF kullanımı yaygındır. Grup ifade eden yapılarda among kullanımı da mümkündür. Ayrıca ever yapısı da superlativede yaygındır. Of all declarations made so far, this has the most sensible reasons for increase in taxes. Mohammed Ali is the best boxer of all times. Sarah is the most studious student among all the students in the school. This is the largest bacterium ever identified, as large as the full stop at the end of this sentence. LIKE /AS / SUCH AS: Like yapısı gibi, as ise dığı gibi anlamında kullanılır. Ancak like kendinden sonra isim, zamir ya da gerund yapı alabilir. She is very beautiful indeed, like an angel, (melek gibi] Work hard like your father. (Baban gibi) This bed is too tough. Sleeping in it is like sleeping on the floor. (Bu yatakta yatmak yerde yatmak gibi.) Do you have any other books like this? (Bunun gibi başka kitapların var mı?) My son wants to be a teacher like me. (Benim gibi) Ancak as yapısı kendisinden sonra cümlecik alır. Work hard like your father, (baban gibi...) Work hard as your father does, (babanın yaptığı gibi...) My son wants to be a teacher like me/as I am. Try to do it like this/as I show you. As'den sonra bir isim kullanılabilir: as an accountant, as a study, as a hospital, etc. Bu kullanımıyla as "... olarak' anlamına gelir ve bir benzetme yapmaz, gerçek durumu yansıtır. He works as an accountant in a big firm. (Büyük bir şirkette muhasebeci olarak çalışıyor.) She has been working as a teacher for nearly ten years. The news that she had passed the exam came as a great surprise to me. (It really was a surprise.) I've always regarded you as my closest friend. (Seni her zaman en yakın arkadaşım olarak görmüşümdür.) Örneklendirme yaparken like ve such as aynı anlamda kullanılır. I like summer fruits, such as peaches, melons and watermelons., like peaches, melons and watermelons. (Ben, şeftali, kavun, karpuz gibi yaz meyvelerini severim.) Such... as, birbirinden ayrılabilir ve araya genellediğimiz isim girebilir. Some countries, such as Turkey, are still dependent on agriculture economically. Countries such as Turkey are still dependent on agriculture economically. Such countries as Turkey are still dependent on agriculture economically. I like to give presents such as books and records. 12
I like to give such presents as books and records. I find some sports, such as car racing and climbing, really dangerous. I find sports such as car racing and climbing really dangerous. I find such sports as car racing and climbing really dangerous. 2003 Mart üds fen Kayanın dokusu onun, kuyruklu yıldız. gevşek ve kurumlu bir buz kütlesinden değil, bir asteroidden geldiğini gösterdi. 2009 Mayıs KPDS 2005 Aralik Sağlık Eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, are particularly common in adolescents. A- allowing for B- in case of C- despite D- such as E- regarding ÖNEMLİ -----AS YAPILARI----- 1- She works as a consultant. ( Danışman olarak çalışıyor) 2- As + SVO ( dığı gibi ) As you see in the picture ( Resimde gördüğün gibi) 3- iken (When /while) zaman bağlacı olarak I saw her as I was getting out. 4- As + SVO dığı için/çünkü since/ because : neden sonuç bağlacı olarak As I was very tired, I stayed in last night. 13
5- As + SVO dıkça,dikçe : As you grow older, you do less mistakes. **** Boşluktan sonra V3 ya da preposition varsa AS düşünülmeli. As (it is) seen in the picture: Resimde görüldüğü gibi. As in the picture: Resimde olduğu gibi. 14