Trying to understand the Arabic Language

1 Trying to understand the Arabic Language (By Mohammed Aijaz Mohiuddin) Contents Preface and About the Author... 17 Note to the Reader... 18 Book Features... 21 Tanveen (Seq # 1)... 22 No word for 'a' and 'an' (Seq # 2)... 23 Indefinite Noun and Definite Noun (Seq # 3)... 24... 26 4) will not be preceded with person names nouns (Seq # ا ل Sun letters and Moon Letters (Seq # 5)... 27...(6 29 (Seq # م ج ر و ر and م ن ص و ب,م ر ف و ع Default case of any noun is م ر ف و ع (Seq # 7)... 31 Feminine gender Nouns (Seq # 8)... 33 Part of the body with pairs are feminine (Seq # 9)... 35 Parts of speech in the Arabic language (Seq # 10)... 35 Triptotes and Diptotes (Seq # 11)... 37

2 3 م ج ر و ر and م ن ص و ب Ending of a Diptote noun is Fatah in case of (Seq # 12)... 40 First two categories of Diptotes (Seq # 13)... 41 6 Detached personal pronouns (Seq # 14)... 44 Prepositions, heavily used topic in Quran (Seq # 15)... 46 Behavior of Diptote with Preposition (Seq # 16)... 50 Prepositions when with Pronouns (Seq # 17)... 52 Vocative Harmony, Jaar Majroor case of for preposition with attached pronoun (Seq # 18)... 53 Jaar Majroor with other prepositions (Seq # 19)... 55... 59 (20 (Seq # ه م ز ة الو ص ل و ه م ز ة ال ق ط ع ل ي ه... 61 (21 (Seq # م ض اف م ض اف ا The difference between "Book of a student" and "Book of the student" (Seq # 22)... 64 ل ي ه Examples of... 66 (23 (Seq # م ض اف م ض اف ا Muzaaf Muzaaf ilaihi with pronouns (Seq # 24)... 67 Understanding Ya-Mutakallim (Seq # 25)... 69 Explaining Preposition + pronoun = jaar majroor, Noun + pronoun ل ي ه =... 70 (26 (Seq # م ض اف م ض اف ا ل ي ه Preposition before... 71 (27 (Seq # م ض اف م ض اف ا Adverbs (Seq # 28)... 73 ل ي ه...(29 74 (Seq # ظ ر ف م ض اف ا Demonstrative Pronouns (Seq # 30)... 76 Relative Pronouns (Seq # 31)... 78 Particle of Conjunction ( ف ع ط ف (ح ر (Seq # 32)... 79 Effect of conjunction و on subsequent words (nouns) (Seq # 33)... 80 ل ي ه Chain of... 82 (34 (Seq # م ض اف م ض اف ا Concept of Mabni (Seq # 35)... 84 Learning 14 Personal Pronouns (Seq # 36)... 86 Jaar Majroor with 14 pronouns (Seq # 37)... 91 Muzaaf Muzaaf ilaihi with 14 pronouns (Seq # 38)... 92 ه ن, ه م ا,ه م,ه م ا,ه و Specialty of five attached pronouns of (Vocative harmony) (Seq # 39)... 93 No corresponding word for the English word it (Seq # 40)... 94

4 5 Introduction to Arabic Plurals (Seq # 41)... 95 Sound Masculine Plurals (Seq # 42)... 96 Sound Feminine Plurals (Seq # 43)... 98 Broken Plurals (Seq # 44)... 99 All the broken plurals are treated as feminine singular (Seq # 45) 101 Duals (Seq # 46)... 102 Adjectives (Seq # 47)... 103 No Arabic word for is (Seq # 48)... 105 Introduction to Nominal sentence (Seq # 49)... 106 Subject ( ا (ا ل م ب ت د is always م ر ف و ع (Seq # 50)... 108 (ش ب ه ج م ل ة ( phrase and a (ج م ل ة ( Sentence Difference between a (Seq # 51)... 110 5 types of Predicate ( (خ ب ر (Seq # 52)... 111 One word predicate (Seq # 53)... 112 comes in the position of subject or predicate (Seq م ض ا ف م ض اف ال ي ه # 54)... 115 Prepositional phrase as a predicate ( (خ ب ر (second type) (Seq # 55)... 117 Adverbial phrase as a predicate ( (خ ب ر (third type) (Seq # 56)... 119 Khabar can come before in nominal sentence (Seq # 57)... 121 Nominal sentence as Predicate (fourth type) (Seq # 58)... 122 Verbal sentence as Predicate (fifth type) (Seq # 59)... 124 Difference between "This book" and "This is a book" (Seq # 60).. 125 Simple grammatical analysis of arabic statements (Seq # 60A)... 127 Vocative particle ي ا (Seq # 61)... 130 Interrogative particle ( ه ل and (ا (Seq # 62)... 135 Adding Emphasis to the sentence by ل (Seq # 63)... 136 ن... 137 64), the particle of emphasis and Nasbin (Seq # ا... 140 65) when joins with 14 pronouns (Seq # ا ن ن Ladder slider game of... 141 66) (Seq # ل and ا Triple emphasis (Seq # 67)... 143 ن Sisters of... 144 68) (Seq # ا Grammatical analysis (GA) of few Quran verses (Seq # 68A)... 146

6 7 Usage of ا م and ا و (Seq # 69)... 148 Few more categories of Diptotes (Seq # 70)... 149 Which ( (ا ي (Seq # 71)... 151 Comparative and superlative degrees (Seq # 72)... 152 Interrogative particle م ا (Seq # 73)... 153 Answering the question with ب لى and ن ع م (Seq # 74)... 154 Duals of demonstrative pronouns ذ ل ك,ه ذ ه,ه ذا and ت ل ك (Seq # 75)... 155 Duals of relative pronouns ال ذ ي and ال تي (Seq # 76)... 157 Introduction to verbal sentence (Seq # 77)... 157 Introduction to Three radicals (or letters) (Seq # 78)... 159 Transitive verbs and Intransitive verbs (Seq # 79)... 161 Characteristics of the Root of the verb (Seq # 80)... 162 Important Baabs (Chapters) of verb (Seq # 81)... 163 Understanding Baab ف ت ح session # 1 (Seq # 82)... 164 Understanding Baab ف ت ح session # 2 (Seq # 83)... 167 Understanding Baab ف ت ح session # 3 (Seq # 84)... 169 Understanding Baab ف ت ح session # 4 (Seq # 85)... 171 Understanding Baab ف ت ح session # 5 (Seq # 86)... 173 Putting together all the things learned from the last 5 topics (Seq # 87)... 175 Practice session for the Verb Past tense (Seq # 88)... 179 Mutaharrik Pronouns and Saakin Pronouns for the Past tense (Seq # 89)... 183 Understanding Baab ف ت ح present tense ( ار ع (م ض (Seq # 90)... 185 Practice session for the Verb Present tense (Seq # 91)... 190 Mutaharrik Pronouns and Saakin Pronouns for the Present tense (Seq # 92)... 196 Revisiting the topic Verbal sentence as Predicate (fifth type) for Nominal sentence (Seq # 93)... 197 Unique Characteristics of second letter ( ك ل م ة (ع (Seq # 94)... 199 Few sample verbs from Baab Fataha ( (ف ت ح (a-a group) (Seq # 95)203 Few sample verbs from Baab Nasara ( ر (ن ص (a-u group) (Seq # 96)... 205

8 9 Few sample verbs from Baab Zaraba ( ر ب (ض (a-i group) (Seq # 97)... 208 Few sample verbs from Baab Sami`a ( م ع (س (i-a group) (Seq # 98)... 210 Particle of futurity, Future tense (Seq # 99)... 212 Importance of Vowel signs, Understanding ذهبت (Seq # 100)... 213 Joining pronouns to the verbs (Seq # 101)... 214 Protection noon ن (Seq # 102)... 216 Protection alif ا (Seq # 103)... 217 Mafoulin bihi along with the doer ت م (Seq # 104)... 218 Verbal sentence cannot have two doers (Seq # 105)... 219 Moods of the verb (Seq # 106)... 220 Imperative tense ( ا م ر (ف ع ل (Seq # 107)... 223 Prohibitive لا (Seq # 108)... 226 Negative particle for past, present and future (Seq # 109)... 228 Negative particles ( ل م and ل م ا ) (Seq # 110)... 229 The particle ا ن and ال ت ع ل ي ل ( ل (لام (Seq # 111)... 230 Masdar م ص د ر (Seq # 112)... 232 Masdar Muawwal ( م ص د ر م و و ل ) (Seq # 113)... 233 Special verb ل ي س and ال ح ج از ي ة ( م ا (م ا (Seq # 114)... 235 Hope or fear by the verb ع س ى (Seq # 114A)... 238 Understanding relative pronouns again (Seq # 114B)... 238 Grammatical analysis (GA) of few Quran verses (Seq # 114C)... 240 Introduction to Weak verbs (Seq # 115)... 242 Tips for understanding Weak verbs (Seq # 116)... 242... 243 117) verbs (Seq # ال م ث ال... 247 118) verbs (a-u group) (Seq # الا ج و ف... 256 119) verbs (a-i group) (Seq # الا ج و ف... 260 120) verbs (i-a group) (Seq # الا ج و ف... 263 121) verbs (past tense) (Seq # ال ن اق ص... 268 122) verbs (present tense) (Seq # ال ن اق ص... 270 123) verbs (Imperative tense) (Seq # ال ن اق ص AlMuzaafu ( ع ف (ال م ض verbs (Seq # 124)... 271 Classification of verbs (Seq # 125)... 277

10 11 Laam of command (or request) for third and first person (Seq # 126)... 279 Special verb ر ا ى (Seq # 127)... 280 Special verb ا ت ى (Seq # 128)... 283 Doer ( م ال ف اع ل (اس (Seq # 129)... 286 Noun for the object on which the action done on (Seq # 130)... 288 Noun of place and time (Seq # 131)... 289 Noun for instrument (Seq # 132)... 292 Revisiting the Nominal sentence structure (Seq # 133)... 293 Interrogative Nouns (Seq # 134)... 294 Mubtada can be indefinite (Seq # 135)... 295 Order of Mubtada and Khabar (Seq # 136)... 296 Revisiting the Verbal sentence structure (Seq # 137)... 297 Adverbs In detail (Seq # 138)... 297 Words acting like an Adverb (Seq # 139)... 299 Words ق ب ل and ب ع د (Seq # 140)... 300 Usage of verb ك ان in Nominal sentence (Seq # 141)... 301 Sister of لا ي ز ا ل ( ك ان ) (Seq # 142)... 303 As for as, ا م ا (Seq # 143)... 303 Taking oath by ( (و (Seq # 144)... 304 Circumstances ( ال ح ال ) (Seq # 145)... 305 Five Nouns ( س م اء ال خ م س ة (الا (Seq # 146)... 306 Plural of ا ب ن (Seq # 147)... 308 Duals and sound masculine plurals when becomes Muzaaf (Seq # 148)... 309 Word for Both (ك لا) (Seq # 149)... 311 Word for another (Seq # 150)... 313 Hope or fear ( (ل ع ل (Seq # 151)... 313 Extra min ( الز اي د ة (م ن (Seq # 152)... 314 Taukeed ( (الت و ك ي د (Seq # 153)... 315 Manqoos Noun ( (ال م ن ق و ص (Seq # 154)... 316 Understanding ف اع ل for Naaqis verbs (Seq # 155)... 318 Jazam for Demand (Seq # 156)... 319 Introduction to conditional sentences (Seq # 157)... 320

12 13 Particle of Unfulfilled condition ( و (ل (Seq # 158)... 320 ذ ا Another adverb... 322 159) (Seq # ا ن The word... 323 160) and its sisters (Seq # ا Circumstances when Jawab (answer to condition) takes ف (Seq # 161)... 325 When (ل م ا) (Seq # 162)... 326 A word about ت ل ك,ا و ل ي ك and ذ ل ك (Seq # 163)... 327 A word about ل ك ن (Seq # 164)... 327 A word about ا ن م ا (Seq # 165)... 328 Even if ( ل و (و (Seq # 166)... 328 Masdar Mu`awwal (II) (Seq # 167)... 329 But for/because of ( لا (ل و (Seq # 168)... 329 Negative Laam for entire genus (لا) (Seq # 169)... 331 Intensive form for ا س م ال ف اع ل (Seq # 170)... 332 Usage of preposition ف ي with the verb د خ ل (Seq # 171)... 333 Meaning of surprise by ا ذ ا (Seq # 172)... 334 Two objects for ظ ن (Seq # 173)... 335 A word about the verb ج ع ل (Seq # 174)... 335 Partitive م ن (Seq # 175)... 336 Revisiting the badal concept (differentiating pronoun) (Seq # 176)... 337 Separate/detached and attached pronouns (Seq # 177)... 338 Usage of separate pronouns ( م ن ص و ب case) (Seq # 178)... 340 Introduction to mazeed ( (ال م ز ي د verbs (Seq # 179)... 342 Some general rules for understanding mazeed verbs (Seq # 180).. 343 Form-II ( ت ف ع ي ل (ب اب (Seq # 181)... 344 Extensive and Intensive action property of Form-II (Seq # 182)... 350 Form-III ( ف ع ال (ب اب (Seq # 183)... 351 Form-IV ( اف ع ال (ب اب (Seq # 184)... 355 Making intransitive verb into transitive verb (Seq # 185)... 360 Special verb ا ر ي (Seq # 186)... 361 Some more sisters of ك ان (Seq # 187)... 363 Form-V ( ب اب ت ف ع ل ) (Seq # 188)... 363 Form-VI ( ت ف اع ل (ب اب (Seq # 189)... 367

14 15 Form-VII (Seq # 190)... 370 Form-VIII ( ا ف ت ع ال (ب اب (Seq # 191)... 372 Changes in Form-VIII (Seq # 192)... 374 Form-IX (Seq # 193)... 376 Form-X (Seq # 194)... 377 Four letter verbs (Seq # 195)... 379 Mazeed verbs for base four letter verbs (Seq # 196)... 380 Introduction to Passive voice (Seq # 197)... 381 Passive voice for Saalim verbs (Seq # 198)... 382 Passive voice for Mithaal verbs (Seq # 199)... 385 Passive voice for Ajwaf verbs (Seq # 200)... 385... 386 201) (Absolute object) (Seq # ال م ف ع و ل ال م ط ل ق Understanding Energetic ن session # 1 (Seq # 202)... 388 Understanding Energetic ن session # 2 (Seq # 203)... 389 Understanding Energetic ن session # 3 (Seq # 204)... 390 Understanding Energetic ن session # 4 (Optional usage) (Seq # 205)... 392 Understanding Energetic ن session # 5 (Compulsory usage) (Seq # 206)... 392 Understanding Energetic ن session # 6 (Near Compulsory usage) (Seq # 207)... 393 Learning more about Diptotes (Seq # 208)... 393 State or Circumstance ( (ال ح ال (Seq # 209)... 394 210)... 396 noun (Seq # ال ت م ييز... 397 (211 (Seq # ال م ف ع و ل لا ج ل ه (or) ال م ف ع و ل ل ه Introduction to Exceptions (Seq # 212)... 398 Elements of Exceptions (Seq # 213)... 398 Types of exceptions (Seq # 214)... 399 Grammatical Rules of exception (Seq # 215)... 400 Introduction to Numbers (Seq # 216)... 402 Numbers 1 and 2 (Seq # 217)... 403 Numbers 3 to 10 (Seq # 218)... 403 Numbers 11 to 19 (Seq # 219)... 404 Numbers 20, 30, 40. 90 (Seq # 220)... 405

16 17 Learning few middle numbers (Seq # 221)... 405 The ordinal numbers (Seq # 222)... 406 Few miscellenious grammatic rules (Seq # 223)... 406 References for future reading (Seq # 224)... 409 Answers to the exercises... 409 Appendix A... 415 Appendix B... 418 Appendix C... 422 Preface and About the Author The author of this book is a student of knowledge like many others. He worked for Saudi Telecom Company in Saudi Arabia. He has attempted to put together his understanding for learning the Arabic language, explaining the ocean with a drop of water. This work happened only through the kind mercy of Allah. Let Allah Accept this work by his mercy. Aameen There is no copyright rule for this book. Anyone can use it for learning/teaching/spreading the Arabic language. By the will of Allah, This work is of the society and for the society. Society helped a lot in this work, so actual author of this work is no one but the society. Any mistake in this work is from the author himself (write to the below email for corrections) and any good in this work is from Allah. (Society) + Author Address

18 19 Mohammed Aijaz Mohiuddin, S/o Mohammed Ghouse Mohiuddin, Student of knowledge, Computer Engineer, House No :- 9-14-167/1, Ahmed Pura calony, Nizamabad-503001, Telangana state, I N D I A Email:- waseem_aijaz@yahoo.com, ph: +91 7036107946 Date: 17 November, 2016 Note to the Reader Learning Arabic Language is fascinating and joyfull. So learn each topic with happiness. This is not a tajweed book, but it is a book to understand the Arabic language itself. Reader should have some knowledge of Arabic terminology (Tanveen, Dammah, Kathra, etc). Reader of this book should know how to read Quran with or without tajweed. But it is always recommended to learn tajweed. Respect your learning style. Give first preference to your learning style unless there is no CONFUSION. Reader should give some time for thinking. Reader of this book should have a good copy of Quran (hardcopy or any software) with him, as exercises of this book refer to the Quran. Quran (15:18:1) represents the Para (Juzz) # 15, chapter # 18, and verse # 1. All the are given from Chapter of Cave (Surah AlKahaf). Recite this Surah every Friday for further revision of what has been learnt. Terminologies like Pesh for Dhammah, Zabar for Fatah, Zair for Kathrah has been used interchangeably to cover both Western and Eastern (Asian countries) readers.

20 21 Reader of this book should try to write the Arabic text used in this book for better learning/understanding, if possible. Oral practice is must. Reader is recommended not to rush, not to jump the topics. Reader is recommended not to worry for vocabulary knowledge. It will come by time and as we proceed. The answers to the exercises are present in the last section namely Answers to the excercises. Pray the following Dua Book Features Each topic is arranged in an organized manner avoiding any confusions. Average reading time of topics is 10 minutes. So a reader can even spare 10 minutes time to complete a topic a day. are answerable as TRUE or FALSE. All the are given from Chapter of Cave (Surah AlKahaf). Recite this Surah every Friday for further revision of what has been learnt. Oh our Lord, increase our love towards each and every single letter of Quran, each and every single vowel sign of Quran, each and every single word of Quran, each and every single verse of Quran, all the chapters of Quran and towards Arabic Language. Aameen.

22 Dua Oh our Lord, increase our love towards each and every single letter of Quran, each and every single vowel sign of Quran, each and every single word of Quran, each and every single verse of Quran, all the chapters of Quran and towards the Arabic Language. Aameen. Tanveen (Seq # 1) The tanveen is a symbol that comes on the ending letters of Arabic nouns. Tanveen can be double Dhammah (,( or double Fatah ( ( or double Kathrah (.( Consider a letter.ب Tanveen on this letter can take the form: ب (bun), ب ا (ban), ب (bin). The extra alif (ا) in case of ban is just a spelling rule. These forms are used depending on the situation, which we will learn in upcoming topics. Examples: ك ت ا ب, ك ت اب ا, ك ت ا ب A) book) 23 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ج د ار (a wall) ends with tanveen. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ك ن ز (a treasure) ends with tanveen. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ذ ك ر ا (A story or remembrance) ends with tanveen. No word for 'a' and 'an' (Seq # 2) In the Arabic language, there is no equal word for English words 'a' and 'an'. Then how can we say any one book or a book? It has to be said with tanveen. This tanveen has hidden 'a' and 'an'. Examples: ك ت اب (A book), ق ل م (A pen), ي ت ي م (An orphan) 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ج دا ر means a wall. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ك ن ز means a treasure.

24 25 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ك ل م ة (A word) has hidden a. Indefinite Noun and Definite Noun (Seq # 3) The noun in Arabic is termed as ا س م. The nouns in Arabic can be Indefinite or definite. Indefinite nouns ends with tanveen and does not represent a specific/particular thing. If it is definite noun then the noun is preceded by ا ل and it represents a specific/particular thing. In English this means "The". When you put ا ل then tanveen will be dropped and it will only have single vowel sign (single Pesh, single Zabar or single Zair). Tanveen and ا ل cannot co-exist together. See the examples below. Indefinite Noun Examples: (A pen, It can be any ق ل م book), (A book, It can be any ك ت ا ب pen) Definite Noun Examples: ال + ك ت اب = ال ك ت اب ال + ق ل م = ال ق ل م (the ال ق ل م book), (the book, representing to a particular ال ك ت اب pen, representing to a particular pen) Note: Quran (X:Y:Z) represents the Para (Juzz) # X, chapter # Y, and verse # Z. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:34). The indefinite noun ث م ر (fruit) present in this verse. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:35). The indefinite noun ظ ال م (an unjust person) present in this verse.

26 27 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:46). The definite noun ال م ال (The money, The property) present in this verse. 4) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:79). The definite noun الس ف ي ن ة (The ship) is not present in this verse. 5) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:82). The definite noun ال ج د ا ر (The wall) is present in this verse. ا ل ل ل ل will not be preceded with person names nouns (Seq # 4) All the person name nouns are definite by default. Let us take a person name,.م ح م د We don t need to put ا ل in front of it. So it is wrong to say.ا ل م ح م د They are also termed as proper name nouns. Examples: etc. ع ز ي ر, ش ا ه د, م ب ش ر, ح ا م د 1) State TRUE or FALSE: ش ا ه د is a person name. So it is. الش ا ه د wrong to say 2) State TRUE or FALSE: ك ه ف (A cave) is not a person name. So it is correct to say ا ل ك ه ف (The cave). 3) State TRUE or FALSE: م د ي ن ة (A town) is a person name. Sun letters and Moon Letters (Seq # 5) In the Arabic language the alphabets (or letters) are divided into two categories namely: the Sun letters and the Moon letters. If those are memorized then well and good, otherwise the student/reader will learn them automatically as the time goes.

28 29 The rule is that any noun that starts with sun letters and if Al is attached to it (for making it definite) then ل of ا ل will not be read and it is silent (assimilated). The first letter of such.( ) word will get Tashdeed Any noun that starts with Moon letter and if Al is attached to it (for making it definite) then ل of ا ل will be read and it will not be silent. Sun Letters ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن Example الش م س Moon Letters ا ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م و ه ي Example ال ق م ر 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:6). The word ال ح د ي ث is present in this verse. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:11). We pronounce the ل of ال in the word ال كه ف because the letter ك is a moon letter. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:79). The word ال س ف ي ن ة (The ship) is present in this verse.,م ر ف و م ر ف و ع ع ع و ب ب م ن ص and م ج ر و ر ر (Seq # 6) In the Arabic language every noun declines. It means that it.م جر و ر, م ن ص و ب, م ر ف وع comes in different forms namely will have two dammah as ending for the indefinite noun م ر ف وع and single dammah for the definite noun. م ن ص و ب will have two fatah as ending for the indefinite noun and single fatah for the definite noun. م جر و ر will have two kathrah as ending for

ع 30 31 the indefinite noun and single fatah for the definite noun. See below example Example of Indefinite noun Meaning: A book (م ر ف وع ( ك ت ا ب Meaning: A book (م ن ص و ب ( ك ت اب ا Meaning: A book (م جر و ر ( ك ت ا ب Example of definite noun Meaning: The book (م ر ف و ( ال كت ا ب Meaning: The book (م ن ص و ب ( ال كت ا ب Meaning: The book (م جر و ر ( ال كت ا ب In the English language the terminology is nominative case for and genitive case for م ن ص و ب accusative case for,م ر ف وع terminology. No need to worry about English.م جر و ر Forms in these three different cases will be used based on the situation and this will be learned further. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:9). The word ال ك ه ف which is ر ور,م ج present in this verse. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:54). م ج ر ور The word with meaning The Quran, which is present in this verse. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:63).,م ر ف و ع The word with meaning The Shaitaan, which is present in this verse. 4) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:63). The word ا ل ب ح ر (The sea) which is م ج ر ور present in this verse. 5) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:69)..م ن ص و ب (Patient) is ص ا ب ر The case of the word Default case of any noun is ع و و ع ر ف (Seq # م م م م 7)

ع 32 33 The default case of all the Arabic nouns is nominative case. That is the noun always ends with two dammah (م ر ف و ( (indefinite) or single dammah (definite). The case will change if it is affected by any grammatical rule. We will learn as we go further. Examples Case Noun ع ع ع ع م ر ف و ا ل ب ح ر Sea) (The م ر ف و ح و ت (Fish) م ر ف و ع ب د (Worshipper) م رف و ش د ي د (Severe) 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:4). The word و ل دا (a son) which is م ن ص و ب is present in this verse. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: All the Arabic nouns by default exist in the م ن ص و ب case. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:17). The word ال ش م س (the sun) is not the م ر ف وع case. Feminine gender Nouns (Seq # 8) Arabic is very gender specific language. Noun for feminine gender ends with.ة This ة is called as round ta ( ta marbootah ). As an example, the noun for the masculine (male) doctor is ط ب ي ب. To make it for the feminine (female) doctor, ة should be added at the end. So the noun will be will be feminine ة. So most of the nouns having this ط ب ي ب ة nouns. Below are the few more examples. Meaning Noun الس ف ين ة The ship The الص خر ة rock

34 35 ج ن ة Paradise 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:5). The feminine gender noun ك ل م ة (a word) is present in this verse. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:7). The feminine gender noun ز ي ن ة (decoration) is present in this verse. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:10). The feminine gender noun ا ل ف ت ي ة (Young men) is present in this verse. 4) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:17). The feminine gender noun ف ج و ة (A middle area) is present in this verse. 5) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:19). The noun ال م دي ن ة (The town) is feminine. Part of the body with pairs are feminine (Seq # 9) The parts of the body which are two in numbers (i.e. pairs) like eyes, ears, hands, legs are feminine though they don t end with ta). (the round ة ع ي ن Eye, ا ذ ن Ear, ي د Hand, ر ج ل Leg, The above nouns are feminine in nature. Parts of speech in the Arabic language (Seq # 10) English language has 8 parts of speech namely: Noun, Pronoun, adjective, preposition, verb, adverb, conjunction and interjection.

36 37 But the Arabic language has only 3 parts of speech. Those are Noun, Verb and Particle. These 3 parts of speech of arabic language covers all the parts of speech of english language as per the below table. Verb (ح ر ف ( Particle ) ف ع ل ( ) ا س م ( Noun Arabic Arabic Noun covers Arabic Particle includes the below parts of preposition and speech from English. conjunction. Verb = ح ر ف ج ر = Preposition ف ع ل ا س م = Noun ح ر ف = Conjunction ضم ي ر = Pronoun ع ط ف ن ع ت Adjective= ظ ر ف = Adverb ا س م = Interjection الف ع ل 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The Arabic noun ( ا س م ) includes the English nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and interjections. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: In the Arabic language the verb particle. ) is a ف ع ل ( 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Prepositions and conjunctions are treated as particles ( ر ف (ح in the Arabic language. Triptotes and Diptotes (Seq # 11) This is a very important topic to understand. Nouns in the Arabic language are categorized as Triptotes and Diptotes based on the complete or partial declension of nouns.

38 39 A noun with complete declension has two dammah when it is and two kathrah when it م ن ص و ب two fatah when it is,م ر ف و ع is ر و ر.م ج Such a noun is called as triptote. Triptote Examples Case Examples Triptotes of م ر ف و ع ح ا م د م ح م د ك ت ا ب م ن ص و ب ب ح ا م دا م ح م د ا ك ت اب ا ر و ر ح ا م د م ح م د ك ت ا ب م م م م ج A noun with partial declension has one dammah when it is and one fatah when it is م ن ص و ب one fatah when it is,م ر ف و ع tanveen. In partial declension a noun do not end with.م ج ر و ر Such a noun is called as diptote. Diptote Examples Case Examples of Diptotes م ر ف و ع ن ا ب ر اه ي م م ر ي م ف ر ع و و ب ب م ن ص ن ا ب ر اه ي م م ر ي م ف ر ع و م ج ر و ر ر ن ا ب ر اه ي م م ر ي م ف ر ع و Observe the endings in the end of above nouns. They don t end with tanveens. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:31). The word ا س او ر (A bracelets) which is a diptote is present in this verse.

40 41 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:37). The word ر ج لا (A man) is a triptote and is present in this verse. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:94). The words ي ا ج و ج and م ا ج و ج are diptotes and not present in this verse. 4) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:106). The word ج ه ن م (hell) which is a diptote is present in this verse. 5) State TRUE or FALSE: The word س ا ع ة (An hour) is a triptote. Ending of a Diptote noun is Fatah in case of و ب ب م ن ص and و و ر ر ر ر م ج ر (Seq # 12) In the last session we have learnt triptotes and diptotes. For its importance, it is to note once again that the endings of Diptotes in the case of م ن ص و ب and م ج ر و ر form are Fatah (i.e, Zabar). Observe the following examples to recognize Fatah (i.e,.م ج ر و ر and م ن ص و ب Zabar) in the case of Case Examples of Diptotes م ر ف و ع ع ع ن ا ب ر اه ي م م ر ي م ف ر ع و و ب ب م ن ص ن ا ب ر اه ي م م ر ي م ف ر ع و م ج ر و ر ر ن ا ب ر اه ي م م ر ي م ف ر ع و 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The م ن ص و ب ending of a diptote noun is not Dammah. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The م ن ص و ب and م ج ر ور endings of a diptote noun is Fatah. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Diptote nouns do not end with tanveen (two dammah, two fatah, two kathrah). First two categories of Diptotes (Seq # 13)

42 43 There are few categories of nouns which are diptotes in the Arabic language. In this session, two categories with examples are given below. Category # 1 (All feminine person (Women) name nouns are Diptotes) Case Examples of o f Feminine Person names ز ي ن ب ف اط م ة م ر ي م م ر ف و ع ز ي ن ب ف اط م ة م ر ي م م ن ص و ب ز ي ن ب ف اط م ة م ر ي م م ج ر و ر Category # 2 (All Foreign name nouns are Diptotes) Arabic language considers the names like Ibrahim, Ismail, London, Washington, Yaajooj, Majooj etc as foreign names as compare to Mohammed, Hamid etc as local names. So, all foreign name nouns in the Arabic language are diptotes. Examples below. Case Examples of Foreign name nouns ب ر اه ي م ل ن د ن م ر ف و ع ف ر ع و ن ا ب ر اه ي م ل ن د ن م ن ص و ب ف ر ع و ن ا ب ر اه ي م ل ن د ن م ج ر و ر ف ر ع و ن ا Other categories of diptotes will be discussed as and when required. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: In the Arabic language, the name name. is not a foreign م ح م د 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:94). The two words ي ا ج و ج and م ا ج و ج are diptotes because they are foreign names and are present in this verse. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: All the foreign name nouns are diptotes in the Arabic language.

44 45 6 Detached personal pronouns (Seq # 14) In the Arabic language there are total 14 personal pronouns. All these 14 personal pronouns are definite. In this session we learn only 6 of them. Observe the below table. He (masculine) They All ه و (masculine) You ه م (masculine) ا ن ت You All (masculine) ا ن ت م I ا ن ا ن ح ن We You can use some physical interactive actions to memorize them. Use the below procedure for it and practice a lot. Step 1: Keep your right hand on right side and point out with.ه و single fore finger to represent He and say loudly Step 2: Keep your right hand on right side and point out with.ه م all the fingers to represent they and say loudly Step 3: Keep your right hand infront of you and point out with single fore finger in the front direction to represent you and.ا ن ت say loudly Step 4: Keep your right hand infront of you and point out with all the fingers in the front direction to represent they and say.ا ن ت م loudly Step 5: Keep your right hand and point towards yourself with.ا ن ا single fore finger to represent I and say loudly Step 6: Keep your right hand and point towards yourself with.ن ح ن all the fingers to represent We and say loudly The reader can use any comfortable method to practice these 6 personal pronouns.

46 47 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun which means We is present in the verse Quran (15:18:13). 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun which means They all (masculine) is present in the verse Quran (15:18:17). 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The two personal pronouns which means I and He are present in the verse Quran (15:18:34). 4) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun which means I is not present in the verse Quran (16:18:110). 5) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun which.ا ن ت means You (masculine) is Prepositions, heavily used topic in Quran (Seq # 15) See the below table of prepositions. English Meaning Proposition م ن from ف ي in ل for With, by, in, of, on (Its meaning depends on the ب context) ع ل ى on ال ى towards ع ن About Nouns become م جر و ر if they come after any preposition..م ر ف و ع (the book). By default it is ال ك ت اب Consider the noun

48 49 Preposition م ن when comes before makes this noun ال ك ت اب to below. as shown م ج ر و ر + ال ك ت اب = م ن ال ك ت اب The combination of this Preposition and Noun is called as (Jaar-Majroor). This combination is heavily used in ج ا ر م ج ر و ر Quran. Examples Meaning Jaar Majroor Noun Preposition = م ن ال ك ت اب from the book م ن + ا ل ك ت اب from the م ن ا ل ب ي ت = م ن ال ب ي ت house + ا ل ك ه ف = ف ي ال ك ه ف in the cave ف ي + م ن ال ب ح ر = ف ي ال ب ح ر in the sea ف ي + + ش ر = م ن ش ر from evil م ن ب ا لل ه = ب لهل on Allah + The preposition ب has lot of meanings depending on the context. These contexts will be learned in future. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:10). The word ال ك ه ف is م ج ر و ر because of the preposition.ال ى 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:15)..ع ل ى because of the preposition م ج ر و ر is الل ه The word 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:19). The word ال م د ي ن ة (the city, the town) which is م ج ر و ر is present in this verse. 4) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:37). The phrase م ن ت ر ا ب (from dust) which is a Jaar-Majroor combination is present in this verse.

50 51 5) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:40). The word الس ما ء (The sky) is م ج ر و ر because of the preposition م ن before it. Behavior of Diptote with Preposition (Seq # 16) We learned earlier that Fatah is the ending for diptote noun in below. cases. One simple example is م جر و ر and م ن ص و ب Observe the م ج ر و ر case, it has Fatah. م ر ف و ع ع ع ج ه ن م ب م ن ص صو ج ه ن م ر و ر ر ر ر ج ه ن م م م م م ج When a preposition comes before any diptote noun, the diptote noun will also become م ج ر و ر with Fatah as the ending. This understanding should be clear with the following two examples. Example: ف ي + ج ه ن م = ف ي ج ه ن م.م ج ر و ر is ج ه ن م (in hellfire). Here ف ي ج ه ن م ب ر اه ي م ع ل ع ل ى + ا ب ر اه ي م = ى ا (on Ibrahim). Here ع لى ا ب ر اه ي م ر is ا ب ر اه ي م.م ج ر و 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:31). The diptote noun ا س او ر (bracelets) is م ج ر و ر because of the preposition م ن before it. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:94). م ج ر و ر are not م ا ج و ج and ي ا ج و ج The two diptote nouns as there is no preposition before them. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:106)..م ر ف و ع is ج ه ن م The diptote noun

52 53 Prepositions when with Pronouns (Seq # 17) Pronouns may come after prepositions. So, when these pronouns (pronouns comes under the category of nouns in the Arabic language) join prepositions we get again the construction Jaar Majroor. The Jaar Majroor is a two words combination or construction. The below table is one such example. In the below table of Jaar Majroor construction the final endings ن ا,ي,ك م,ك, ه م,ه are called as attached pronouns. These attached pronouns (,ي,ك م,ك,ه م,ه (ن ا are in case. No need to worry remembering these attached م ج ر ور pronouns, they come by time and little practice. Meaning Jaar Majroor Detached Pronoun Preposition م ن + ه و = م ن ه (masculine) from him م ن + ه م = م ن ه م (masculine) from them م ن + ا ن ت = م ن ك (masculine) from you from you all م ن + ا ن ت م = م ن ك م (masculine) from me from us م ن + ا ن ا = م ن ي م ن + ن ح ن = م ن ا 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:39). The attached pronoun ك in the ج ار م ج ر و ر construction.م ر ف و ع is م ن ك 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:81). The ج ار م ج ر و ر construction م ن ه is present in this verse. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:83). The attached pronoun ه in the ج ار م جر و ر construction.م ج ر و ر is م ن ه Vocative Harmony, Jaar Majroor case of for preposition with attached pronoun (Seq # 18).(ل ( for See the below table for the preposition

54 55 Meaning Jaar Majroor Detached Pronoun Preposition ل + ه و = ل ه (masculine) for him ل + ه م = ل ه م (masculine) for them ل + ا ن ت = ل ك (masculine) for you for you all ل + ا ن ت م = ل ك م (masculine) ل + ا ن ا = ل ي for me ل + ن ح ن = ل ن ا for us If you see above table the preposition for upon its independence is. ل It is Li with kathrah (Zair). When it ل لن اس Examples are. ل as joins with direct noun it is written (For the mankind), ل ا د م (for Adam) etc. But when being joined with pronoun it is getting Fatah (Zabar). There is no Arabic grammatical rule here. It is to get vocative harmony (something easy to say). Saying Lihu is difficult. And saying Lahu is easy and gets vocative harmony. That is the reason it is getting Fatah. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:2). The Jaar-Majroor ل ه م (for them) is present in this verse. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The Jaar-Majroor construction (15:18:10). Quran (for us) is present in the verse ل ن ا ل ه 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The Jaar-Majroor construction (for him) is present in the verse Quran (15:18:43). Jaar Majroor with other prepositions (Seq # 19) The below tables provide Jaar-Majroor constructions with 6 pronouns and prepositions. Meaning (considering in this case with ) Jaar Majroor Detached Pronoun Preposition

56 57 ب + ه و = ب ه (masculine) with him with them ب + ه م = ب ه م (masculine) (masculine) with you ب ك = + ا ن ت ب with you all (masculine) ب ك م = + ا ن ت م ب ب + ا ن ا = ب ي with me ب + ن ح ن = ب ن ا with us Meaning Jaar Majroor Detached Pronoun Preposition ع ل ى + ه و = ع ل ي ه (masculine) On him ع ل ى + ه م = ع ل ي ه م (masculine) On them ع ل ى + ا ن ت = ع ل ي ك (masculine) On you ع ل ى + ا ن ت م = ع ل ي ك م (masculine) On you all ع ل ى + ا ن ا = ع ل ي On me ع ل ى + ن ح ن = ع ل ي ن ا On us Meaning Jaar Majroor Detached Pronoun Preposition ف ي + ه و = ف ي ه (masculine) in him ف ي + ه م = ف ي ه م (masculine) in them in you (masculine) in you all (masculine) ف ي + ا ن ت = ف ي ك ف ي + ا ن ت م = ف ي ك م ف ي + ا ن ا = ف ي in me ف ي + ن ح ن = ف ي ن ا in us Meaning Jaar Majroor Detached Pronoun Preposition ل ي ه (masculine) towards him ا لى + ه و = ا = ال ي ه م (masculine) Towards them ا لى + ه م Towards you (masculine) Towards you all (masculine) ا لى + ا ن ت = ال ي ك = ال ي ك م ا لى + ا ن ت م ل ي Towards me ا لى + ا ن ا = ا ا لى + ن ح ن = ال ي ن ا Towards us

58 59 Meaning about him (masculine) about them (masculine) Jaar Majroor Detached Pronoun Preposition ع ن + ه و = ع ن ه ع ن + ه م = ع ن ه م ع ن + ا ن ت = ع ن ك (masculine) about you ع ن + ا ن ت م = ع ن ك م (masculine) about you all about me ع ن + ا ن ا = ع ن ي ع ن + ن ح ن = ع ن ا about us ب ه 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The Jaar-Majroor combination is present in the verse Quran (15:18:5). 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The Jaar-Majroor combination (on you all) is not present in the verse Quran ع ل ي ك م (15:18:20). 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The Jaar-Majroor combination (on them) is present two times in the verse Quran ع ل ي ه م (15:18:21). 4) State TRUE or FALSE: The Jaar-Majroor combination (About them) is present in the verse Quran ع ن ه م (15:18:28). ل ي 5) State TRUE or FALSE: The Jaar-Majroor combination ا (towards me) is present in the verse Quran (16:18:110). ق ط ط ط ط ع ال الو و ص ص ص ص ل ل ل ل و و و و ه ه ه ه م م م م ز ز ز ز ة ة ه ه ه ه م م م م ز ز ز ز ة ة (Seq # 20) This is an important topic and needs attention. There are two Hamzas in the Arabic language. They are ه م ز ة ال و ص ل and. Hamzatul-wasl is read when the sentence or verse ه م ز ة ال ق طع is started by it. It is represented by small ص on top of it. If this Hamza comes in the middle of sentence or verse then it is silent or ignored and is not read. The Hamza of ال (the) is Hamzatul-wasl. It is not pronounced in the middle. Example: (And the wall) In the second و ال ج دا ر wall). (The ال جدا ر example, و joined directly to ل and ا is silent because it is Hamzatul-wasl.

60 61 Hamzatul-Qata`a is always read irrespective of its location. It is ن Example: neck on it. ع represented by small (indeed). ا This differentiation is generally given in Arabic font quran s. Observe this in the Quran copy. ا ل كت ا ب 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The Hamza of the word (the book) is not read in the verse Quran (15:18:1) because it is Hamzatul-wasl. الس ف ي ن ة 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The Hamza of the word (the ship) is not read in the verse Quran (16:18:79) because it is Hamzatul-wasl. ا ن 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The Hamza of the word (indeed) in the verse Quran (16:18:94) is read because it is Hamzatul-Qata`a. ل ي ي ه ه ه ه ا اف ف ا ا اف ف م م م م ض ض ض ض ا م م م م ض ض ض ض ا (Seq # 21) This is also one of the very important topic. In the Arabic language there is no equivalent word for the English word of. Nouns will undergo some changes to represent the concept for the English word of. This construction or concept is called as.م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه م ضا ف Below are the conditions of.م ر ف و ع i) It cannot have tanveen. By default it is ii) It cannot have Al. م ضا ف ال ي ه Below are the conditions of. م ج ر و ر i) It is always ii) It can be definite or indefinite.

62 63 ع Let us try to construct م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه for the phrase Book of Hamid. It is given in the below table. م ضا ف م ضا ف Example: Construction steps for Hamid) (Book of ال ي ه Steps Description noun2 noun1 1 Take Two nouns in default case م ر ف و ح ا م د ك ت ا ب 2 Remove tanveen from first م ضا ف noun to get ك ت ا ب 3 Make the second noun م ضا ف ا ل ي ه to get م جر و ر ح ا م د 4 Join step 2 and 3 to get ك ت اب حا م د Here ك ت ا ب is م ضا ف and ح ا م د is ضا ف ا ل ي ه.م Another example of م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه is below. ل م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه Example: Construction steps for (Night of the decree) Steps Description 1 2 noun2 noun1 ة يل Take Two nouns in default case م ر ف وع ق د ر ل ي ل ة ال قد ر ل يل ة ال قد ر Remove tanveen from first م ض اف noun to get Make the second noun م ض اف ا ل ي ه to get م جر و ر 3 4 Join step 2 and 3 to get.م ضا ف ا ل ي ه is ال ق د ر and م ضا ف is ل يل ة Here 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The phrase Chapter of the cave.م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه and it is س ور ة ال كه ف is written as

64 65 2) State TRUE or FALSE: In the phrase س ور ة ال كه ف the.م رف و ع and it is م ضا ف is س و ر ة word 3) State TRUE or FALSE: In the phrase س ور ة ال كه ف the.م جر و ر and it is م ضا ف ا ل ي ه is ال كه ف word م ضا ف 4) State TRUE or FALSE: In the construction of م ف ع is not م ضا ف, م ضا ف ال ي ه. ر و م ضا ف 5) State TRUE or FALSE: In the construction of م ضا ف ا ل ه, م ضا ف ال ي ه.م جر و ر is ي The difference between "Book of a student" and "Book of the student" (Seq # 22) Let us try to construct م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه for the two phrases Book of a student and Book of the student. 1) Book of a student In this phrase if we observe the word student is indefinite. م ج ر will be م ضا ف ال ي ه Thus ك ت اب and indefinite. So it is ر و. ط ال ب 2) Book of the student م ضاف ال ي ه In this phrase, the word student is definite. Thus will be م ج ر و ر and definite. So it is ك ت اب ال طال ب. Student is.ال preceded with Hence, م ض اف ال ي ه can be definite or indefinite. One more point to note that if م ضا ف ال ي ه is definite then automatically م ض ا ف will be definite. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The translation of the phrase. م لك ال س ف ين ة King of the ship is 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The translation of the phrase wall. ج د ار ال مل ك of the king is not

66 67 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The translation of the phrase. س ف ين ة ب ح ر Ship of sea is Examples of ا ل ي ي ه ه ه ه اف ف اف ف م م م م ض ض ض ض اا (Seq # م م م م ض ض ض ض اا 23) Find below few more examples of م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه for better understanding. ا ص حا ب People of the ال جن ة paradise People of the ا ص حاب النا ر fire ا ص حا ب People of the ال ف ي ل elephant Help of Allah ن صر الله Slave of Allah ع بد الله Mercy of Allah ر ح مة الله House of Allah ب يت الله 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ن ب ات means plants. This word is present as م ضا ف in the verse Quran (15:18:45). 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The phrase ن ب ات الا ر ض (plants of the earth) is م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه in the verse Quran (15:18:45). 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The word و ع د means promise. The. و ع د الله phrase Promise of Allah is translated as Muzaaf Muzaaf ilaihi with pronouns (Seq # 24) Let us consider the phrase in the English language His book. For understanding purpose, it can be rewritten as book of him. Thus it uses the concept of of. Hence it is also a in the Arabic language. So, when the م ض اف م ضا ف ال ي ه pronoun joins a noun then we get م ض ا ف م ض ا ف ال ي ه. See example below.

68 69 Meaning Muzaaf Muzaaf ilaihi Detached Pronoun Noun ك ت اب + ه و = ك ت اب ه him) His book (Book of ك ت اب + ه م = ك ت ابه م them) Their book (Book of ك ت اب + ا ن ت = ك ت اب ك you) Your book (Book of ك ت اب + ا ن ت م = ك ت اب كم all) Your all book (Book of you ك ت اب + ا ن ا = ك ت ابي mine) My book (Book of Our book (Book of us) ك ت اب + ن ح ن = ك ت اب نا In the above table ك ت اب is م ضا ف and is in م ر ف و ع case while the endings ن ا,ي,ك م,ك,ه م,ه are the attached pronouns..م ضا ف ال ي ه and م ج ر و ر These attached pronouns are 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ا ذ ان (ears) is ر ف و ع.م The phrase ا ذ ان ه م means their ears..م ر ف و ع (hearts) is ق ل و ب 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The word The phrase ق ل و ب ه م means their hearts. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The phrase ك ه ف ه م means their. م ض اف م ض ا ف ال ي ه cave. This is not 4) State TRUE or FALSE: The phrase ر ب ن ا (our lord) is. م ض اف م ض ا ف ال ي ه 5) State TRUE or FALSE: The phrase س ف ي ن ت ي (my ship) is. م ض اف م ض ا ف ال ي ه Understanding Ya-Mutakallim (Seq # 25) The letter ي is Ya Mutakallim ي) of First person). It is the attached personal pronoun for the detached personal pronoun table. Consider the below.ا ن ا ب ي ت + ا ن ا = ب ي ت ي In the phrase ب ي ت ي there are two words. Its translation is my house. The house ( ب ي ت ) in this phrase is.م ر ف و ع But because

70 71 of the power Ya Mutakallim, the dammah of ب ي ت becomes kathrah. Thus ب ي ت in ب ي ت ي is.م ر ف و ع This same thing applies to all the Muzaaf Muzaaf iliahi s with Ya Mutakallim. Such a thing our eyes cannot see but our mind can see if we understand. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ر ب in the phrase ر ب ي is.م ر ف و ع 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ج د ا ر in the phrase.م ر ف و ع (my wall) is ج د ار ي 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ح و ت (fish) in the.م ر ف و ع (my fish) is not ح وت ي phrase Explaining ing Preposition + pronoun = jaar majroor, Noun + pronoun = ي ي ه ه ه ه ل ا اف ف اف ف م م م م ض ض ض ض اا (Seq # م م م م ض ض ض ض اا 26) This is a revision topic. In earlier sessions we have learned Jaar Majroor and ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه.م Let us derive a simple formula now as below. Preposition + Pronoun = Jaar Majroor Example: م ن + ه و = م ن ه Translation: From Him م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه = Pronoun Noun + Example: Translation: Your lord = ر ب ك ت ا ن ر ب + Preposition before ا ل ي ي ه ه ه ه ا اف ف ا اف ف م م م م ض ض ض ض ا (Seq # م م م م ض ض ض ض ا 27)

72 73 This topic is very important to understand. We know that, the preposition will make the noun after it into م جر و ر case. So if preposition comes before م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه then it will make below. case. Example is م جر و ر into م ضا ف ف ي + س ب ي ل الله = في س ب ي ل الله In the path of Allah In night of the ف ي ل ي ل ة ال ق د ر = في ل ي ةل ال ق د ر decree + + ك ت اب ك = في ك ت ا ب ك In your book ف ي 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The phrase م ن اي ت ن ا (from our ج ار signs/verses) in the verse Quran (15:18:9) has both. م ض اف م ض ا ف ال ي ه and م ج ر و ر 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The phrase م ن ك ت اب ن ا (from our.م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه and ج ا ر م جر و ر book) has both 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The phrase ف ي ق ل ب ك (in your.م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه and ج ا ر م جر و ر heart) has both Adverbs (Seq # 28) In the Arabic language adverbs are also categorized as nouns. There are two kinds of adverb namely adverb of time and adverb of place. Example of adverb of time are ب ع د,ق ب ل etc. Example of adverb of place are ت ح ت,ع ن د,م ع etc. The adverb is termed as ر ف.ظ The following table gives corresponding meanings of few adverbs. Meaning Adverb ب ع د After ق ب ل before with م ع Near/have ع ن د under ت ح ت between Near/have ب ي ن ل د ى

74 75 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:32). The adverb of location ب ي ن (between) is present in this verse. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:86). The adverb of place ع ن د (near) is present in this verse. 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:93). The adverb of location ب ي ن (between) is not present in this verse. ي ه ه ه ه ي ل ا اف ف ر ر ف ف م م م م ض ض ض ض اا (Seq # ظ ظ ظ ظ 29) Adverb followed by a direct noun or pronoun will lead to a. ظ ر ف م ضا ف ال ي ه construction called as Examples are below. with م ع الله Allah After ب عد ال ص لا ة prayer Near ع ن د الله Allah before ق بل ال غر و ب sunset Under ت حت ال م كت ب the table With م ع ه him near ع ن د ه م them Near the ل د ى ال ب ا ب door You ل د ي ك have Meaning ا ل ي ه ه ا ف م ض ف ر ظ ظ ظ ظ

76 77 ي (read as lada) changed to ل د ى Just a note that the alif of.(ل د ي ك ( pronoun is a م ضا ف ال ي ه when ت ح ت الس ف ي ن ة 1) State TRUE or FALSE: In the phrase (Under the ship) the word الس ف ي ن ة is م ضا ف ال ي ه and.م جر و ر ب ي ن (16:18:94) Quran 2) State TRUE or FALSE: In the verse (between) is not present. ب ي ن (16:18:95) Quran 3) State TRUE or FALSE: In the verse ك م (between) came two times and the attached pronouns م ر and م ضا ف ال ي ه are ه م and. جر و Demonstrative Pronouns (Seq # 30) These pronouns are used to demonstrate some object and they all are definite. Below is the table of these pronouns. They are self-explanatory. Demonstrative Meaning Pronouns This ه ذا (Masculine) This ه ذ ه (Feminine) That ذل ك (Masculine) That (Feminine) تل ك These ه و لا (Masc./Fem.) Those ا و ل ي ك (Masc./Fem.) 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:15). is present in this verse and it means these ه و لا (masculine/feminine). 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:23). verse. is present in this ذ ل ك

78 79 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:24). verse. is not present in this ه ذ ا 4) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:31). verse. is present in this ا و ل ي ك 5) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:78). verse. is not present in this ه ذ ا Relative Pronouns (Seq # 31) The following are the relative pronouns in the Arabic language and they all are definite. These pronouns relate to other nouns. They mean literally as That which. Those which ال ذ ي ن (Masc./Fem.) 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:1)..الله is present in this verse and referring to ال ذ ي 2) State TRUE or FALSE: ال ذ ي ن is present in the verse Quran (15:18:28). It s meaning is those which (masculine/feminine). 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:30). verse. is present in this ال ذ ي ن Particle of Conjunction ( ع ع ط ط ط ط ف ف ف ف ر ف (Seq # (ح ح ح ح 32) Meaning That which (masculine) That which (feminine) Relative Pronouns ال ذ ي ال ت ي Particle of conjunction are used to connect the sentences or statements, words etc. In the Arabic language particle of conjunction is termed as ر ف ع ط ف.ح Below is a table describing few of them with meanings. Other ح ر ف ع ط ف will be discussed in upcoming topics later on.

80 81 ح ر ف ع ط ف Meaning و and ف thus or then Effect of conjunction on subsequent و و و و words (nouns) (Seq # 33) Let us see the below construction. ف ي الس م ا ء Its meaning is In the sky. Now let us write In the sky and earth. In this case we have to use ح ر ف ع ط ف which is.و The below is the construction looks like. ف ي الس م ا ء و الا ر ض Upon observing the above it is clear that the earth is following the same case م ج ر و ر as that of the sky. Thus particle of conjunction changes the subsequent nouns to the م ع ط و ف same master noun case. In Arabic it is described as which means connected to. So in the above statement ع لى The earth is connected to The sky. It is said in the Arabic as م ع ط وف ع لى الا ر ض الس م ا ء 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:9). The ح ر ف ع ط ف is present in this verse. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:14).. الس م و ا ت is not connected to الا ر ض The word 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:17)..ح ر ف ع ط ف This verse starts with 4) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:26). The word الا ر ض is م ج ر و ر because it is connected to skies). (the الس م و ات

82 83 5) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (16:18:94).. ي ا ج و ج is connected to م ا ج و ج The word Chain of ي ي ه ه ه ه ل ا اف ف اف ف م م م م ض ض ض ض اا (Seq # م م م م ض ض ض ض اا 34) We can even encounter a chain of ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه.م Let us take an example phrase Praise of your Lord. For our understanding we can rephrase it as Praise of lord of your. م ضا ف This phrase is using two times of. So, it is chain of Let us attempt to construct it in the Arabic.م ضا ف ال ي ه language as below. ح م د ر ب = lord Praise of in the above construction is Muzaaf Ilaihi. For the second ر ب Muzaaf Muzaaf ilaihi, the ر ب will act as Muzaaf. So the tanveen will drop leading us to.ر ب This is because Muzaaf cannot have tanveen. Upon joining the next Muzaaf ilaihi, it becomes ك.ر ب Total construction is as below. ح م د ر ب ك = your Praise of lord of For our further clear understanding let us try to precede the above construction with a preposition.ب It will be as below. ب + ح مد ر ب ك = ب ح مد ر ب ك So total translation will be With/By the praise of your lord. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:27). This verse has a phrase which means in English as from the book of your lord. 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ذ ك ر means remembrance. The phrase ذ ك ر ر ح م ة ر ب ك is translated as Remembrance of mercy of lord of your, which is nothing but Remembrance of mercy of your lord.

84 85 م ضا ف م ضا ف 3) State TRUE or FALSE: There is only one Allah). (Book of ك ت اب الله in the phrase ال ي ه Concept of Mabni (Seq # 35) In the Arabic language, nouns are declinable. It means that, they have م ج ر و ر,م ن ص و ب,م ر ف و ع cases with different forms. Some nouns are indeclinable. This means that they don t change their form (Wherever you find them, they will be same) for م ج ر و ر,م ن ص و ب,م ر ف و ع cases. Those nouns are called in Arabic as م ب ن ي. All the demonstrative pronouns and relative.م ب ن ي pronouns are Examples: Case Mabni Example ه ذ ا م ن ص و ب ه ذ ا م ج ر و ر ه ذ ا م ر ف و ع Case Mabni Example اذل ي ن م ر ف و ع اذل ي ن م ن ص و ب اذل ي ن م ج ر و ر 1) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:6).. م ب ن ي and م جر و ر is ه ذا, ج ا ر م جر و ر is ب ه ذ ا The phrase 2) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:24). The phrase م ن ه ذا is ه ذا, ج ا ر م جر و ر is م ج ر و ر and.م ب ن ي 3) State TRUE or FALSE: Read the verse Quran (15:18:54). The phrase ف ي ه ذا is not ه ذا, ج ا ر م جر و ر is م ج ر و ر and.م ب ن ي

86 87 Learning 14 Personal Pronouns (Seq # 36) In our early session, we learned the six personal detached pronouns. Those are as below. He ه و (masculine) They All ه م (masculine) You ا ن ت (masculine) You All ا ن ت م (masculine) ان ا I نح ن We In this session we learn 14 personal pronouns. We try to map them on right hand. Our hand has 15 cells across all the fingers. Forefinger will be taken first and following matrix will come. Thumb Fing.4 Fing.3 Fing.2 Fore Fing.1 ه و ا ن ت ا ن ا ه م ا ن ت م ن ح ن ForeFinger is representing third person masculine gender. Finger 2 is representing third person feminine gender. The finger 2 is new to us. Finger 3 and Finger 4 are for second person masculine and feminine gender respectively, while the Thumb is for the first person. Last cell of thumb is not being used. Just to remember again, first person is the person who is speaking, second person is the person who is listening to the first person (or speaker) and third person is the person who is

88 89 not present (absent from the discussion between first person and the second person). The dual s are filled as below which are ه م ا and.ا ن ت م ا The translations are They two (same for masculine and feminine gender) and You two (same for masculine and feminine gender). Thumb Fing.4 Fing.3 Fing.2 Fore Fing.1 ه و ا ن ت ا ن ا ه م ا ه م ا ) ا ن ت م ا ( ) ا ن ت م ا ( ن ح ن ه م ا ن ت م The third person feminine singular is ه ي and third personal feminine plural is.ه ن The second person feminine singular is Thus the table.ا ن ت ن and second person feminine plural is ا ن ت now looks like below. Thumb Fing.4 Fing.3 Fing.2 ا ن ا ا ن ت Fore Fing.1 ه و ه ي ا ن ت ه م ا ه م ا ) ا ن ت م ا ( ) ا ن ت م ا ( ن ح ن ه م ه ن ا ن ت م ا ن ت ن To understand more better the English translations of above table given below. Thumb Fing.4 Fing.3 Fing.2 Fore Fing.1 You I (fem.) You She He We You two (fem.) You two They two (fem.) They two You all You all They all They all

90 91 (fem.) (fem.) 5) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun ه م (they) is present in the verse Quran (16:18:104). It is to note as a tip of remembrance that, duals for third person masculine and feminine gender (underlined) are same and duals for second person masculine and feminine (ه م ا) gender (in brackets) are same.(ا ن ت م ا) Practice these personal pronouns slowly on your right hand finger cells by saying them loudly, till the perfection is achieved. 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun ا ن ا (I) is present in the verse Quran (15:18:39). 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun ه ي (she) is present in the verse Quran (15:18:42). 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun ه و (he) is not present in the verse Quran (15:18:44). 4) State TRUE or FALSE: The personal pronoun ه م (they) is not present in the verse Quran (15:18:50). Jaar Majroor with 14 pronouns ouns (Seq # 37) Upon learning 14 pronouns in the last topic, this is the right place to learn ج ا ر م ج ر و ر with these 14 pronouns. A simple example is given below with preposition from. Thumb finger 4 finger 3 finger 2 finger 1 ا ن ا ) م ني ( ا ن ت (م ن ك ( ا ن ت (م ن ك ( هي (م نه ا ( ه و (م ن ه ) ن ح ن (م ن ا ( ا ن ت ما (م ن كم ا ( ا ن ت ما (م ن كم ا ( ه ما (م نه م ا ( ه م ا (م نه م ا) ا ن ت ن (م ن ك ن ( ا ن ت م (م ن كم ( ه ن (م نه ن ( ه م (م نه م ) م ن ه ا 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The translation of the word is from her.

92 93 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The translation of the word م ن ك is from you (feminine). م ن ه ن 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The translation of the word is from them (feminine plural). Muzaaf Muzaaf ilaihi with 14 pronouns (Seq # 38) Upon learning 14 pronouns in the last topic, this is the right place to learn م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه with these 14 pronouns. Two simple examples are given below for all the 14 pronouns. Thumb finger 4 finger 3 finger 2 finger 1 ا ان (ك ت ابي ( ا ن ت (ك ت اب ك ( ا ن ت (ك ت اب ك ( هي (ك ت ابه ا ( ه و (ك ت اب ه ) نح ن (ك ت اب ن ا ( ا ن ت م ا (ك ت اب كم ا ( ا ن ت م ا (ك ت اب كم ا ( هم ا (ك ت ابه م ا ( هم ا (ك ت ابه م ا) ا ن تن (ك ت اب ك ن ( ا ن تم (ك ت اب كم ( ه ن (ك ت ابه ن ( هم (ك ت ابه م ) Thumb finger 4 finger 3 finger 2 finger 1 ا ان ) ر بى ( ا ن ت (ر ب ك ( ا ن ت (ر ب ك ( هي (ر به ا ( ه و (ر ب ه ) نح ن (ر ب ن ا ( ا ن ت م ا (ر ب كم ا ( ا ن ت م ا (ر ب كم ا ( هم ا (ر به م ا ( هم ا (ر به م ا) ا ن تن (ر ب ك ن ( ا ن تم (ر ب كم ( ه ن (ر به ن ( هم (ر به م ) ك ت اب ه ا 1) State TRUE or FALSE: The translation of the word.م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه is her book and it is a ر ب ها 2) State TRUE or FALSE: The translation of the word.م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه is her lord and it is 3) State TRUE or FALSE: The word ق و م نا is present in the verse Quran (15:18:15). Its meaning is our people and it.م ضا ف م ضا ف ال ي ه is Specialty of five attached pronouns of,ه ه ه ه م م م م,ه ه ه ه م م م م ا,ه ه ه ه و و و و م ا ه ه ه ه ن ن ن ن, ه ه ه ه (Vocative harmony) (Seq # 39) The five attached pronouns ه ن, ه م ا,ه م,ه م ا,ه و will go through a small change for the purpose of vocative harmony

94 95 (something easy to say). There is no Arabic grammar rule for this change.,ه م,ه م ا,ه و of 5 attached pronouns ه Letter also get Kathrah (,( If they are preceded by will ه ن, ه م ا (ف ي ه (Example: ي i) the Arabic letter (ف ي ك ت اب ه م (Example: ( ( Kathrah ii) an Arabic letter with ع ل يه م and we say ب ه م instead of ب ه م This is the reason we say instead of ع ل يه م etc. Introduction to Arabic Plurals (Seq # 41) Arabic plurals are categorized mainly into two categories, Regular plurals and Broken plurals. Regular plurals are further divided into Sound Masculine Plurals and Sound Feminine Plurals. Regular Plurals will have regular forms (Masculine==> words. in the end of the (ات ==> (Feminine and (ون, ي ن No corresponding word for the English word it (Seq # 40) In the Arabic language there is no corresponding word for the English word it. We should use ه و or ه ي for the English word it according to the gender of the object. We will learn about it more in future. Keep this chart in mind.