BALNIMALCON 2013. Fulltext Notes

Namık Kemal University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Animal Science VI th International Balkan Animal Conference BALNIMALCON 2013 Fulltext Notes 3-5 October 2013 Tekirdag / Turkey

THE IMPORTANCE OF HAIR GOATS IN TURKEY FUNDA E. ATAÇ* HAKAN BURCU *E.Ü.Z.F. Animal Science, İzmir - Turkey, Ph. D., e-mail: funda.erdogan.atac@ege.edu.tr Hair goats make up 98% of the goat population in Turkey. Hair goats can be bred in all regions of Turkey. They are the prime breed of goats in the Mediterranean, Aegean and Southeast regions of Turkey. Hair goats are the main income for their breeders. Usually the goats are raised in scarce conditions; thus giving rise to greater yield of meat. In spite of the fact that the studies are limited to hair goats bred by the public, in 2011, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock (TAGEM) initiated a countywide reclamation project aiming to identify the regional differences and characteristics of the hair goats. In this article, I will focus on the yearly number of hair goats, the proportion of produced goat milk, meat and other animal produce, and the importance of the hair goats; giving recommendations on the matter. Key words; Hair goat, population, milk, meat, suggestions INTRODUCTION In terms of animal production, animal husbandry of small ruminants is more apporpriate in Turkey due to the geography of its regions, and in this context Turkey has an important place in the presence of sheep and goats (Dellal and Dellal, 2005; FAO 2013). In the last 10 years, goat is one of the two species that has significantly increased in population (FAO, 2013). This increase could be due to the scarce conditions created by global warming or the better understanding of the importance of goat products. However, milk often comes to mind when goat or goat farming is mentioned. Turkey is ranked 23th in the world, 7th in Europe in terms of goat presence. 23.36% of the small ruminants in Turkey are goats and 98% of this consists of hair goats (FAO, 2013; TÜİK, 2013). As yield, the meat of goat is used most. The main reasons for this are; the goat farmers are mainly from villages in mountainous and forested areas, where they implement traditional farming, not having the courage, strength or reason to change these traditional methods, their fear, not having any financial or moral support, being unaware or ignorant of any support available to them, and the general inadequate support given to agriculture and especially small ruminant farming in Turkey. Often the farmers would add some of the born and surviving kids to the rest of the herd, and the remaining are sold; 3-4 months old in Turkey s western regions and as adults towards the eastern regions. Cross breeding is a method used to increase the yield of the hair goats which is easier to implement and leads to results quicker than melioration. The cross breeding carried out within this context up until now have shown that there have been changes in the blood of the hair goats in different regions and they have generally been bread to be dairy goats (Sönmez, 1976; Özcan, 1977; Şengonca et al., 2001; Şengonca et al., 2003; Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006). As reported in the feasibility studies by Ataç et al. (2005); hair goat breeding under extensive conditions with lower levels of hybrids is more lucrative than intensive conditions. This shows that, for the development of animal breeding, breeders engaged in this work in the short and long term need to dwell on all kinds of methods to ensure more revenue. This paper will offer some suggestions and address the changes in the morphological and physiological characteristics of hair goats over the years; its share of goat milk and meat and other animal products, and the importance of hair goats for Turkey. HAIR GOATS Most studies on hair goats have been on crossbreeding outside their natural habitats and at intensive enterprises, based on the declarations made by the breeders during certain periods (Table 1). The morphological and physiological characteristics of the hair goat (Figure 1) and their hybrids from the studies are given in Table 1. As hair goats are the dominant goat breed in Turkey, in terms of its outer features great variations can be observed even in the same herd. For example, whilst in general their fur was black and they had drooping ears; gray, brown and mottled fur colour and / or those with short ears are also found. The structure of the hair can be short or long. Bucks and goats have horns and beard, and have dark skin. Beneath the thin and

soft hair they have bottom hairs. They have heads of medium size with a smooth structure. Their body is robust and durable. Table 1. Morphological and physiological characteristics of hair goats and their hybrids Properties Breed / Hybrid Type Value Resources Birth weight Kıl 2.63-2.77 kg Şengonca et al.,2003; Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006 Weaning weight Kıl 12.12-16.05 kg Şengonca et al.,2003; Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006 Viability Kıl %78.61-82.50 Şengonca et al.,2003; Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006 Daily live weight gain Kıl 0.147 kg Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006 Pregnancy rate Kıl %80-96 Özcan et al., 1976,Özcan, 1977, Şimşek et al., 2006. Daily milk yield Kıl 0.5-0.90 kg Sönmez, 1974; Keskin, 1995; Şengonca et al.,2003; Şimşek et al., 2006. Lactation milk yield Kıl 80.5-226.778 kg Sönmez, 1974; Özcan, 1977; Özcan et al., 1989; Keskin, 1995; Şengonca et al., 2003; Erişir and Gündoğan, 2004; Şimşek et al., 2006. Lactation period Kıl 143.7-206 gün Sönmez, 1974; Özcan et al., 1976, Özcan, 1977; Keskin, 1995; Şengonca et al.,2003;erişir and Gündoğan, 2004. Fecundity Kıl 1.22-1.30 Özcan, 1977; Şengonca et al.,2003 Fertility Kıl 0.72-0.80 Özcan et al., 1976, Şengonca et al.,2003; Şimşek et al., 2006. Litter size Kıl 1.18-1.66 Özcan, 1977; Şimşek et al., 2006. Singleton pregnancy rate Kıl %46.38-%85.7 Sönmez, 1974, Şimşek et al., 2006 Twin pregnancy rate Kıl %15.0-%58.3 Sönmez, 1974, Yıldız and Esen,1998; Erişir and Gündoğan, 2004; Şimşek et al., 2006, Triplets pregnancy rate Kıl %0-0,9 Şimşek et al., 2006 Infertility Kıl %0.03-5.7 Özcan, 1977; Şengonca et al.,2003; Şimşek et al., 2006. Bucks live weight Kıl 32.8 kg Türk et al., 2005 Scrotum circumference Kıl 24.54 cm Türk et al., 2005 Right testis length Kıl 10.30 cm Türk et al., 2005 Left Testis length Kıl 10.34 cm Türk et al., 2005 Right Testis thickness Kıl 4.77 cm Türk et al., 2005 Left Testis thickness Kıl 4.99cm Türk et al., 2005 Scrotum thickness Kıl 0.40 cm Türk et al., 2005 Testis weight Kıl 323.18 g Türk et al., 2005 Birth weight Saanen x Kıl 2.18-3.70 kg Şengonca et al.,2003; Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006 Weaning weight Saanen x Kıl 14.07-15.62 kg Şengonca ve ark. (2003; Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006 Viability Saanen x Kıl %81.25-95.76 Şengonca et al.,2003; Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006

Daily live weight gain Saanen x Kıl 0.131-0.141 kg Şimşek and Bayraktar, 2006 Fecundity Saanen x Kıl 1.25 Şengonca et al.,2003 Singleton pregnancy rate Saanen x Kıl %4.47 Şengonca et al.,2003 Twin pregnancy rate Saanen X Kıl %85.7 Sönmez, 1974 Malta X Kıl %64.3 Sönmez, 1974 Triplets pregnancy rate Saanen x Kıl %14.3 Sönmez, 1974 Malta x Kıl %35.7 Sönmez, 1974 Infertility Saanen x Kıl %15-21.0 Özcan et al., 1976, Şengonca et al.,2003 Daily milk yield Saanen x Kıl 1.83 kg Şengonca et al.,2003 Lactation milk yield Saanen x Kıl 368.75 kg Şengonca et al., 2003 Lactation period Saanen x Kıl 201.5 gün Şengonca et al.,2003 Pregnancy rate Saanen x Kıl %65-100 Sönmez, 1974; Özcan et al., 1976; Tuncel and Bayındır, 1983; Özcan et al., 1989; Yıldız and Esen, 1998 Bucks live weight Saanen x Kıl 33.45 kg Türk et al., 2005 Scrotum circumference Saanen x Kıl 25.45 cm Türk et al., 2005 Right testis length Saanen x Kıl 10.26 cm Türk et al., 2005 Left Testis length Saanen x Kıl 10.24 cm Türk et al., 2005 Right Testis thickness Saanen x Kıl 4.85 cm Türk et al., 2005 Left Testis thickness Saanen x Kıl 4.75cm Türk et al., 2005 Scrotum thickness Saanen x Kıl 0.41 cm Türk et al., 2005 Testis weight Saanen x Kıl 301.36 g Türk et al., 2005 Figure 1. Hair Goat (Anonymous, 2013)

The technical specifications of businesses in Turkey raising goats are summarized as follows (Kaymakçı and Engindeniz, 2010); Bucks mate freely. The bucks are in the herd all year long. The births are distributed throughout the year; however the busy period starts in December January which lasts until March. The breast feeding of kids is over a period of 2.5 3 months and they generally are not raised for their meat. The kids which reamin in the herd over the age of 2 are marketed for sacrifice. Milking time varies between 3 6 months. In dairy types this period is longer. Breeders are usually obtained either from the same herds or the neighboring businesses. Age of first breeding is usually 1.5, and the renewal share of the herd is 20%. Farmers usually use lime as disinfectants, as vaccines they most often use against enterotoxemia, mouth disease (FMD) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. There are no effective measures against parasites (Koyuncu, et. al., 2006; Kaymakçı and Engindeniz, 2010). HAIR GOAT PRESENCE According to the data of 2012, there are 8,199,184 hair goats in Turkey. When we look at the previous years we can see that there has been a decline in the population of the goats. In 1991 the goat population was 9.579.256, which indicates a decline of 23.8% over a 22 year period. The yearly hair goat population in Turkey and the products derived from themis listed in Table 2, and the regional distributions are given in Table 3 (TÜIK, 2013). Table 2. The change in hair goat populationin Turkey and their derived products Year Hair Goats Number of slaughtered hair goats+kid Quantity of meat production Number of animals milked Milk Production Quantity of hide production Number of animals shorn Hair 1991 9.579.256 1.110.926 18.156 5.275.399 322.084 1.196.974 7.116.528 3.955 1995 8.397.000 814.360 13.637 4.544.493 269.670 875.984 6.173.231 3.397 2000 6.828.000 1.137.672 20.932 3.604.719 216.328 1.201.276 4.922.793 2.697 2005 6.284.498 668.265 12.006 2.331.556 250.246 698.885 4.435.443 2.654 2007 6.095.292 1.256.348* 24.136* 2.190.602 234.883 1 293 280* 4.206.793 2.536 2008 5.435.393 767.522* 13.752* 1.937.387 207.385 802 208* 3.740.877 2.238 2009 4.981.299 606.042* 11.675* 1.778.420 190.286 633 456* 3.355.222 2.002 2010 6.140.627 1.219.504* 23.060* 2.516.200 270.476 1 219 504* 4.454.709 2.607 2011 7.126.862 1.254.092* 23.318* 2.968.157 318.273 1 254 092* 5.180.982 3.062 2012 8.199.184 926.799* 17.430* 3.439.708 367.208 926 799* 6.011.498 3.570 *Total Goat Table 3. Regional distribution of goat population and Hair goat products Regions of Turkey Hair Goats (Year: 2012) Mediterranean 2.215.147 Western Anatolia 321.065 West Marmara 195.117 Number of Quantity of Number of Milk Production Quantity of slaughtered hair meat animals milked (Tone) hide goats + kid production production (Year: 2009) (Year: 2012) 207.932 4.278 907.794 101.877,38 214.514 (Year: 2012) 17.546 392 136.910 14.060,57 17.811 (Year: 2009) (Year: 2009) 70.833 1.051 284.662 30.786,45 76.007

the western Black Sea 580.564 Eastern Black Sea 52.939 Eastern Marmara 272.619 Aegean 1.062.013 Southeastern Anatolia 1.758.339 Northeastern Anatolia 285.245 Central Anatolia 279.235 Middle East Anatolia 1.163.988 İstanbul 12.913 Total red meat Small production Ruminant milk Total production Milk Production 14.157 259 79.202 7.517,14 14.695 4.448 95 20.456 1.883,12 4.540 27.992 519 99.525 10.337,85 28.985 131.136 2.526 410.255 43.211,24 133.861. 36.071 613 741.662 78.880,60 38.427 3.161 58 118.820 12.475,70 3.269 7.962 160 142.238 13.870,91 8.252 84.722 1.723 492.349 51.764,29 93.013 82 2 5.834 542,557 82 776.915 1.376.436 17.401.262 RESULTS The red meat obtained from goat hair In Turkey according to data was 17.430 tonnes in 2012, with the highest share from the Mediterranean agricultural region. This was followed by the Aegean, Middle East Anatolia, West Marmara, Southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Marmara, Western Anatolia, the western Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Black Sea and Northeastern Anatolia agricultural regions respectively. The hair goat and kid meat accounted for 2.2 % of the total red meat production (TÜİK, 2013). According to the 2012 data, the milk production of hair goats was 367.208 tonnes, which increased by 14% when compared to 1991. By region, the production of hair goat milk was the highest in the Mediterranean. According to the Statistics Institute of Turkey, the goat skin distribution data suggests that the Mediterranean region had the highest proportion of meat production; with north east Anatolia and Istanbul with the lowest share. Approximately 500 thousand businesses raise goats and provide a direct contribution to income of 3 million people (Dellal and Dellal, 2005). Hair goat nutrition is largely based in the meadow and shrub areas near or in the forests, and they are not handfed. The lack in variety of production opportunities in mountainous areas caused the emergence of goat breeding as a necessity rather than a choice. In addition, compared to businesses of other animal species their share of revenues is very low and they do not receive a fair return of the economic impact they provide for the country. When hair goat population is analyzed over the years, whilst there has been a decline in their population since 2000s by over 30%, in 2009 this rose to 52%. The breeders were deprived especially after criminal sanctions were enforced due to the goat mountain- forest relationships. However, in recent years, the emphasis on the benefits of hair goats on the forests by conscious grazing which can prevent the damages to the forests has gained importance. Nevertheless, in some regions this continues to be a problem (Dellal and Dellal, 2005, Kaymakçı et al., 2005). In additon, since the lowest population of hair goats in 2009, there has been a significant increase in population in the rate of 33.5%. The most important reason of such recovery was due to the farmers being more organised and by taking a more functional state. The farmers are able to sell their milk at market rates, and are effective at receiving information on support and loans. Another important reason is TAGEM initiated projects related to small ruminants. In particular, the initiation of the "livestock breeding in the hands of the People" project in 2005, and ongoing in 66 provinces today is promising for the hair goats. In situ conservation of native genetic resources makes rehabilitation possible. In addition, it indirectly contributes to the prevention of rural-urban migration. The existence of state supports is also a positive development. Products derived from goats are increasing in demand from year to year in Turkey. Goat products, especially milk and meat from hair goats which are nourished from natural resources are more nutritious as well as the more delicious. RECOMMENDATİONS

The hair Goat from almost all regions of Turkey cannot be expected to yield equivalent results across the board. The project by the TAGEM-University-sheep goat breeders association will demonstrate the capabilities of the actual yield of hair goat, further strengthening of the coordination between the movements on the continuation of the projects, is one of the greatest services to the livestock in Turkey. Thus, in time, the feasibility of breading hair goats for milk and / or meat in certain areas may be possible. Bristle-specific goat breeders association can be established. Applied in the context of a cooperative model, by expanding the range of products unique to hair goats, and by bringing these products to the consumers; the breeders could stand to gain more financially; increasing their well-being and rights. REFERENCES Anonymous, 2013. Http://www.yirmidort.tv/ekonomi/kil-kecisi-halk-elinde-islah-edilecek-h14216.html. Ataç, F.E., Taşkın, T., Bayraktar, Ö.H., Önenç, S.S., 2005. Damızlık süt keçisi yetiştiriciliği proje-fizibilite örneği: 150 baş kapasiteli süt keçisi işletmesi, süt keçiciliği ulusal kongresi 2005. Dellal, ii and Dellal, G., 2005. Economics of goat breeding in turkey türkiye keçi yetiştiriciliğinin ekonomisi, süt keçiciliği ulusal kongresi 2005. FAO, 2013 Food and agriculture organization of the united nations(faostat), http://faostat3.fao.org Erişir, Z. and Gündoğan, F., 2004. Ekstansif şartlarda kıl keçilerinin döl ve süt verim özellikleri, doğu anadolu bölgesi araştırmaları, www.tarimbilgibankasi.com Kaymakçı, M., Taşkın, T, Ataç, F. E., 2005. Keçi-orman-insan ilişkilerinin düzenlenmesi üzerine bir sistem önerisi "süt tipi melez keçi yetiştiriciliği". International forest-goat-erosion and turism symposium, 12-13 nisan, Adana Kaymakçı, M. and Engindeniz, S., 2010. Türkiye ve dünya keçi yetiştiriciliği, keçi yetiştiriciliği kitabı, (ed. Kaymakçı, M.), genişletilmiş 3. baskı, meta basım matbaacılık, Bornova, İzmir, ısbn: 9944-5334-0-8. Koyuncu, E., Pala, A., Savaş, T., Konyalı, A., Ataşoğlu, C., Daş, G., Ersoy, İ.E., Uğur, F., Yurtman, İ.Y., Yurt, H.H., 2006. Çanakkale koyun ve keçi yetiştiricileri birliği üyesi keçicilik işletmelerinde teknik sorunların belirlenmesi üzerine bir araştırma hayvansal üretim 47(1): 21-27. Keskin, M., 1995. Hatay bölgesinde yetiştirilen keçilerin bazı morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikleri. M.K.Ü. Fen bilimleri enstitüsü, zootekni anabilim dalı, yüksek lisans tezi, ss 59, Antakya. Özcan, L, 1989. Küçükbaş hayvan yetiştirme-i (keçi üretimi). Ç.Ü.Z.F ders kitabı. No: 111, ss 318, Adana. Özcan, L., 1977. Çukurova üniversitesi ziraat fakültesinde yetiştirilen kilis ve kıl keçilerinin ıslahında saanen ve G1 genotipinden yararlanma olanakları. Çukurova üniversitesi ziraat fakültesi yayınları:122, bilimsel inceleme ve araştırma tezleri: 19, kemal matbaası, Adana. Özcan,L., Pekel, E., Güney, O., 1976. Çukurova üniversitesi ziraat fakültesinde yetiştirilen kilis, kıl ve GS1 keçilerinde döl ve süt verimi özellikleri üzerinde karşılaştırılmalı araştırmalar. A.Ü.Z.F. Basımevi. Ankara. Sönmez, R., 1974. Melezleme yolu ile yerli kılkeçilerinin süt keçisine çevrilme olanakları. E.Ü.Z.F. Yayınlan no: 226, ss 188, Bornova, İzmir. Sönmez, R., 1976. Melezleme yolu ile kıl keçilerinin süt keçisine çevirme olanakları. Ege üniversitesi ziraat fakültesi yayınları. No: 226., Ege Üniversitesi matbaası, Bornova, İzmir. Şengonca M, Taşkın T, Koşum N, 2003. Saanen x kıl keçi melezlerinin ve saf kıl keçilerinin kimi verim özelliklerinin belirlenmesi üzerine eş zamanlı bir araştırma. Turk j Vet Anim Sci, 27, 1319-1325. Şengonca, M., Uysal, H., Kınık, Ö., Koşum, N., Taşkın, T. 2001. Yetiştirici koşullarında saanen x kıl melezi ve saf kıl keçilerin çeşitli verim özellikleri üzerinde eş zamanlı karşılaştırmalı araştırmalar 99-zrf-012 nolu araştırma fon saymanlığı kesin raporu, Bornova-İzmir. Şimşek, Ü.G. and Bayraktar, M., 2006. Kıl keçisi ve saanen x kıl keçisi (f1) melezlerine ait büyüme ve yaşama gücü özelliklerinin araştırılması, F.Ü. Sağlık Bil. Dergisi 2006, 20(3), 229-238. Şimşek, Ü.G., Bayraktar, M., Gürses, M., 2006. Çiftlik koşullarında kıl keçilerine ait bazı verim özelliklerinin araştırılması, f.ü. Sağlık bil. Dergisi 2006, cilt 20, sayı 3, sayfa: 221-227. Tuncel E. and Bayındır Ş. 1983. Türkiye de keçilerin genetik ıslahı. Avrupa zootekni federasyonu sempozyumu, Ankara. TÜİK, 2013. Türkiye istatistik kurumu, http://rapor.tuik.gov.tr/ Türk, G., Sönmez, M., Şimşek, Ü.,G., 2005. Kıl keçisi tekeleri ve saanen x kıl keçisi (F 1 ) melezi tekelerinin bazı üreme özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması. F.Ü. sağlık bil derg, 19 (2): 87-92. Yıldız N., and Esen F. 1998. Koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliği. F.Ü. Vet. Fak. Ders teksiri, no:35.