PROVENANCE TRĐALS IN TURKEY Forest area of Turkey is 21.18 million hectare, which consists of 26 % of total size of the country. The 44 %, 8.9 million hectare is productive forest and the rest, 56% 11.3 million hectare is unproductive. Unproductive forest area needs to be forested in order to turn into productive forest. However, certain provenances should be used in forestation works. Therefore, which provenance may be used in regional afforestation should be determined, particularly in Turkey, which climatic and soil conditions show great changes from one to another (Simsek et al., 1995). The selection of seed resources is the main factor influencing the productivity of forestation (Urgenc, S., 1982). One of the major objectives of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry and its affiliates is to conserve forest tree species and genetic biodiversity. Provenance trials are important particularly at the initial stage of a tree improvement of program. They provide information about the genetic architecture of the species that is utilized for gene conservation programs, and for maximizing gain for a given area (Isık et al., 2002) There are lots of provenance trail in Turkey. The Turkish Forest Research Institutes are carrying out 6 provenances trials. The main aim of these studies is to determine the best performing provenances for forestations, each geographic zone in Turkey. 1-Turkish Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Provenance Trial The Turkish Forest Research Institute established it in 1988 on 26 test sites (one of the test side was established in Cyprus). 50 provenances were tested (47 provenances originating from Turkey, 3 provenances from northern Cyprus) below Table 1. Most provenances included in the experiment were phenotypically superior stands and had been designated as seed stands for operational planting programs for a particular region. For each provenance, about 30 trees were sampled, cones were bulked and sun dried to extract seeds. One-year old were transplanted to 26 sites in the late autumn of 1988 and in the winter of 1989. The experiments were laid out in the fields as to Randomized Complete Blocks Method with 3 replications. 16 seedlings in square in each block initially represented each provenance. Spacing was 1.5 m between in a row and 3 m between the rows. Data were collected from the experimental sites in 1999 when the trees were 10 years old in the field. Survival was assessed s the proportion of surviving trees in each plot. Total height (cm) and diameter at breast height (mm) were measured and the volume was estimated to the nearest dm³. The coordinator institute of (Pinus brutia Ten) provenance trial is Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Directory (Antalya). Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Directory were published the 5 and 10 years old results: The five-year results of the experiment as a technical report (Cengiz et al., 1999) Results of provenance study at age 10 on Pinus brutia: Provenance-site interactions and defining breeding zones (Isık et al., 2002). IŞIK, K., TOPAK, M. ve KESKĐN, A. C., 1987: Kızılçamda (Pinus brutia Ten.) Orijin Denemeleri. O. G. M. Orman Ağaçları ve Islah Araştırma Müdürlüğü Yayın No: 3, Ankara CENGĐZ, Y., IŞIK, F., KESKĐN, S., GENÇ, A., DOĞAN, B., TOSUN, S., ÖZPAY, Z., AKSOY, C., ÖRTEL, E., GÜRGEN, D., DAĞDAŞ, S., UGURLU, S., 1999: Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) Orijin Denemeleri. Teknik Bülten No: 11, Antalya. IŞIK, F., KESKĐN, S., CENGĐZ, Y., GENÇ, A., DOĞAN, B., ÖZPAY, Z., TOSUN, S., UĞURLU, ÖRTEL, E., DAĞDAŞ, S., KARATAY, H., 2002: Kızılçam Orijin denemelerinin 10 yıllık Sonuçları (Orijin-Çevre Etkileşimi ve Tohum Transferi Üzerine Etkisi),.Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü yayın No: 016, Orman Bakanlığı yayın No: 158, teknik Bülten No: 14, Antalya, 155 s. IŞIK, F., KESKĐN, S., MCKEAND, S.E., 2000: Provenance Variation and Provenance-Site Interaction in Pinus brutia TEN: Consequences of Defining Breeding Zones, Silvae Genetica 49, Heft 4-5, 2000, 169-232 pp.
2-Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. Pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) Provenance trial The Turkish Forest Research Institute established it in 1984 on 24 test sites. 36 provenances were tested (all the origin were from Turkey) below Table 2. The experiments were laid out in the fields as to Randomized Complete Blocks Method with 3 replications. 16 seedlings in square in each block initially represented each provenance. Spacing was 2 m between in a row and 2 m between the rows. 12 test sites are under control. The coordinator institute of (Pinus nigra Arnold) provenance trial is Western Black Sea Forest Research Directory (Bolu) Turkish forestry Research Institute were published the nine year results as a technical reports: The first results of Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. Pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) Provenance trials in Turkey (Simsek et al., 1995). ŞĐMŞEK, Y., ERKULOĞLU, Ö., TOSUN, S., 1995: Türkiye de Karaçam (Pinus nigra Arnold ssp. pallasiana Lamb.Holmboe) Orijin Denemeleri Đlk sonuçları, Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü yayınları, Teknik Bülten No: 247, Ankara, 63 s. 3-Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich) Provenance Trial The Turkish Forest Research Institute established it in 1989-1990 on 16 test sites. 35 provenances were tested (all the origin were from Turkey) below Table 3. 14 test sites are under control. The experiments were laid out in the fields as to Randomized Complete Blocks Method with 3 replications. 16 seedlings in square in each block initially represented each provenance. Spacing was 1.5 m between in a row and 3 m between the rows. The coordinator institute of (Cedrus libani A. Rich) provenance trial is Central Anatolia Forest Research Institute (Ankara). Central Anatolia Forest Research Institute were published the 5 years old results: The five-year results of the experiment were published as a technical report. The ten-year results are analyzed, but not published. The first results of Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) Provenance trials in Turkey (Dagdas et al., 1997). DAĞDAŞ, S., GENÇ, A., DOĞAN, B., CENGĐZ, Y., KESKĐN, S., ÖRTEL, E. ve UĞURLU, S., 1997: Türkiye de Sedir (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) Orijin Denemelerinin Đlk Sonuçları. Đç Anadolu Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Teknik Bülten Serisi, No: 271, 128 s. 4-Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestis L.) Provenance Trial The Turkish Forest Research Institute established it in 1989-1990 on 22 test sites. 35 provenances were tested (33 provenances originating from Turkey, 2 provenances from Netherlands (Ommen and Epe provenances) below Table 4. Most provenances included in the experiment were phenotypically superior stands and had been designated as seed stands for operational planting programs for a particular region. For each provenance, about 25-30 trees were sampled, cones were bulked and sun dried to extract seeds. Two-year old seedlings were transplanted to 22 sites in the late autumn of 1989 and in the winter of 1990. The experiments were laid out in the fields as to Randomized Complete Blocks Method with 3 replications. 16 seedlings in square in each block initially represented each provenance. Spacing was 1.5 m between in a row and 3 m between the rows. 15 test sites are under control. The coordinator institute of (Pinus sylvestis L.) provenance trial is Central Anatolia Forest Research Institute (Ankara). Central Anatolia Forest Research Institute were published the 5 years old results. The first preliminary results of Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) provenance tests in Turkey (Dagdas et al., 1998). The eleven-year results are analyzed, but not published. DAĞDAŞ, S., TOSUN, S., ATASOY, H. ve DAŞDEMĐR, Đ., 1998: Türkiye de Sarıçam (Pinus sylvestris L) Orijin denemelerinin Đlk Sonuçları Đç Anadolu Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, Teknik Bülten Serisi, No.:272, Ankara,119 s.
5- Abies grandis lindl Provenance trial in Black Sea Region Western Black Sea Forest Research Directory established it in 1988 on 5 test sides. 24 provenances were tested on 5 test sites. 16 provenances of Abies grandis, 4 provenances of Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach. subsp. nordmanniana),2 provenances of Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach. subsp. bornmülleriana and 2 provenances of Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach. subsp equi-trojani (Ascher.et Sint.) Coode et Cullen originating from Turkey were tested on 5 test sites. The experiments were laid out in the fields as to Randomized Complete Blocks Method with 3 replications. 20 seedlings in square in each block initially represented each provenance. Spacing was 6 m between in a row and 6 m between the rows. 6 test sites are under control. The coordinator institute of this research is Western Black Sea Forest Research Directory. Western Black Sea Forest Research Directory as a technical report published the tenth year results (Atasoy et al., 2003). ATASOY, H., KÜÇÜK, M., ULU, F, 2003: Doğukaradeniz Bölgesinde Abies grandis (dougl) Lindl. Orijin denemelerinin On Üç Yıllık Sonuçları. Doğu Karadeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Müdürlüğü, teknik Bülten No: 15, Trabzon 6-Provenance Trial of Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.) in Mediterranean region It was established in 1996 on 6 test sides. 19 provenances (4 provenances originating from Turkey, 4 provenance from Lebanon, 4 provenances from Spain, 5 provenances from France, 1 provenance from Italy, 1 Provenance from Greece) were tested on 6 test sites. The list of Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.) were given below Table 5.The experiments were laid out in the fields as to Randomized Complete Blocks Method with 3 replications. 20 seedlings in square in each block initially represented each provenance. Spacing was 6 m between in a row and 6 m between the rows. 6 test sites are under control. The coordinator institute of (Pinus pinea L.) is Aegean Forest Research Directory (Izmir). This trial was supported by INRA. The seeds of foreign origin were provided by INRA. There is no publication about Stone Pine provenance trial now. The name of trial area: Kozak-Bergama-Izmir, Kocarli-Aydın (2 trial area in Aegean region), Baskoy-Antalya, Incik-Antalya, Tarsus-Icel, Mut-Icel (4 trial area in Mediterranean region). Table 5. The provenances of Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.) Provenance Number Country Provenance 1 Lebanon Beit Mounzer (Maddath Jebbel) 2 Spain Mcscta Castellana 3 Spain Cordillera Central 4 Spain Andalucia Occidental 5 Lebanon Bkassine 6 Lebanon Qsaibe 7 Lebanon Centne 8 Greece Chalkidiki Agios Nikolaos 9 Spain Cataluna 10 France St Raphael 11 France Villeneuvette (Herault) 12 France St Aygulf 13 France Brignoles Le Val 14 France Saintes-Maries (B.du.Rh.) 15 Italy Feninglia 67 16 Turkey Bursa-Yalova-Dumanlıdag 17 Turkey Canakkale-Millipark 18 Turkey Mugla-Yatagan-Katrancı 19 Turkey Antalya-Kumluca
Table 1. Geographic information on Turkish Red Pine (Pinus brutia L.) provenances No Forest District Working Circle Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) 1 Karsanti Pos 37 34 35 24 600 2 Buffavento Cyprus 35 17 33 24 500 3 Karaagac Cyprus 35 18 33 32 320 4 Karakoyak Tarsus 37 05 34 33 1000 5 Gokcesu Anamur 36 11 32 45 600 6 Yivil Anamur 36 05 32 41 650 7 Pembecik Gulnar 36 14 33 15 650 8 Karakoyak Tarsus 37 07 34 31 800 9 Findikpinari Mersin 36 55 34 26 750 10 Akdere Silifke 36 13 33 43 125 11 Guzeoluk Erdemli 36 45 34 10 1150 12 Findikpinari Mersin 36 57 34 24 1150 13 Caltibuku Anamur 36 17 32 48 1000 14 Melli Bucak 37 24 30 37 800 15 Merkez Bucak 37 30 30 41 800 16 Duzlercami Antalya 36 59 30 33 275 17 Guzelbag Gundogmus 36 45 31 58 650 18 Eskibag Gundogmus 36 42 32 10 1000 19 Karacay Kas 36 24 29 30 720 20 Karacay Kas 36 24 29 32 830 21 Pinargozu Serik 37 16 31 58 750 22 Kargi Alanya 36 36 31 57 350 23 Kumluca Kumluca 36 26 30 15 250 24 Olimpos Antalya 36 35 30 28 350 25 Seydan Sindirgi 39 12 28 08 400 26 Baharlar Ayvacik-Can 39 36 26 34 550 27 Ezine Ayvacik-Can 39 53 26 25 300 28 Karakoy Bayramic 39 50 25 55 400 29 Bigadic Bigadic 39 24 28 22 350 30 Catilibuk M.K. pasa 39 58 28 40 450 31 Orhaneli Orhaneli 40 00 28 55 600 32 Golhisar Golhisar 37 04 30 27 1100 33 Karadag Sutculer 37 30 30 51 650 34 Sogutdagi Sutculer 37 21 30 54 400 35 Ulucinar Antakya 36 21 35 57 385 36 Sucati K.Maras 36 21 36 42 800 37 Yayladag Antakya 37 46 36 01 480 38 Cetibeli Marmaris 35 54 28 19 60 39 Yaras Mugla 37 00 28 32 750 40 Boyali Yilanli 37 06 28 34 750 41 Sahinkaya Gordes 37 17 28 04 350 42 Delikdere Dursunbey 38 50 28 37 600 43 Đbrahim onu Goynuk 39 42 30 49 600 44 Cam golu Bafra 40 11 35 27 100 45 Huridagi Niksar 41 39 36 43 250 46 Karatepe Karabuk 40 38 32 41 450 47 Findik Siirt 41 05 42 00 700 48 Karacadag Izmir 37 29 27 05 400 49 Dokuzdereler Kesan 38 06 26 43 175 50 Guzelyurt Cyprus 40 44 33 03 200
Table 2. Geographic information on Anatolian Black Pine (Crimean pine) (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold subsp. nigra var. caramanica (Loud.) Rehder) provenances No Forest District Working Circle Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) 1 Boyabat Elekdağ 41 0 32 34 0 28 1250-1500 2 Kastamanu Karadere 41 0 09 34 0 02 1200-1450 3 Yenice Bakraz-Deveboynu 41 0 38 32 0 18 900 4 Mengen Daren Sorgun 40 0 57 32 0 17 350-1000 5 Mudurnu Sarpuncuk 40 0 31 31 0 27 1200 6 Çatalca Beytepe 41 0 32 29 0 10 200 300 7 Đnegöl Boğazova 39 0 56 29 0 24 1200-1300 8 M.Kemâlpaşa Burhandağı 39 0 54 28 0 43 900 1000 9 Kızılcahamam Çamkoru 40 0 35 32 0 29 1550 10 Ankara Beynam 39 0 50 32 0 55 1400 11 Yenice Asar-Tahtalı 39 0 50 27 0 08 300 12 Balıkesir Korucu 39 0 23 27 0 15 800 13 Alaçam Gölcük 39 0 33 28 0 24 1200 14 Alaçam Gölcük 39 0 33 28 0 24 1450 15 Domaniç D. Çarşamba 39 0 51 29 0 29 1350-1550 16 Tavşanlı Đkizoluk 39 0 25 29 0 07 1200-1700 17 Simav Kocagüvez 39 0 22 29 0 03 1300-1500 18 Simav A. Söğütderesi 39 0 14 28 0 44 1150-1400 19 Demirci Söğütçük 39 0 08 28 0 36 1200 20 Uşak Oturak-1300 m 38 0 54 29 0 55 1300 21 Uşak Oturak- 1450 m 38 0 54 29 0 55 1450 22 Gördes Güneşli-Sıgırova 39 0 08 28 0 25 1100 23 Bayındır Ovacık 38 0 19 27 0 40 850 24 Nazilli Sarıcaova 38 0 02 28 0 38 1100 25 Denizli Sapacaboğazı 37 0 43 29 0 04 1250 26 Denizli K. Tepe-G.Kaya 37 0 40 29 0 24 700 27 Yılanlı Elkindağ 37 0 11 28 0 32 1100 28 Gölhisar Gölhisar 37 0 02 29 0 27 1010 1350 29 Eğirdir Merkez 37 0 17 30 0 56 1200 30 Sütçüler Tota 37 0 32 31 0 08 1450 1700 31 Alanya Söğüt 36 0 34 32 0 24 1400 32 Gazipaşa-Culluca Sazak-900-1000 m 36 0 14 32 0 33 900 1000 33 Gazipaşa-Culluca Sazak-1050-1400 m 36 0 14 32 0 33 1050 1400 34 Pos Soğukoluk 37 0 37 35 0 14 1200 35 Kozan Meydan 37 0 43 35 0 36 1100 1200 36 Andırın Fındıklıdere 37 0 44 36 0 21 1500
Table 3. Geographic information on Taurus Cedar (Cedrus libani A. rich.) provenances No Forest District Working Circle Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) 2 Bozdag Acipayam 37 15 29 13 1730 4 Sultandagi-Deresinek Afyon 38 32 31 09 1350 6 Dirmil Golhisar 36 55 29 29 1500-1650 9 Belcegiz S.karaagac 37 52 31 17 1600 10 Belcegiz S.karaagac 37 50 32 18 1550 11 Kizildag S.karaagac 38 08 31 18 1370 12 Kapidag Isparta 38 05 38 42 1400-1600 13 Karacay Kas-Lengume 36 23 29 26 1300-1550 14 Ciglikara-kocova Elmalı 36 33 29 48 1550 15 Eskibag Gündoğmuş 36 58 32 10 1500 16 Kemer Antalya 36 37 30 28 1450 17 Aykiricay-Sirken Finike 36 27 30 10 1250-1300 18 Yukari Alakir Kumluca 36 36 30 23 1350 19 Bucak Aras. Orman. Elmali 36 33 29 48 1500 20 Duden-yaniktepe Anamur-Abanoz 36 19 32 58 1360 21 Sogutdagi Gülnar 36 19 33 08 1350 22 Arslankoy-Baspinar Mersin 37 00 34 14 1600 23 Damlacali Ermenek 36 32 32 46 1550-1600 24 Saglik-Gokyurt Konya 37 49 32 02 1650 25 Karakuz Pozantı 37 30 34 57 1580 26 Mansurlu-Yumurtatepe Feke 37 48 35 45 1200-1350 27 Meydan-Hancukuru Kozan 37 36 35 24 1450 28 Ayvacik-Catak Saimbeyli 37 48 36 11 1490 29 Elmadag Andırın 37 37 36 28 1500-1600 30 Akifiye-Findiklidere Andırın 37 44 36 21 1460 31 Hassa-Kislakdere Antakya 36 50 36 30 1400 32 Merkez-Malakhasan Göksun 38 03 36 25 1650 33 Baraj-Akinci koyu Niksar 40 47 36 34 850 34 Sevindik Elmalı 36 31 29 44 1500 35 Hartlap-Cagirgandere K Maras 37 27 36 35 900-950 36 Elmalar-Golcegiz-Kalekoy K Maras 37 46 37 06 1450 37 Merkez -Torbuzek-Mursel Göksun 38 08 32 44 1730 38 Kazanci-Kocasdagi Ermenek 36 30 36 44 1710 39 Nurdagi-Hinzirli Osmaniye 37 03 36 17 1450 40 Yeniyapan Yavsan dagi K Maras Hartlap 37 31 36 45 1350
Table 4. Geographic information on Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) provenances No Forest District Working Circle Latitude Longitude Altitude (m.) 1 Eskişehir-Çatacık Değirmendere 39 0 58 31 0 06 1300-1700-1450 2 Çamlıdere Benliyayla 40 0 29 32 0 10 1650 3 Yahyalı-Pınarbaşı Akdağ 38 o 43 36 0 13 1650 4 Hollanda NL T 1.1. 01-11 0-100 5 Hollanda NL S 2. 2. 16-03 0-100 6 Sarıkamış Sarıkamış 40 0 17 42 0 37 2200 7 Yusufeli Kılıçkaya 8 Sarıkamış Çıplakdağ 2360 9 Sarıkamış Boyalı 2150 10 Eskişehir-Çatacık Gümelidere 39 0 58 31 0 04 1550 11 Eskişehir-Çatacık Değirmendere 39 0 58 31 0 07 1550 12 Uşak Oturak 38 0 54 29 0 50 1675 13 Eskipazar Eğriova 14 Araç Dereyayla 41 0 10 35 0 15 1500 15 Kargı Erenler-Kösdağ 16 Araç Dereyayla 41 0 34 33 0 15 1500 17 Bolu-Seben Taşlıyayla 18 Karabük Büyükdüz 19 Zonguldak-Dirgine Değirmendere 20 Aladağ Aladağsuyu 40 0 38 31 0 41 1400 21 Aladağ Aladağsuyu 40 0 37 31 0 19 1350 22 Aladağ Kartalkaya 40 0 35 31 0 42 1500 23 Aladağ Kartalkaya 40 0 37 31 0 43 1500 24 Daday Koldandere 25 Yığılca Boğabeli 26 Akdağmadeni Sırıklı 40 0 37 30 0 50 1800 27 Akdağmadeni Aktaş 39 0 34 35 0 50 1750 28 Artvin-Göktaş Taraklı 900 29 Akçaabat Sertkaya köyü 650 30 Vezirköprü Ovacık 1200 31 Mesudiye Iğdırdağı 40 0 22 37 0 55 1900 32 Vezirköprü Ovacık 1300 33 Mesudiye Arpaalan 40 0 22 37 0 52 1650 34 Espiye Tohumluk 1770 35 Karabük Keltepe 1400