TENSES PRESENT SIMPLE

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1 TENSES PRESENT SIMPLE 1- Daily routines/ Regular Activities She visits her aunt once a month. I get up at 7 o clock every morning. 2- General Statements/Permanent situations She lives in İstanbul. My father works in a bank. 3- Scientific truths / General facts Water boils at 100 c The earth revolves around the sun. Coffee grows in Brazil. (2007 mart üds sağlık) Bu soruda Alkol ile ilgili genel geçer bir bilgi verilmektedir. Dolayısıyla past ve future yapılar kullanılamaz. Present simple yapı doğrudur. B şıkkı 4- Basın dili Galatasaray beats Leeds 2-1 (başlıklar present simpledır.) 5- Timetables, schedules The Oxford train arrives at 1pm tomorrow. The meeting ends at 3 pm. The plane takes off at 6 pm. 6- Narratives hikaye anlatımında kullanılır 7- The poor girl lives in small cottage with her step mother. 8- If type 0 If you heat water, It boils(neden sonuç- bilimsel gerçek) 9- If type 1 If I come home early, I will call you. ( Yan cümlecik present simpledır.) Sıklık zarfları ana fiilden önce kullanılırlar She usually eats pizza. They don t always visit us. Be fiilinden ise sonra kullanılırlar. She is always happy. Hardly ever, scarcely ever, almost never, never olumsuz cümlede kullanılmaz. Olumlu cümleye olumsuz anlam verirler.

2 She goes to school every day, Once a week, Every Monday, On weekdays On Mondays three times a week. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1- Actions happening at the moment of speaking (konuşma anı) The teacher is grading the exam papers right now. Now, right now, at the moment, currently, for the time being, at present, presently Look! Listen! Emir kipleri konuşma anına dikkat çekilir mart fen 2- Temporary situations. Geçici olarak yapılan eylemler için kullanılır. Normally I live in İstanbul, but I m staying with aunt in Ankara for the time being. Nowadays, these days, for the time being ÖNEMLİ Geçici durumları ifade ederler. 3- Arranged future - düzenlenmiş planlanmış gelecek They are getting married next June. I m flying to New York next Wednesday. 4- Complaints Şikayet Always-constantly- continually-invariably (always) rahatsızlık bildirirken bu sıklık zarflarını kullanırız. They are always making noise. She is continually coming late to school. 5- Events occurring gradually at present (önemli) Zamanla giderek gelişen ve değişen olay ve durumlardan bahsederken progressive yapılar kullanılır. Day by day Gradually More and more bu yapılar present bir konuda verilmişse present cont. Kullanılır. Present zamanda Are Ving- Inflation is increasing day by day. Past zamanda Was/were Ving Her health was getting worse gradually Future Will be Ving You will be playing the piano well day by day. Non progressive verbs.

3 Non-progressive ve progressive olabilen fiiller için bazı örnekler: Think, I think she is a student. (zannediyorum,inanıyorum) I m thinking of going to Paris. (düşünmek planlamak) She s thinking about her family. See Right now, I m looking out of the window and I see a lot of people. (görmek) I m seeing my dentist tomorrow. (görüşmek, muayene olmak) The doctor is seeing his patient now) Taste Look Weigh Have This soup tastes salty (tatmak) She is tasting the soup I made. (tadına bakmak) you look worried I m looking out of the window. This bag weighs 5 kilos The shopkeeper is weighing the bag They have a big house We are having breakfast right now. Appear Sam appears to be asleep. She is appearing on stage this Friday. PAST SIMPLE (COMPLETED ACTION) 1- Action must be completed/ Pointed time in the past People suffered from hunger during WWI.

4 2010 mayıs kpds 2- Actions happening one after another. Geçmişte birbiri ardına meydana gelen olaylardan bahsederken çok büyük zaman farkı olmadığı için past simple kullanırız. He wrote the letter and then posted it. 3- Past habits/states He smoked a lot. He used to smoke a lot. There was / used to be a cinema on this corner in the past. ÖNEMLİ: Her past yapı gördüğümüzde past anlam olmayabilir. 1- IT s (high/about) time the lesson started. Ders başlamak üzere. It s time to go. ----) It s time we went. Gitme vaktimiz geldi de geçiyor bile artık gidelim.

5 2- I wish/ If only +S+V2 I wish you were here with me. If only I could see here once again. 3- As if /as though+subject+v2 She treats me as if I were her daughter. (gerçekdışılık) 4- would rather +S+V2 I would rather we stayed at home instead of going to school. 5- Clause type2 If I had enough money, I Could buy a BMW. (Gerçeği yansıtmayan durum) 5- Would you mind +if +Subject+ V2 6- Would you mind If I smoked here? Bu yapıların hiçbirinde V2 past anlam vermez. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Geçmişte süreklilik 1- Actions in progress at a definite time in the past Geçmişte belirli bir zaman noktasında devam halinde olan eylemleri anlatmak için kullanırız. Everybody except me was sleeping last night. (maybe at 02:00 a.m.) 2- Actions interrupted in the past Tourists were visiting the museum when the bomb exploded When, while, as, just as, ---) iken anlamına gelen yapılar Just as I was leaving home, the phone rang. The electricity went out as we were watching the match. 3- Actions done at the same time in the past When, while, as, just as, ---) iken anlamına gelen yapılar kullanılır. While en yaygındır. While I was cooking, my son was watching me. They were having dinner while I was reading the paper kasım kpds 4- Events occurring gradually in the past Geçmiş zamanda giderek gelişen, değişen olay veya durumlardan bahsederken Past progressive kullanılır. Day by day, gradually, more and more. Her health was deteriorating day by day until she gave up smoking. PRESENT PERFECT Present perfect yapısı her zaman şu an (now) ile bağlantılıdır. 1- Completed action with no pointed time Gerçekleşme zamanı vermeden geçmişte tamamlanmış bir eylemi anlatırken kullamırız. She has been abroad twice. ( zaman bilinmiyor) Şu ana kadar --) up to now) I have bought this house. ( şu an ev benim, artık benim oldu vurgusu olabilir) 2- Actions still affecting(continuing) present. Geçmişte başlayıp halen devam eden eylemler için kullanırız I have lived in Balıkesir for 4 years. (Hala yaşıyorum) Since 1990, they have produced a lot of new devices. 3- Actions happening repeatedly Henüz tamamlanmamış zaman diliminde eylemin ne kadarının yapıldığı, kaç kez yapıldığı anlatılabilir. How many, How much, How many times sorularının karşılığı beklenebilir.

6 I have called you three times today. She has taken 50 pictures today. ( Gün bitmemiştir. Şu ana kadar çektiği fotoğraf sayısı 4- Experiences( up to now in my life anlamı vardır) Have you ever eaten Chinese food? I have never been abroad. 5- Indicating result The mechanic has repaired the car. Eylemler tamamlanmış. Sonuçları görünür. They have painted the house. 6- Ordinal numbers and superlatives This is the most difficult exam I have ever taken. This is the first time I have been abroad. Cümle doğrudan superlative ile başlarsa V2 düşünmek gerekir. The first time I saw her, I felt very excited. This is the first time I have seen her. Since Since last year, I have had lots of problems. (edat) I have had lots of problems since last year. He met her in 2002 and has been in love with her (ever) since. Zarf He met her in 2002 and (ever) since has been in love with her. They haven t served anything since we arrived. (bağlaç) Sinceden sonra bir yan cümlecik var. Bu yapılarda present perfect cont. da kullanılabilir kasım kpds With few 2003 mayıs kpds The once radical

7 2002 mart üds fen For a period of time For 15 years now. They haven t seen eachother for 6 months now. Recently,lately--) son zamanlarda Ama until recently --) V2 ile kullanırız 2009 kpds kasım Recent excavations 2007 mart üds fen Until recently

8 So far, thus far, up to now, up till now, to date,hitherto( up to now) For /in/during/over/within THE last /past two weeks months years Last past öncesinde the varsa ve şu an ile ilişkilendirilebiliyorsa present perfect kullanılır kasım kpds All my life, in my life, all the week, all year. Kişi yaşıyorsa ya da yaptığı eylemi devam ettirebiliyorsa present perfect yapı kullanırız. Ölmüş ise V2 kullanırız This morning,this term, this year,etc henüz tamamlanmamış zaman ifadeleri. Just, already yet ever 2006 ekim üds sağlık PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1- Actions that began in the past and still continues Eylemin devam edip etmeyeceği önemli değildir ama devam etme olasılığı yüksektir.

9 I have been living in Ankara for 10 years. 2- The effect is presently seen. She looks exhausted. She has been working all day. Your eyes are swollen. Have you been crying? 2- İndicating action 3- Eylem halen yapılıyorsa ve vurgu eylem üzerindeyse PPC kullanırız. Result sonuç için present perfect kullanıyoruz. She has painted the room. She has been painting the room. I have read 50 pages of this book today. I have been reading for 3 hours. How long? Sorusu present perfect continuous gerektirir. Know, understand, own, belong gibi Non- progressive fiiller PPC de kullanılamazlar. I have known her for 10 years. PAST PERFECT TENSE a) Geçmişte önce olan olay için Past Perfect, sonra olan olay için de Simple Past kullanılır. When the police arrived, the burglar had escaped. When he entered the classroom, the lesson had already started. b) Past Perfect temelde Present Perfect'in past halidir. She was the most honest girl I had ever met. It was the first time I had been to Amasya. We met at a party yesterday, but we... each other by sight for years. A. had known B. know C. knew D. have known E. will know ***Basit bir cümlede(tek eylemi olan) geçen bazı zaman ifadeleri de past perfect kullanabilmemizi sağlar. By 1990, he had not been abroad. By the time they arrived, we had already had our meal. *** Önemli olan eylemin bahsi geçen zamandan önce bitmiş olmasıdır. Time clauses Before +V2 The train had left before we arrived. After + had +V3 We arrived at the station after the train had left. By the time +V2 By the time we arrived at the station, the train had left. When +V2 (When bazen after gibi kullanılabilir --When +v3) When we arrived, the train had already left. When we had finished our meal, we set out. Until +V2 Until he came, we had eaten our sandwiches. As soon as + V3/V2, V2

10 Once + V3/V2, V2 Prior to öncesinde ifadesi de akla past perfect getirmelidir mayıs kpds allegation(n) iddia, dog(v) takip etmek peşine bırakmamak "No sooner... than" ve "hardly/barely/scarcely... when" I had no sooner left home than it began to rain. ( Evden ayrılmamla yağmurun yağmaya başlaması bir oldu. ) İki olay vardır. En son olan past; öncesinde olan Past perfect ile ifade edilir. Bu cümleyi "hardly...when" ile de aynı anlama gelmek üzere aktarılabilir. I had hardly left home when it began to rain. (Tam dışarı çıkıyordum ki yağmur yağmaya başladı) He had no sooner bought a car than he had an accident. (Arabayı alması ile kaza yapması bir oldu) ***Not: "no sooner...than" ve "hardly...when" bağlaçları kullanımda başa alınabilir. Bu kural ihlali olduğu için telafi olarak cümle devrik yapılır. No sooner had he bought a car than he had an accident. ( Arabayı alması ile kaza yapması bir oldu. ) Hardly had I left home when it began to rain. ( Tam dışarı çıkıyordum ki yağmur yağmaya başladı. ) as soon as ile aynı anlamı veren daha vurgulu kalıplardır. Bu kalıplar cümlenin başında yer alırsa devrik cümle yapısı kullanılır. The young couple had no sooner left the party than people began to gossip about them. No sooner had the young couple left the party than people began to gossip about them. The executive had hardly begun his speech when his assistant interrupted him. Hardly had the executive begun his speech when his assistant interrupted him. I had barely stepped into the bath when the telephone rang. Barely had I stepped into the bath when the telephone rang. (Henüz banyoya girmiştim ki, telefon çaldı./ben banyoya girer girmez telefon çaldı.) ***Gerçek dışı durumlarda Had+v3 kullanımları 1- I wish/if only she had come with us. (But she didn t) 2- She behaves as if she hadn t killed the man, but she is the murderer. 3- John married Sue, I would rather he hadn t married her. 4- If you had come to Ankara with me last week, we could have had great time. (But you didn t come.) PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1- Action that continued until an other past action Geçmişte yapılan eylemden daha önce başlayarak, bir süre devam edip tamamlanan ya da ikinci eyleme kadar devam eden eylemi anlatırken kullanırız. When she came, I had been waiting for half an hour.

11 *** Past perfect cont. Present Perfect cont. un past halidir. You looked terrible this morning. Had you been fighting? 2- If the effect of the action that already ended was seen in the past. Geçmişte yapılan ve biten bir eylemin etkisi geçmişte bir noktadahalen devam etmekteyse, past perfect cont. kullanılabilir. (Present perfect cont. past hali) She looks very tired. I think she has been working all day. She looked very tired yesterday. She had been working all day. m Kpds 2003 mayıs FUTURE SIMPLE Gelecekle ilgili birkaç yapı mevcuttur. Will +V0 (Will future) 1- Predictions, Expectations, hopes Tahminler, beklenti, ümit In 2030, the population of Turkey will be doubled. I hope she will pass the exam. We expect that our economy will be stronger in Önemli I hope I think I expect I m sure, certain, confident Will/would v kasım kpds 2- Willingness and on-the-spot decisions Konuşma anında verilen kararlar ve bunları gerçekleştirmek için istekliliğimizi anlatmak için will +V0 kullanırız.

12 Today is Erkan s birthday. Really? I will call him now. 3- If clause type 1 If I go to İstanbul, I will visit Topkapı Palace. 4- Bazı zaman ifadeleri ve bağlaçlarla Gramer ve cümle tamamlama sorularında yan cümlede present yapı varsa ana cümlede will ile oluşturulmuş bir yapı arayın. If Unless When Once As soon as Until By the time Before present, will V0 Will be ving Will have V3 Time clause main clause 5- Future facts Gelecekte kaçınılmaz olarak gerçekleşecek eylemler için will +V0 kullanırız. My father will be 50 next Tuesday. 6- Time expressions Tomorrow, tomorrow morning etc Two weeks later, in 2050, shortly, briefly, soon, next year Before long İn /within two weeks 2002 kasım kpds 2008 Ekim üds sosyal For many years to come ---- gelecek yıllar boyunca- yıllarca BE GOING TO+ v0 1- Future plans and intentions They are going to get married on July 1st.

13 We are going to meet at 3 o clock tomorrow afternoon. 2- Predictions based on present clues She is pregnant. She is going to have a baby. I don t feel well. I think I am going to faint. ****Bu yapılarda present yapıda gelecek anlamı taşırlar. Be about to V0 Be on the verge of edge of Ving/Noun phrase point of brink of threshold -e üzere olmak -nin eşiğinde olmak The film is about to start. The company is on the verge of bankruptcy. (iflas) ***Future in the past was / were going to yapısı yapılması amaçlanan ama gerçekleşmesine olanak ya da gerek olmayan eylemler için [1] - ya da bunun tam tersi olarak gerçekleşmesine gerek yokken gerçekleşen olaylar için kullanılır. I was going to call him. He called me. [1] Ben onu arayacaktım ama o beni aradı. They weren't going to visit the ancient church but they did so while they took shelter there during the rain. [2] Örnek soru : I... you the other day, but I had visitors. A. will visit B. visited C. have visited D. had visited E. was going to visit FUTURE CONTINUOUS( PROGRESSIVE) 1- Actions in progress at a definite time in the future. Gelecekte belli bir zamanda devam edecek olan olaylardan bahsederken Future Cont. kullanılır. This time tomorrow, I will be travelling to London. This time tomorrow / at this time next year will be doing --- yor olacağım. This time yesterday/ at this time last year was were doing yordum. 2- Future planned actions. Yapılması daha önceden planlanmış eylemleri anlatmak için bazen Future Cont. kullanırız. For the wedding tomorrow, I will be wearing this suit.

14 FUTURE PERFECT (MIŞ OLACAK ) 1- An action completed before a definite time in the future ( Gelecekte belli bir zamandan önce bitecek eylemlerden bahsederken kullanırız.) By 2100, the water resources will have been nearly come to an end. In ten years time, In 2050, By + pointed time in the future, will have V3 By the time present, will have V3 By ve by the time ifadeleri hem future perfect de hem de past perfect de kullanılan zaman ifadeleridir. Dikkatli olmak gerekir. By 1960 By 2060 By the time past By the time present Had V3, V2 Will have V3 Had V3, V2 Will have V3 (will) 2004 mayıs kpds 2005 Aralık üds sosyal Future Perfect Continuous An action in progress for a period of time at a definite time in the future. Gelecekte bir işi ne kadar süredir yapıyor olacağımızı anlatmak için kullanırız. In 2020, I will have been working for this company for 20 years. Tomorrow, I will have been teaching for 10 years. TENSE KONUSUNDA DİKKAT EDİLMESİ GEREKENLER

15 1- Zaman bağlacı (when, after, before, as soon as, until, by the time, while) olan cümlelerde zaman uyumu olması gerekir. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE PRESENT TENSE PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE FUTURE TENSE PRESENT TENSE: When I get home after work, I usually take a rest for a while. PAST TIME: first of all, I play with my son for a while. When I got home, I had a bath and then ate my dinner. I slept for three hours and then studied until midnight. my son was sleeping. my parents had eaten their dinner. my son had been sleeping for two hours. FUTURE TENSE: When I get home after work tomorrow, I will take a rest for a while. my son will be sleeping. my son will have been sleeping for two hours. our guests will have arrived. I am going to sleep for two hours. ***SINCE DE BİR BAĞLAÇ OLARAK KULLANILMASINA RAĞMEN BU KURALA UYMAZ. The Republic of Turkey has been striving to promote the world peace since It was founded in ( Present Tensepast tense) 2- Zaman bağlaçlarının yan cümlesine will/would/shall/be going to yapıları, ana cümlesine de have has V3, Have has been ving yapıları gelmez. After he signs the treaty tomorrow, the Prime Minister will fly back home Mayıs kpds

16 2007 Mart Üds Sağlık 3- Zaman uyumu gerektirmeyen yapılar: a- Zıtlık bağlaçlarının kullanıldığı cümlelerde zaman uyumu zorunlu değildir. However, although, but vs. Although he had some problems last year, he is doing well at school this year. b- Adjective clause (özellikle non definingler) Ankara, which is the capital of Turkey, was very cold last winter. 3- Özne yüklem uyumuna dikkat etmek gerekir -tekil-çoğul Asian countries a- Have developed b- Developes