Energy Economy. Energy Transportation and Security. Dr. Cahit Karakuş, 2018

Transkript

1 Energy Economy Energy Transportation and Security Dr. Cahit Karakuş, 2018

2 Enerjisi Taşımacılık

3 1. Road Transportation 2. Rail Transportation 3. Pipelines 4. Water Transportation 5. Air Transportation

4 Components of the Transportation System Infrastructure (supply): -Physical facilities: highways, railroads, ports -Transfer points: parking areas, driveways -Supporting elements: signals, signs, safety hardware, etc. Vehicles (demand): Planes, trains, autos, buses, ships, trucks Operators/users: Drivers, pilots, freight, passengers 4

5 What is Transportation Engineering The engineering profession is involved in all aspects of -Aeronautical (aircraft) -Chemical (fuel) -Mechanical (vehicles) -Electrical (communications, control system) -Civil (development of facilities and manage demand) 5

6 Transportation Engineering One of the specialty areas of civil engineering - Development of facilities for the movement of goods and people - Planning, design, operation and maintenance People oriented 6

7 Multi-disciplinary -Economic -Environmental -Planning -Statistics -Law -Psychology & human factors -Public administration Problems ==> solutions 7

8 Areas of Transportation Engineering Transportation Planning Traffic Operations (signs, signals,..) Roadway Geometric Design Pavement Engineering Railway Engineering Design and Planning of Airports 8

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10 Multi-Phase Fluid Flow (Oil/Water/Gas)

11 Pipelines Liquid or Gas Lines Above Ground or Below Ground Trunk Line or Gathering Line

12 Advantages Disadvantages Low rates Good loss and damage record Pipelines can function as a warehouse Mostly unaffected by weather Mechanical failures are rare Slow speed Fixed route No door-to-door service Depend on rail and motor carriers to deliver Limited type of commodities Limited to certain geographic areas

13 Loss and Damage Pipeline s have a record of limited loss and damage due to the industry s approach to operations. The pipes are constructed using a high-quality alloy steel with a life expectancy of 50 years or more. The pipes are laid in long sections with a limited number of seams and high quality electronic welding of seams to prevent leakage.

14 Safety Environmental impact and limiting leakage Mostly built in rural areas but when house needs increase people may be living closer to the pipelines and special attention will be needed. Wildlife

15 Bu durumda; Bu durumda, petrol ve doğal gaz kaynağı bölgelerinden enerji talep bölgelerine enerji kaynaklarının aktarılması, halihazırda dünyanın en büyük sorunu durumundadır. Bu bağlamda, enerji nakil hatları ve geçiş güzergahları da son derece önem arz etmektedir.

16 Kömür için Ana Deniz Taşımacılık Hatları

17 Petrol için Ana Deniz Taşımacılık Hatları

18 Global Konjüktür Enerji kaynağı bölgeleri ve de nakil hattı bölgeleri dünyanın siyasal politikalarına yön vermektedir. Günümüzde, dünya enerji stratejileri bu konjüktür üzerine geliştirilmektedir denebilir.

19 Energy Security 19 In the complex interaction between (i) energy producers, (ii) energy transit countries and (iii) energy consumers, the Gulf region and the Middle East, as well as Eurasia and the Caspian Basin emerge as extremely critical areas for global energy security The Gulf region will maintain its position at the heart of energy politics Caspian energy reserves are also significant for responding to the increasing oil and gas demand While the Middle East, North Africa and the Caspian regions offer the most (physically) reliable and rich resources for the coming decades; developing Asia, the U.S. and EU will continue to be the biggest energythirsty markets with increasing dependency on energy imports from these regions. Turkey is a key actor in the realm of energy security. Given the uncertain state of energy markets, and the stakes involved, it is our shared interest to incorporate Turkey in a functioning integrated system. This energy dependency is likely to have further major geopolitical implications. Given its unique geographical location between the Middle East and the Caspian regions on the one hand and the energy consuming markets on the other, Turkey stands as a key country in ensuring energy security.

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21 21 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline project was one of the first major energy initiatives in the Turkish-Azeri relations after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan. Completed in 2006 Length: 1767 km. Cost: Approx. 4 billion dollars One million barrels of Caspian crude oil is pumped each day Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan signed a Transit Agreement in June 2006 to connect Kazakh oil to BTC BTC is an alternative route to Russia and Iran for crude oil

22 Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline and its prolongation to Kazakhstan (Shah-Deniz Project)

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24 Nabucco It is a critical nascent natural gas transit option Potential target date for completion is 2015 Will be transporting gas primarily from Azerbaijan to Central Europe via the Turkish gas hub of Erzurum

25 Turkey s Nuclear Program Turkey plans to have three nuclear power plants by There are talks with mainly Russia and Japan for the construction of power plants. Turkish Parliament approved a bill on an agreement between Russia and Turkey for the construction of Turkey s first nuclear power plant in Akkuyu, a town in Mersin province, in July Russian state-owned atomic power company ROSATOM is likely to start building the Akkuyu nuclear power plant in 2013, and the first reactor is expected to begin generating electricity in 2018.

26 Trans-Anatolian Pipeline Project On December 26, 2011, Turkey and Azerbaijan have signed a memorandum of understanding for the transfer of Azeri gas to Europe. Intergovernmental agreement to launch Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) was inked on June 26, 2012 by Erdoğan and Aliyev. The projected amount of gas to transport is 16 billion cubic meters per year. 6 billion cubic meters/year will remain in Turkey, 10 billion cubic meters/year will be transferred to Europe. The capacity of gas flow is expected to reach to 31 billion m3 in fifteen years. According to Erdogan, the first gas will flow in the pipeline in 2018.

27 Trans-Anatolian Pipeline Project

28 Russia does not want to lose its leverage in the regional energy politics. Thus put pressure on Central Asian countries not to enter Nabucco project. Both Turkey and Azerbaijan are strongly dependent on Russia. Azerbaijan in politics and trade, Turkey in energy and trade. Two days after the memorandum of understanding for the Trans- Anatolian Pipeline (on Dec 28, 2011), Turkey and Russia agreed on South Stream for transferring Russian gas to Europe through the Turkish Exclusive Economic Zone. 63 billion cubic meters per year. Discount in gas prices in return A bypass project for Russia after Ukraine. Putin: «A New Year s gift to Russia.»

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32 Kaynaklar Atomların elektron yapısı, Yrd.Doç.Dr. İbrahim İsmet Öztürk, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi. Power Management in Energy Harvesting Power Supplies,1st International Workshop on Power Supply on Chip (PwrSoC) 08, , Cork, Ireland. Wind Power Fundamentals, Presented by: Alex Kalmikov and Katherine Dykes With contributions from: Kathy Araujo PhD Candidates, MIT Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Systems and Urban Planning, MIT Wind Energy Group & Renewable Energy Projects in Action, Enerji Ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı İle Bağlı, İlgili Ve İlişkili Kuruluşlarının Amaç Ve Faaliyetleri Ankara, 2016 Energy Fact Book, Türkiye nin Enerji Potansiyeli ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi Açısından Önemi, Mutlu YILMAZ, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi, Coğrafya Bölümü, Ankara, BP Statistical Review of World Energy Clean Energy Investment Trends, Abraham Louw, January 16, Perspectives for the Energy Transition Investment Needs for a Low-Carbon Energy System, The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Vizyon 2023 teknoloji öngörü projesi, Enerji ve doğal kaynaklar paneli raporu, Yrd.Doç.Dr. Handan ÇUBUK, Tubitak, 24 TEMMUZ 2003, ANKARA 2016 Elektrik Üretim Sektör Raporu, Elektrik Üretim Anonim Şirketi, Araştırma Planlama Ve Koordinasyon Dairesi Başkanlığı, İstatistik ve Araştırma Müdürlüğü, Mayıs 2017 Enerji Yönetimi Ders Notları, Yrd.Doç.Dr. Kemal ÜÇÜNCÜ, Orman Endüstri Makinaları ve İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon World Energy Issues Monitor 2017, The World Energy Council. Ders Notları from Internet.