SAFE? ĠNġAAT MÜHENDĠSLĠĞĠNE GĠRĠġ DERSĠ. Ulaştırma Mühendisliği nedir? ULAġTIRMA MÜHENDĠSLĠĞĠ PROF. DR. İLKER ÖZDEMİR YRD. DOÇ. DR.

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1 ĠNġAAT MÜHENDĠSLĠĞĠNE GĠRĠġ DERSĠ 1 PROF. DR. İLKER ÖZDEMİR YRD. DOÇ. DR. OSMAN AYTEKİN 4 UlaĢtırma mühendisi, insan ve taģınacak malların ulaģımında, ulaģım yollarının güvenli dizaynını tasarlar. Trafik mühendisi; yolların, otobanların, tren yollarının, kavģakların projelendirmesini uygun standartlara göre yapar. imalat aģmasında proje müdürü, Ģantiye Ģefi, arazi mühendisi pozisyonun da yolun projeye uygun bir Ģekilde imal edilmesini sağlar. TC Karayolları, TCDD, Ġl Özel Ġdareleri gibi kamu kuruluģlarında görev alarak, iģin hem imalatını hem de kontrolünü üstlenirler. 2 Ulaştırma Mühendisliği nedir? 5 Zaman ve mekân kavramı olmadan insanların ve malların hareketini sağlayacak olan her türlü yolların, bu yollardaki yapıların ve ilgili hizmetleri yapılarının tasarlanması olarak tanımlanabilir. 3 6 SAFE?

2 7 SAFE? 10 Karayolları, her zaman insan ve mal için en önemli ulaģım yolları olmuģtur ve olacaktır ULAŞIM SİSTEMLERİ (Transportation modes) 9 12 Karayolu (Highways) Demiryolu (Railways) Deniz Yolu (Seaways) Hava Yolu (Airways) Boru Hatları (Pipeline)

3 UlaĢtırma Sistemlerindeki Tarihsel GeliĢim 13 Ridership Automobile Bus Cable car Electric Tramway Hybrid Cars Horse-drawn Omni bus Time 16 Environmentally Friendly Bir UlaĢtırma Sisteminde Hayat Döngüsü 14 UlaĢtırmanın Tarihçesi 17 Ridership Growth to Maturity Decline Decline Innovation Period Nostalgia Nostalgia Time Year: 1804 Speed: 8 km/h Year: 2008 Speed: ~ 500 km/h UlaĢtırmanın Tarihçesi Long distance Railway 18 In Japan nearly 40 years, In Europe nearly 25 years Locomotives Very High speed High speed Regional Interurban Tram Metro Speed 15

4 320 km/h 300 km/h 230 km/h Which mode has the most problems?? TGV Duplex (France) AVE (Spain) New Pendolino (Italy) 200 km/h 300 km/h Virgin West Coast Pendolino (UK) KTX (South Korea) ) Land -Railway -Highway -Pipeline UlaĢtırmanın üç temel yolu Importance of Transportation Necessary for economic growth, but not sufficient - The speed, cost, and capabilities of available transportation have a significant economic impact on an area - Countries with better/advanced transportation networks and services are leaders in industry and commerce USA, Japan, Germany, ) Sea 3) Air 21 Importance of Transportation Determines the location and character of cities and regions by interacting with land use (e.g. silk road) National security 24

5 Components of the Transportation System 25 Infrastructure (supply): -Physical facilities: highways, railroads, ports -Transfer points: parking areas, driveways -Supporting elements: signals, signs, safety hardware, etc. Vehicles (demand): Planes, trains, autos, buses, ships, trucks Operators/users: Drivers, pilots, freight, passengers Transportation Engineering Multi-disciplinary -Economic -Environmental -Planning -Statistics -Law -Psychology & human factors -Public administration Problems ==> solutions 28 What is Transportation Engineering The engineering profession is involved in all aspects of -Aeronautical (aircraft) -Chemical (fuel) -Mechanical (vehicles) -Electrical (communications, control system) -Civil (development of facilities and manage demand) 26 Areas of Transportation Engineering Transportation Planning 29 Traffic Operations (signs, signals,..) Roadway Geometric Design Pavement Engineering Railway Engineering Design and Planning of Airports Transportation Engineering 27 One of the specialty areas of civil engineering - Development of facilities for the movement of goods and people - Planning, design, operation and maintenance People oriented Development of Transportation Network Planning Design Construction 30

6 What is transportation planning? 31 Activities that: 1. Identify problems, gather and analyze data 2. Forecast future traffic demands and estimate the environmental and social impacts 3. Evaluate alternatives and determine the alternative that meet the requirements and constraints of the problem at the lowest cost Bridges and structural technology: Traffic loads-effects of weathering Historical Structures Precast concrete bridges 34 Monitoring and inspection equipment Corrosion protection Tunnel construction The 4 step transport planning process Demographic Data Transportation Network Step 1: Trip Generation Step 2: Trip Distribution Step 3: Mode Choice Step 4: Trip/ Traffic Assignment Traffic engineering: Highway capacity Intersections and their capacity Traffic flow and operation Traffic management systems Traffic signs-pavement markings Construction technology: Natural soil foundations33 Recyling methods-alternative construction materials Pavements-Highway maintenance-slopes Pavement surface courses;asphalt and concrete Ecology Automotive engineering 36 Active and passive safety Crash tests Pedestrain protection Protective helmets Vehicle emissions

7 Alignment Behaviour and safety in highway traffic Safety research and safety concepts Accident statistics Observation of road users behaviour Safety campaigns Risk groups Traffic medicine 37 Alignment is a 3D problem broken down into two 2D problems Horizontal Alignment (plan view) Vertical Alignment (profile view) 40 Problem 38 Lombard Street, San Francisco, CA Highway in west China Vertical Alignment 41 Horizontal Alignment Constraints Environmental -Wetland, ponds and creeks. Geometric - 90m flat grade for starting and ending points. - Simple horizontal and vertical curve Safety - Maximum grade - Minimum radius - Enough stopping sight distance Budget - Maximum cut-and-fill depth - Mass balance 39 Objective: Vertical Alignment 42 Determine elevation to ensure Proper drainage Acceptable level of safety Primary challenge Transition between two grades Vertical curves G 1 G 2 Crest Vertical Curve Sag Vertical Curve G 1 G 2

8 Volume Elevation Objective: Horizontal Alignment 43 Geometry of directional transition to ensure: Safety Comfort Primary challenge Transition between two directions Horizontal curves Fundamentals Circular curves Superelevation 46 Mass Diagram Ground Profile Grade 44 Fill areas Cut areas Indicate grade points Indicate points where cuts = fills 47 Mass diagram Pavement Design Flexible Pavements (WsDOT, u.d.) Rigid Pavements Surface layer is asphalt concrete Surface layer is portland cement concrete

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