EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WATER SALINITY ON TOMATO PLANT GROWN

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1 1997-ISHS Symposium on greenhouse management for better yield and quality in mild winters climates, Antalya, 491, EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WATER SALINITY ON TOMATO PLANT GROWN IN THE GREENHOUSE AND Department of Soil Science Citrus and Greenhouse Crops Faculty of Agriculture Research Institute University of Akdeniz Antalya/TURKEY This study was carried out to determine the effects of the different levels of salinity of the irrigation water (500, 1000 and 2000 j.lmhos/cm, 25 C) and fertilization (F1, F2 and F3), and of the interaction between these two applications on the growth and yield of the tomato plant (cv. Fantastic 144) grown in the greenhouse. At the beginning, although soil salinity was 1.6 mmhos/cm, it was found to be 2.74,4.15 and 5.85 mmhos/cm at the end of the growing period, as a result of fertilizer and irrigation water applications for 500, 1000 and 2000 j.lmhos/cm EC levels respectively. These values suggest that the salt accumulated in the soil should be leached away after the growing period. Interaction between water and fertilizer applications was significant on the yield. This finding indicated that salinity level of irrigation water is a factor that should be considered in the fertilization program. Although this effect was either not important or negative in the greenhouses irrigated with waters high in EC values, relatively high levels of fertilization had a positive effect on yield irrigated with waters low in EC values. For this reason, if the EC level of irrigation water is high, low doses of fertilizer should be preferred in practice. All irrigation waters contain salt, in low or high levels, depending on feature of the scurce. Salt accumulated around the roots by irrigation water and fertilizer application affects the physical and chemical properties of the soil (Bhumbla, 1977) and plant yield (Somani, 1991) after a short time. Antalya is an important region for protected agricultural production. 86% of glasshouse and 67% of plastic covered areas of Turkey are in the region, and tomato is a main vegetable which is grown (Anonymous, 1991). Initial studies carried out in the region showed that water and soil salinity reached high levels, particularly, in the regions that have intensive greenhouse production (Kaplan

2 and Akay, 1995). Furthermore, present application practices encourage the problem to Increase. The figures given in the literature for the tolerance of tomato plant to salinity are quite different. Some authors reported that yield of the tomato began to decrease when soil salinity reached 4 mmhos/cm of EC level (Anonymous, 1984); others reported that it started to decrease when soil salinity reached 2 mmhos/cm (Martinez end ai., 1986), and according to some it began to decrease at 2.5 mmhos/cm (Ayers and Wescots, 1976). Factors causing these different results are very different. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effects of different water salinity levels and of fertilization on tomato plant grown in the greenhouse as single crop. The study was carried out in Citrus and Greenhouse Crops Research Institue, in the period of November 1, 1995 and June 21, Physical and chemical analyses of the soil samples taken before the study are given in Table 1. At the beginning of the study, soil in the greenhouse was mixed well to have a homogeneous soil in salinity and other features. Then EC of the soil was measured and found to be 1.6 mmhos/cm, 25 C. Three different waters with different salinity levels were used, 500, 1000 and 2000 flmhos/cm. The results of the water analyses are shown in Table 2. As can be seen from the Table 2, dominant cations are calcium (Ca+Z),magnesium (Mg+Z),potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+), and bicarbonate (HC03'), chloride (Cn and sulfate (S04'Z) + nitrate (N03') are dominant anions. In the study fantastic 144 cultuvar of the tomato, a common plant, was grown. The study was planned according to the Randomized Block Design with four replications. A total of 9 subjects that consisted of three different irrigation waters in different salinity and three different fertilizer levels (3x3=9) applied to a total of 36 plots. Eight plants were harvested to use between 12 plants that were grown in each plot, 3.3 mz. Three different levels of fertilization were applied to the plots. The second level was containing 100 ppm N, 30 ppm P, 150 ppm K, 0.84 ppm Fe, 0.54 ppm Mn, 0.32 ppm Zn and 0.27 ppm B, which is also applied in Citrus and Greenhouse Crops Research Institue, whereas the first level was 50 % less and the third 50 % more than the second level. Fruits harvested from each plot were numbered and weighted. During the growing period only once (l ), a total of 6 fruits was taken from each plot, and then total dry matter, hardness, titrated total acidity, soluble dry matter, ph and C vitamin contents were analyzed. In the fresh leaf samples macro and micro element contents were determined. After the uprooting of the plants in June ( ), soil samples were taken from ( ) each plot at the depths of 0-20 and cm and analysed to determine salinity.

3 Results of the varians analyses of the applications were given in Table 3. As can be seen from the Table 3, effects of the waters on the soil salinity were statistically different. The soil. salinity increased as water salinity increased at the both soil depths. WI' W z and W 3 levels of water salinity increased the soil salinity as 2.74, 4.15 and 5.85 mmhos/cm at the 0-20 cm depth and 2.91, 4.09 and 5.98 mmhos/cm at the cm respectively. These results suggested that the soil salinity at the 0-40 cm depth increased significantly even in the low level of water salinity (approximately 500 ~mhos/cm). This increase became more significant with increasing water salinity as reported by several other scientist (Hoffman et ai., 1986; Yurtsever and Glingor, 1990). Potential yield of the tomato grown in different soil with different salinity was shown in Table 5 (Ayers and Westcots, 1976). As can be seen from the Table 5, at the end of the growing period, the soil salinity reached such a high level that the yield could be negatively affected. Therefore the salt accumulated in the soil should be washed away at the end of the growing period. Interactions between the irrigation waters and fertilizers were significantly affective on the fruit yield. There was a significant increase in the yield for all the fertilizer doses applied with the WI salinity level of water, whereas it was not significantly affected by the fertilizers applied with W z and W 3 salinity levels of water. Similar result was also reported by Papadopoulos and Rendig (1983) that the yield increased with increasing N levels in the case of low salinity levels, whereas it decreased in high salinity levels with the increasing of N levels. This finding indicated that salinity of water is an important parameter to be considered to determine fertilizer doses to be applied. This effect was either not important or negative for the greenhouses irrigated with waters high in salinity. However, a positive effect on yield was seen in the greenhouses irrigated with water contain low levels of salinity. Soil salinity in the 0-20 cm depth of the soil increased significantly as fertilizer levels increased (Table 3 and 4), indicating that fertilizers as soluble salts cause salinity within the top of the soil profile (Kanber at all., 1992). Some of the minerals in the leaves were significantly affected by saline waters (Table 3 and 4). K, Ca, Mn, Zn and Cu contents showed a decrease while Na content was increasing. Increasing fertilizer levels caused an increase in P contents of the leaves and a decrease in the ph ofthe fruit. The results showed that a considerable amount of salt was accumulated in the soil at the end of the growing period even after the application of water low in salinity, EC=500 ~mhos/cm, to the soil that has low salinity at the beginning of the growing season, EC=1.6 mmhos/cm. In addition, interaction between the waters and fertilizers on the yield found to be significant. Therefore, it is an important process to leach the salt away from the soil at the end of the growing period to make the soil suitable for the next

4 growing season. Furthermore, salinity level of irrigation waters should be considered as an important parameter in the fertilization programming. This effect was either not important or negative for the greenhouses irrigated with -waters high in sa~inity. However, a positive effect on yield was seen in the greenhouses by the application of the relatively high levels of fertilizers and water contain low levels of salinity. Therefore, low levels of fertilization should be considered with the irrigation waters which have high EC values. As a conclusion, tolerance of plants to soil and water salinity should be investigated with different plant species in different greenhouse conditions to give further practical suggestions. Anonymous, Drainage Manual, A Water Resources Techn. Pub!., U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, USA. Anonymous, 1991.Antalya VIi Orttialty Yeti1Jtirici1ioi, Tarym Bakanlyoy, Antalya VI Mtidtirltioti, Proje ve V statistik I>ube Mtidfultioti. Ayers, A.D., Westcots, D.W Water Qualty for Agriculture, FAO Irrigation Drainage, Paper No: 29. Rome, Bhumbla, D.R Chemical Composition of Irrigation Water and Its Effects on Crop Growth and Soil Properties, In: Arid Land Irrigation in Devoloping Countries Environmental Problems and Effects, Pergaman Press, Oxford. pp: Hoffman, G.J., Prichard, E.V., Maas, E.V., Meyer, J.L Vrrigation Water Quality Options for Com on Saline, Organic Soils, Vrrig. Sci., 7 (4): Kanber, R., KYrda, C., Tekinel, O Sulama Suyu Nitelioi ve Sulamada Tuzluluk Sorun1ary, <;ukurova Un. Ziraat Fak. Gene1 Yayyn No: 21, Adana. Kaplan, M. and Akay, S Salinity ofirrigation Water of Greenhouses and its Effects on the Soil Salinity in Kumluca and Finike Regions, Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Management 9 th International Symposium of CIEC September, KulJadasy- Turkey. Martinez, V., Cerda, A., Fernandez, F.G Salt Tolerance of Four Tomato Hybrids, Plant and Soil 97: Papadopoulos, I., Rendig, V.V Interactive effects of salinity and llliitrogen on growth and yield of tomato plants, Plant and Soil 73:57.

5 Somani, L Crop Production with Saline Water, Agrobotanical Puplishers (India), IVE-176 J.N. Vyas Nagar, Bikaner Yurtsever, E., GUngor, Y Deoipik Tuzluluk DUzeylerindeki Sulama Sularynyn Toprak Tuzlulapmasyna Etkisi, Dooa Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, 14:

6 Texture CaC0 3 ph O.M. Tot. N P K Ca Mg Fe Zn Mn Cu (%) (%) (%) (ppm) me/loogr me/loogr ppm ppm ppm ppm Sandy Waters Period EC ph Na+ K+ Ca+2 Mg+2 C0 3 2 HC0 3 ' CI' S04' umhos/cm (me/i) (me/i) (me/]) (me/]) (me/i) (me/i) (me/i) 2+NO,' W, Average W Average W Average

7 Appli- Soil Salinity Yield The Contents of the Leaf Mineral Mevve cations 0-20 cm cm Fruit Number Fruit Weight N P K Ca Mg Na Fe Zn Mn Cu ph W *** *** N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. * ** N.S. *** N.S. ** * ** N.S. F ** N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. ** N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. WxF N.S. N.S. * *** N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S..N.S. N.S. W: Water Salinity F: Fertilization * Significant at % 5 level ** Significant at % 1 level *** Significant at % 0.1 level N.S.: Not Significant Applications Soil Salinity Yield The Contents of the Leaf Mineral Fruit Water Fertiliza 0-20cm 20-40cm Fruit Fruit N P K Ca Mg Na Fe Mn Zn Cu ph Salinity lion mmhos/cm Number Weight (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Fl C 35.35E WI F BC 38.19CDE F ooA 44.24A FI AB 41.50ABC W2 F AB 41.28ABC F AB 37.77DE FI AB 41.68AB W3 F A 41.97AB F AB 40.04BCD WI 2.74 A 2.91 A A 7.9A A A 149.6A 76.5A 4.01 Average W B 4.09 B I.3B 7.4AB B B 172.8A 49.2B 4.01 W C 5.98 C I.4B 6.9B C B 118.7B 39.3B 3.99 FI 3.76 A A A Average F A B B F3 4.79B B B Yield Potential, % Crop EC, mmhos/cm 100 I 90 I 75 I 50 I Max, EC Tomato 2.5 I 3.5 I 5.0 I 7.6 I 13