Exhaust Gas Temperatures

Transkript

1 Exhaust Gas Temperatures SI engines exhaust gas temp o C average o C at idle and 900 o C at max power when exhaust valve opens, in cylinder gas temperature is o C more CI engines o C average cooling occurs due to larger expansion in Diesel engines Pollutant Formation IC engine exhaust gases contain oxides of nitrogen (NO and some amounts of NO2 collectively known as NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC). Soot and PM in Diesel engines. The amounts depend on engine design and operating conditions. These pollutants are measured as concentrations; CO, CO 2, O 2 as vol. [%] NO, NO 2, NO x as [ppm] (parts per million) HC as [ppm] or [ppm C] eg 1 ppm propan, C 3 H 8 3 ppm C 1

2 Control of Pollutant Emissions Combustion related applications : EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) Water and alcohol injection Exhaust gas treatment : Thermal reactors Catalytic converters Traps and filters EGR system 2

3 Turbocharger with EGR system turbocharged engines Air filter Intake manifold Engine Exhaust manifold Air / Air Intercooler EGR valve EGR cooler Particulate trap NOx sensor p sensor EGR control 3

4 Exhaust Gas Treatment Thermal reactors Require high temperatures, oxygen availability, sufficient time for reactions. Used for oxidation of CO and HC Rich mixture + O2 supplement : CO oxidation in exhaust system increases T, but fuel consumption also increases. Lean mixture + late ignition : high exhaust temperatures, but loss in power output Exhaust Gas Treatment Catalytic converters Oxidizing catalysts for HC and CO Reducing catalysts for NOx Threeway catalysys for all three pollutants 4

5 Catalytic Converters Catalytic Converters 5

6 Catalytic Converters Catalytic Converters 6

7 Exhaust Gas Treatment C m H n + [m+n/4] O 2 m CO 2 + n/2 H 2 O (1) CO + ½ O 2 CO 2 (2) H 2 + ½ O 2 H 2 O (3) CO + NO ½N 2 + CO 2 (4) C m H n + 2 [m+n/4] NO [m+n/4] N 2 + n/2 H 2 O + m CO 2 (5) H 2 + NO ½N 2 + H 2 O (6) SO 2 + ½ O 2 SO 3 (7) 5/2 H 2 + NO NH 3 + H 2 O (8) SO H 2 H 2 S + 2 H 2 O (9) NH 3 + CH 4 HCN + 3 H 2 (10) CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 (11) CH n + 2 H 2 O CO 2 + [2+n/2] H 2 (12) Exhaust Gas Treatment CO + ½ O 2 CO 2 (2) CO + NO ½N 2 + CO 2 (4) In lean mixtures reaction (2) is dominant O2 is present CO is reduced by oxidation and insufficient CO for the relatively slow reaction(4). CO + H 2 O CO 2 + H 2 (11) CH n + 2 H 2 O CO 2 + [2+n/2] H 2 (12) In rich mixtures reactions (11) and (12) have to be faster. 7

8 Exhaust Gas Treatment Emission Regulations 8

9 Emission Regulations Emission Regulations 9

10 Emission Regulations Emission Regulations EU test cycle Çevrim Uzunluğu: 11,007 km Çevrim Süresi: 1180 s Ortalama Hız: 33,6 km/h Azami Hız: 120 km/h 10

11 Emission Regulations US FTP 75 cycle Çevrim Uzunluğu: 17,87 km Çevrim Süresi: s Ortalama Hız: 34,1 km/h Azami Hız: 91,2 km/h Istanbul Driving Cycle 11

12 Istanbul Driving Cycle Hız [km/h] Distance covered: 8.61 km Duration: 1003 s Average speed: 30.9 km/h Max speed: 78.0 km/h Zaman [s] Emission Regulations 12

13 Taşıt Parkı Dağılımı Otomobiller EKB(*) R15.04 EURO1 EURO3 EURO4 Toplam Türkiye geneli, Benzinmotorlu Otomobiller (2007) (*) Emisyon Kontrol donanımı Bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi Test Edilen Araçlar EKB R15.04 EURO1 EURO3 EURO4 Toplam Test edilen Benzinmotorlu Otomobiller 13

14 CO Emisyonları AB test çevrimi CO Emisyonları ABD FTP 75 çevrimi 14

15 Kümülatif CO Emisyonları CO Emisyonları FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC CO [gco/km] EKB(*) R15.04 EURO1 EURO3 16,50 9,31 2,36 2,63 17,77 10,24 3,39 3,74 36,47 13,91 7,07 5, ,9 2,9 EURO4 0,43 0,52 1,37 (*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi (**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi) 15

16 HC Emisyonları AB test çevrimi HC Emisyonları ABD FTP 75 çevrimi 16

17 Kümülatif HC Emisyonları HC Emisyonları FTP AB IDC (**) HC [ghc/km] EKB(*) R15.04 EURO1 EURO3 2,99 1,40 0,60 0,54 2,19 1,13 0,65 0,52 4,14 1,53 0,92 0,72 EURO4 0,05 0,05 0,16 (*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi (**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi) 17

18 NOx Emisyonları AB test çevrimi NOx Emisyonları ABD FTP 75 çevrimi 18

19 Kümülatif NOx Emisyonları NOx Emisyonları FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC NOx [gnox/km] EKB(*) R15.04 EURO1 EURO3 1,15 1,06 0,59 0,30 1,33 1,16 0,72 0,40 0,85 1,02 0,66 0,37 2,2 2,3 0,5 0,5 EURO4 0,03 0,05 0,08 (*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi (**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi) 19

20 Yakıt Tüketimi ve Emisyonlar FTP AB IDC (**) IPCC EKB(*) CO2 [g/km] 149,5 Yakıt [l /100km] 7,9 CO2 [g/km] 169,1 Yakıt [l /100km] 8,6 CO2 [g/km] 157,4 Yakıt [l /100km] 9,6 CO2 [g/km] 270 R ,2 6,8 166,1 7,8 165,9 8,1 200 EURO1 134,8 6,0 169,5 7,5 170,2 7,8 205 EURO3 133,3 5,9 155,4 6,9 159,6 7,2 205 EURO4 144,9 6,2 153,6 6,5 164,7 7,1 205 (*) Emisyon kontrol donanımı bulunmayan otomobiller, 1994 model yılı ve öncesi (**) Istanbul Driving Cycle (İstanbul Şehir Çevrimi) R49 13 mode steady state Diesel test cycle 20

21 ESC cycle 13 mode steady state Replaced R49 in 2000 The engine speeds are defined as follows: The high speed nhi is determined by calculating 70% of the declared maximum net power. The highest engine speed where this power value occurs (i.e. above the rated speed) on the power curve is defined as nhi. The low speed nlo is determined by calculating 50% of the declared maximum net power. The lowest engine speed where this power value occurs (i.e. below the rated speed) on the power curve is defined as nlo. The engine speeds A, B, and C to be used during the test are then calculated from the following formulas: A = nlo (nhi nlo) B = nlo (nhi nlo) C = nlo (nhi nlo) ETC transient cycle Vehicle speed FIGE cycle Engine speed Engine torque 21

22 Categ ory M M 1 M 2 M 3 N N 1 N 2 N 3 O G* Trailers (including semitrailers) OffRoad Vehicles Vehicle Categories Description Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers. Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver s seat Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver s seat, and having a maximum mass ( technically permissible maximum laden mass ) not exceeding 5 tons Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver s seat, and having a maximum mass exceeding 5 tons Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods. Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass not exceeding 3.5 tons Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 3.5 tons but not exceeding 12 tons Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of goods and having a maximum mass exceeding 12 tons * Symbol G shall be combined with either symbol M or N. For example, a vehicle of category N 1 which is suited for offroad use shall be designated as N 1 G. Emission Standards Table 1 EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M 1 *), g/km Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM Compression Ignition (Diesel) Euro (3.16) 0.97 (1.13) 0.14 (0.18) Euro 2, IDI Euro 2, DI a Euro Euro Euro b e Euro e Positive Ignition (Gasoline) Euro (3.16) 0.97 (1.13) Euro Euro Euro Euro b c d,e Euro c d,e * At the Euro 1..4 stages, passenger vehicles > 2,500 kg were type approved as Category N 1 vehicles Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits a until (after that date DI engines must meet the IDI limits) b for all models c and NMHC = g/km d applicable only to vehicles using DI engines e g/km using the PMP measurement procedure 22

23 Emission Standards Category Tier Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM Compression Ignition (Diesel) N 1, Class I 1305 kg Euro 1 Euro 2, IDI Euro 2, DI a Euro Euro Euro b e Euro e N 1, Class II kg Euro 1 Euro 2, IDI Euro 2, DI a Euro Euro Euro c e Euro e N 1, Class III >1760 kg Euro 1 Euro 2, IDI Euro 2, DI a Euro Euro Euro c e Euro e Emission Standards Positive Ignition (Gasoline) N 1, Class I 1305 kg Euro 1 Euro Euro Euro Euro b f d,e Euro f d,e N 1, Class II kg Euro 1 Euro Euro Euro Euro c g d,e Euro g d,e N 1, Class III >1760 kg Euro 1 Euro Euro Euro Euro c h d,e Euro h d,e N 2 Euro c h d,e 23