MOUNT ARARAT IS THE HIGHEST İÇİNDEKİLER Dilbilgisi: Sıfatların Üstünlük ve En Üstünlük Dereceleri Dinleme & Konuşma: Şehirleri, Nehirleri ve Dağları Karşılaştırma Okuma: Köy mü Yoksa Şehir mi? İNGİLİZCE - I HEDEFLER Bu üniteyi çalıştıktan sonra; Canlı ve cansız varlıkları karşılaştırabilecek ve hangi yönlerden daha üstün olduklarını söyleyebilecek, Aynı cins varlıklar içinde herhangi bir özellik açısından en üstün derecede olanları ifade edebileceksiniz. ÜNİTE 14. 3 1
UNIT 14 THE KIZILIRMAK IS THE LONGEST Giriş: Bilindiği üzere canlı ve cansız varlıkları, duygu, düşünceleri ve kavramları anlatmak için kullanılan sözcüklere isim (noun) denir ve isimleri çeşitli yönlerden nitelemek, hakkında bilgi vermek için de sıfat (adjective) dediğimiz kelime grubu kullanılır. Bunun dışında nesneler, kişiler, düşünceler vs. arasında kıyaslama yapıldığında sıfatların önüne daha, en gibi kelimeler getirilerek kıyaslama yapılabilir. Bu kıyaslama İngilizce de er/more (daha) veya the est/the most (en) ekleri ve kelimeleriyle yapılır. Adjectives (Sıfatlar) İngilizcede isimleri nitelemek için kullandığımız sıfatlar daima isimlerin önünde kullanılır. İsimleri, (duygu, düşünce, şekil, yaş, boyut, ebat, renk, köken, malzeme v.b. anlamlarda) nitelemek için uygun sıfatları isimlerin önünde kullanmak gerekmektedir. Sıfatların isimlerin önünde kullanımı, nitelenen ismin tekil veya çoğul olduğuna göre şekil değiştirmez. Örn.; a cute boy, a fast car, a comfortable plane, a peaceful world cute boys, fast cars, comfortable planes, peaceful friends Herhangi bir ismi nitelemek için birden fazla sıfat kullanılabilir. Örn.; a cute, handsome, helpful boy a fast, comfortable, expensive car Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjectives Comparative forms of adjectives dediğimiz üstünlük (kıyaslama) derecesi bildiren sıfatlar herhangi iki veya daha fazla şey (insan, hayvan, bitki, ülke, şehir, olay, eşya, kavram, v.b.) arasında nitelik ve nicelik yönünden her türlü kıyaslama yapmak için kullanılırlar. Superlative forms of adjectives dediğimiz en üstünlük derecesi bildiren sıfatlar ise üstünlük derecesi en yüksek olan şeyleri nitelemek için kullanılır. Eğer söz konusu sıfat tek veya iki heceden oluşuyorsa sıfatın sonuna ( comparative ise) -er, ( superlative ise) -est eki gelir. Ancak asla unutulmamalıdır ki superlative yapılarda sıfatın önünde muhakkak the artikelinin kullanılması gerekmektedir. Örn.; old => older => the oldest fast => faster => the fastest young => younger => the youngest strong => stronger => the youngest 86 Eğer (tek veya çift heceli) sıfat -e ünlü harfiyle bitiyorsa sıfatın sonuna ( comparative ise) -r, ( superlative ise) -st eki gelir. Örn.; brave => braver => the bravest nice => nicer => the nicest Eğer söz konusu fiil bir ünlü + bir ünsüz harfle bitiyorsa sıfatın sonundaki ünsüzü türetiriz, yani çift hale getiririz. Fakat bu kural son harfi -w ve -y olan sıfatlar için gecerli değildir. w harfi aslında çift v harfinin birleşiminden oluşmakta olduğundan türetilemez. fat => fatter => the fattest hot => hotter => the hottest big => bigger => the biggest new => newer => the newest
Sonu -y ile biten iki heceli sıfatların comparative ve superlative hallerini oluşturabilmek için fiil sonundaki -y harfi düşüp bu harfin yerine -i harfi gelir ve daha sonra ( comparative için) -er veya ( superlative için) -est soneklerini alır. happy => happier => the happiest curly => curlier => the curliest İki veya ikiden daha fazla heceden oluşan, uzun sıfatlarda durum farklıdır. Bu tür sıfatların sonuna -er ve -est eklerini getirmek yerine bu sıfatların hemen öncesinde ( comparative için) more, ( superlative için) the most yapısını getiririz. interesting => more interesting => the most interesting hardworking => more hardworking => the most hardworking intelligent => more intelligent => the most intelligent Değinmemiz gereken oldukça önemli bir nokta ise irregular adjectives dediğimiz düzensiz sıfatlar dır. Aşağıda bu düzensiz sıfatlara birkaç örnek verilmiştir. good => better => the best bad => worse => the worst far => farther => the farthest far => further => the furthest Comparative adjectives dediğimiz üstünlük derecesi bildiren sıfatları herhangi iki veya daha fazla şey (insan, hayvan, bitki, ülke, şehir, olay, eşya, kavram, v.b.) arasında nitelik ve nicelik yönünden her türlü kıyaslama yapmak için kullanırız. Mehmet Okur is taller than İbrahim Kutluay. (Mehmet Okur İbrahim Kutluay dan daha uzundur.) The river Yeşilırmak is shorter than the river Kızılırmak. (Yeşilırmak Kızılırmak tan daha kısadır.) F. Alonso is more aggressive than F. Massa. (F. Alonso F. Massa dan daha agresiftir.) S. Şamil Sam is stronger than all of his opponents. (S. Şamil Sam tüm rakiplerinden daha güçlüdür.) Comparative forms of adjevtives ile birlikte than I am/than you are/than he-she-it is/than we-they are yapılarını kullanabiliriz. Örn.; Aylin is more hardworking than I am/than you are/than he-she is/than we-they are. İngilizce de resmi olmayan ortamlarda veya sohbetlerde than I am/than you are/than he-she-it is/than we-they are yapıları yerine than me/you/him/her/it/us/them yapıları kullanılabilir. Örn.; Aylin is more hardworking than me/you/him/her/it/us/them. 87
Superlative forms of adjectives dediğimiz en üstünlük derecesi bildiren sıfatlar ise üstünlük derecesi en yüksek olan şeyleri nitelemek için kullanılır. Empire State Building is the highest of all the buildings in New York. (Empire State Building New York taki binaların en yükseğidir.) Mehmet Okur is the best basketball player in Utah Jazz. (Mehmet Okur, Utah Jazz daki en iyi basketbol oyuncusudur.) Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (Everest, dünyadaki en yüksek dağdır.) Bodrum is the most popular tourism center in Turkey. (Bodrum Türkiye deki en ünlü turizm merkezidir.) EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise 14. 1- Fill in the blanks with the comparative forms of the adjectives in brackets. 1. Fruits and vegetables are than junk food. (healthy) 2. Blue whales are (big) than elephants. 3. Diamond is than silver. (expensive) 4. Trains are than planes. (slow) 5. I am at English than my brother.(good) 6. My friend is than me. (short) 7. Nicole Kidman is than Rihanna. (thin) 8. Arnold Schwarzenegger is than Sylvester Stallone. (strong) 9. "Harry Potter" books are than "Lord of the Rings" series. (interesting) 10. Quicksilver is than silver.(heavy) 11. The weather is than last year. (hot) 12. The girls are than the boys. (happy) 13. Iskenderun is than Şavşat.(beautiful) 14. Latin is than English. (difficult) 15. Çağdaş is 5 years old. Duygu is 10 years old. Çağdaş is than Duygu.(old) Exercise 14. 2- Fill in the blanks with the comparative forms of the adjectives in brackets. 88 1. Czech Republic is (YOUNG) than Turkish Republic. 2. Alfa Romeo Company is (OLD) than Ferrari Company. 3. Ali is (SLIM) than Gürkan. 4. Burak is (SHORT) than Sertaç. 5. An elephant is (FAT) than a zebra. 6. Einstein is (POPULAR) than Newton. 7. A ferry is (SLOW) than a catamaran. 8. I am (TIDY) than my brother. 9. The Black Sea Region has BEAUTIFUL) scenery than the Mediterranean Region has. 10. Whales have got (LONG) tail than dolphins have.
Exercise 14. 3- Fill in the blanks with the superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets. 1. İbrahim is (intelligent) pupil of the school. 2. The River Nile is (long) river in the world. 3. Hell's Canyon (deep) canyon in the world. 4. Michael Jackson was (famous) dancer and singer in America. 5. Hakan is (tall) in my family. 6. I am (good) student in the class. 7. He is (bad) student in the school. 8. Bugatti Veyron is (fast) car in the world. 9. This dog is (nice) in the country. 10. Şahan Gökbakar is (funny) comedian in the world. Exercise 14. 4- Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets. 1. My flat is (big) than yours. 2. Rose is (beautiful) than daisy. 3. This is the (interesting) movie I have ever seen. 4. Non-smokers usually live (long) than smokers. 5. What is the (dangerous) sport in the world? 6. A holiday near the sea is (good) than a holiday in the mountains. 7. A coke is (expensive) than a tea. 8. Who is the (rich) businessman on earth? 9. The weather this winter is (bad) than last summer. 10. He was the (clever) thief of all. Exercise 14. 5- Fill in the blanks with the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets. 1. Eren is 10 years old. Ayça is 14 years old. Ayça is (old) Eren. 2. The Alps are very high. They are (high) mountains in Europe. 3. Mediterranean Sea is (large) Black Sea. 4. A Ferrari costs a lot of money. A Renault costs less money. A Ferrari is (expensive) a Renault. 5. My exam results were bad. Savaş's results were not bad. My results were (bad) Savaş s. 6. This exercise is difficult. It's (difficult) I expected. 7. The weather is not good today - it's snowing. I hope the weather will be (good) next week. 8. People are not friendly in big metropolitan. They are usually (friendly) in small towns. 9. In the government of a country, the President is (important) person. 10. People say that Turkish is (difficult) to learn than English. 89
COMPARING CITIES, RIVERS AND MOUNTAINS A Woman : Are you good at geography? A Man : I am not bad at Geography, why? A Woman : Which river is longer, the Çoruh or the Yeşilırmak? A Man : Of course, the Yeşilırmak is longer than the Çoruh. A Woman : What is the longest river in Turkey? A Man : The Kızılırmak is the longest river in Turkey. A Woman : How long is it? A Man : It is 1355 kilometers long. A Woman : Which city is more crowded, Erzurum or Artvin? A Man : Erzurum is more crowded than Artvin. A Woman : What is the most crowded city in Turkey? A Man : Of course, İstanbul is the most crowded city in Turkey. A Woman : Which mountain is higher, Mount Erciyes or Mount Palandöken? A Man : Mount Erciyes is higher than Mount Palandöken. A Woman : What is the highest mountain in Turkey? A Man : Mount Ararat is the highest. A Woman : How high is it? A Man : It is 5137 meters high. A Woman : One last question. What is the smallest city in Turkey? A Man : I am not sure, but I think it is Bayburt. EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise 14.6- Match the following questions with the answers. ( ) 1- Erzurum is crowded than Artvin. ( ) 2- Mount Ararat is mountain in Turkey. ( ) 3- The Yeşilırmak is the Çoruh. ( ) 4- Mount Erciyes is Mount Palandöken. A - the highest B - more C - higher than D -longer than A CITY OR A VILLAGE? Some people have preferred cities and others have chosen villages for living, but which one is better? There are many advantages of living in a city. People usually have more facilities such as hospitals, schools, theatres etc. in the city. And people live more comfortably in cities. But there are also disadvantages because villages are safer and quieter than cities. Everything in villages is more natural than the things in cities. Besides, cities are dirtier, noisier and more crowded than villages. In addition, the life in a city is much faster than the life at a village. People in cities are more stressful because they live more busily. These are the main advantages and disadvantages of life in a city or at a village. But which one is better? Because people have different priorities, there is not a single answer to this question, but many people dream of a more peaceful life at a village when they are retired. 90 EVALUATION QUESTIONS Exercise 14.7- Vocabulary Match the opposite adjectives. 1. Noisy 2. Safe 3. Dirty 4. Fast 5. More 6. Better 7. Old a. Slow b. Less c. Dangerous d. New e. Quiet f. Worse g. Clean
THE GUINNESS BOOK OF RECORDS The Guinness Book of Records is a reference book and it contains a collection of world records. The book itself also has a record because it is the best-selling book series of all time. Here are some interesting records from the book: The Largest Mobile Phone: Merritt Productions Inc. created SCH-r 450 mobile phone in California. It is 4.57*3.42*0.74 m, and it is the largest mobile phone in the world. The Thickest Book: They collected 12 novels and 20 short stories by Agatha Christie in one volume and it has 4032 pages and it is 322 mm thick. The Shortest Man: He Pingping is from China and he is the shortest man in the world. He is only 74.61 cm tall. The Tallest Man: Sultan Kösem is from Mardin, Turkey and he is the tallest man in the world. Sultan is 2.43 cm tall. The Longest Concert: Children s Restoration network gathered more than 200 bands and many volunteers for the largest concert by Multiple Artist. They earned the record after 343 hours, 7 minutes, and 52 seconds of non-stop music. 91