The person called HAKAN and was kut (had the blood of god) had the political power in Turkish countries before Islam.

The person called HAKAN and was kut (had the blood of god) had the political power in Turkish countries before Islam.

Hakan was sharing the works of government with the assembly called kurultay.but the final decision was of Hakan.

Again, the person called padishah,sultan had the power in Turkish Islamic Governments.

Padishah was sharing the works of government with the assembly called divan, too.

However, Padishah had the final decision. So, divan was like an advisory assembly.

Administirative Reforms Firman was declared in 1839 and the unlimited power of Padishah was limited. ( the principle of superiority of law)

In 1856, equal rights are given to all people in the Ottoman Empire with the Improvement Firman.

Kanun-u Esasi which was the first constitution went into effect in 1876 and the term of constitutional monarchy began.

There was also a deputy assembly chosen by the Ottoman men beside the assembly chosen by Padishah. So, although it was limited, the people were in the government for the first time.

After the First World War and the occupations, İstanbul was occupied on the 16th March in 1920 and the deputy assembly was closed.

So, Mustafa Kemal opened the Turkish Grand National Assembly with prays on the 23th April in 1920.

New Turkish Government was establihed.the Turkish Grand National Assembly consisted of deputies chosen by the people.

The sovereignty was abolished on the 1st November in 1922.

The regime of the government was determined and Republic was declared on the 29th October in 1923. This was the big step for the national sovereignty.

The same day: Mustafa Kemal was elected as President, İsmet İnönüwas elected as Prime Minister Fethi Okyar was elected as Head of The Asssembly.

Equal political rights were given to women in 1930, 1933, and 1934.

On the 9th September in 1923, Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası ( Republic People Party),the first party of the Turkish Repulic was establihed with the leadership of Mustafa Kemal.

Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası was established in 1924. Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası was establihed in 1930. But they failed.

Democratic Party was established in 1946 and democratic life began.

The Letter Revolution was done on the 1st November in 1928. The Latin Alphabet was used instead of the Arabic Alphabet.

There were some changes in the social life with the Republic and some rights were given to women with the Civil Law (1926)

Government of people provided being modern and becoming socialized. So, the measures were taken to reach the level of the contemporary civilizations

Atatürk brought the national volition and the people had important steps on the way to civilization.

Saltanatın Kaldırılması (1 Kasım 1922) Ankara nın Başkent Olması (13 Ekim 1923) Cumhuriyetin İlanı (29 Ekim 1923) Halifeliğin Kaldırılması (3 Mart 1924) Çok Partili Rejim Denemeleri ( Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası, 1924, Serbest Cumhuriyet Fırkası, 1930) Kadınlara siyasi hakların verilmesi (1930 Belediye 1933 Muhtarlık 1934 Milletvekili)

Kadınların Erkeklerle Eşit Haklara Sahip Olması(1934) Şapka ve Kıyafet Devrimi (Şapka Kanunu), (25 Kasım 1925) Lâkap ve Unvanların Kaldırılması (26 Kasım 1934) Soyadı Kanunu (21 Haziran 1934) Laiklik (1928) Milletlerarası Takvim ve Saatin, Yeni Rakamların Kabulü ve Ölçülerde Değişiklik (26 Aralık 1925 26 Mart 1931) Tekke ve zaviyelerin kapatılması (30 Kasım 1925)

Millet Mekteplerinin Açılması (1928) Öğretimin Birleştirilmesi (3 Mart 1924) Medreselerin Kapatılması (1924) Maarif Teşkilatı Hakkında Kanun (1926) Harf Devrimi (1 Kasım 1928) Güzel Sanatlarda Yenilikler(1928) Türk Tarih ve Dil Kurumlarının Kurulması (12 Nisan 1931, 12 Temmuz 1932) Dil Devrimi (1932) Üniversite Reformu (1933) Üniversite Öğreniminin Düzenlenmesi (31 Mayıs 1933)

İzmir İktisat Kongresi (1923) Aşar(Öşür) Vergisinin Kaldırılması (17 Şubat 1925) Çiftçinin Özendirilmesi(1925) Örnek Çiftliklerin Kurulması (1925) Tarım Kredi Kooperatifleri nin Kurulması (1925) Kabotaj Kanunu (1 Temmuz 1926) Sanayi Teşvik Kanunu (28 Mayıs 1927) Toprak Reformu (1929) I. ve II. Kalkınma Planları (1933, 1937) Yüksek Ziraat Enstitüsü nün Kurulması (1933)

Mecellenin Kaldırılması (1924 1937) Türk Medeni Kanunu (1924 1937) Türk Ceza Kanunu (1926). Yeni Anayasanın Kabulü (1924) Teşkilat-ı esasiye Kanunu (1921) Şer iyye Mahkemelerinin Kapatılması (1924