Dr. Adnan Kadrić Assosiate Fellow for Turkish & Ottoman Studies Oriental institute in Sarajevo Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina THE PHENOMENON OF CONCEPTUAL LEXICOGRAPHY IN OTTOMAN BOSNIA Published in: Ottoman Studies in Transformation. Papers from CIEPO 18, Zagreb (Berlin: LIT Verlag), LIT Verlag Berlin-Münster-Wien-Zürich-London, 2010, str. 317-329. (http://books.google.com/books?id=rxoztgksadmc &pg=pa317&dq=adnan+kadri%c4%87&hl=en&ei= VxD_TZiHJ8nTsgbQyrjyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result &ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0ccwq6aewaa#v=on epage&q&f=false) 1.0. Introductory notes In our work, we will deal with a wider notion of conceptual lexicography in Ottoman Bosnia, which incorporates both conceptually structured thesauruses of general lexis and terminogical conceptual thesauruses. There are tendencies in science to distinguish between the terms lexicography and terminography. 1 General lexicography, by that division, prefers semasiological (semantic) criteria for description of words, where a spectrum of meaning of certain word is described, while terminography prefers onomasiological (nominalising) approach in which a certain concept dephrases the actual meaning of a linguistic sign. Lexicography also includes emotional approach, while terminography recognize emotions only within the framework of a specified concept of terminologization of words. However, terminography is, generally speaking, just a subtype of lexicography, and, from the philosophic-onomasiological point of view, it also has many similarities with general conceptual lexicography. That is, terminography is actually at the same time a branch of 1 By the old division, lexicography focuses on words, while terminography tries to focus on terms within particular expert or scientific areas and disciplines. Lexicography accepts the arbitrariness of linguistic sign, while terminography attempts to establish the principles of designation and concepts that are the base for functioning of the rules for designation of terms and phenomenon in the world around us. Lexicography strives to preserve and define the widest use of words, while terminography deals with a specific specialized use of a particular word. According to Dr Mariëtta Alberts, lexicography is descriptive by its nature, while terminography is prescriptive and tries to reduce the meaning of a particular lexeme based on the meaning of the word within a specific, familiar concept, which is a base for derivation of each new meaning.
conceptual lexicography, considering that terms too are sequenced by a particular generic, hierarchical or associative principle of linking of the lexemes. It focuses on the system of symbols and linguistic signs within a certain area of life. Terminography always implies particular mental concept of naming and associating of lexeme, same as a general conceptual lexicography does. "Mental concept" is a principle of associating the sign, the signified and the defined term. We also recognize the basic onomasiological principles of terminography in general conceptual lexicography, as can be seen in the example of "conceptual" thesauruses, terminological thesauruses, poeticized dictionaries and oriental "meta-lexicographic" comments (Sharh) on poeticized and "conceptually organized" dictionaries / thesauruses in Bosnia during the Ottoman period (1463-1878). 2.0. Short history of lexicography in Bosnia during the Ottoman period (1463-1878) During the Ottoman rule in Bosnia (1463-1878), we had a significant number of dictionaries: a) monolingual; 2 b) bilingual); 3 c) trilingual; 4 d) quadrilingual. 5 At the end of 15 th and the beginning of 16 th century, first mektebs and medresas were founded in Bosnian kasabas (small towns) and cities. In 16 th century, the number of citizens started increasing, and the islamization of population grew stronger and percentage of literate population increased. Due to the needs of new education, this century is generally characterized as the beginning of the tradition of children s and pedagogic-didactical dictionaries / thesauruses. 6 Poeticized lexicography started in 16 th century and lasted until the 19 th century. Terminological conceptual lexicography and a kind of comments (Sharh) of both terminological and poeticized dictionaries were developed alongside. 7 2 Conceptual monolingual dictionaries in Arabic language were mostly related to theology, i.e. religious science (dictionaries of terminology of tefsir, hadith, lesser-known word from Qur an, etc.). 3 There are many anonymous bilingual Arabic-Turkish dictionaries (Lugat-ı 'Arabi-Türki (R. 1619), Kamus-ı 'Arabi-Türki (R. 2621; R. 2327; R. 5837; R. 4917; R. 5145; R. 5893; R. 6125; R. 5851; R. 6198; R. 7737; R. 7788; R. 7800; R. 6305; R. 919), Mufidü'l-Müstefidin (R. 2051), etc. It is similar with Turkish-Bosnian and Bosnian-Turkish bilingual dictionaries. Turkish-Bosnian dictionaries are mostly of pedagogic-didactic nature (Lugat-ı Türki-Bosnevi; GHB. R. 7704; R. 7791; R. 7789; R. 7744; R. 7695; R. 6191; R. 6213). Since the end of 19 th century, more often Lugat-ı Türki / Türkçe Bosnevi / Boşnakça. 4 Like Bosnian-Arabic-Turkish dictionary Lugat-ı Bosnevi-Arebi-Türki (R. 7797) and other similar dictionaries. Arabic-Persian-Turkish dictionaries prove that some people in Bosnia were dealing with texts in all three oriental languages at the same time. Among Arabic-Persian-Turkish dictionaries, the most renowned in Bosnia was, by the number of preserved copies in libraries, the dictionary Subha-i Sibyan, written by Muhamed b. Ahmed er-rumi el-bosnevi (GHB. R. 6690; R. 5887; R. 4183; R. 5886; R. 1350; R. 7640; R. 4195; R. 4705; R. 5378; R. 7198). 5 Like the dictionary Lugat-ı Arebi-Türki-Farsi-Bosnevi (GHB. R. 2204) and other similar dictionaries. 6 The most renowned pedagogic-didactic conceptual Arabic-Turkish dictionaries in Bosnia, whose authors were known are: Cenahu's-Sibyan (R. 2992) by Osman Džumhur from Višegrad, dictionary Lugat-ı Elfaz-ı Kur aniyye (R. 7806), written by Ebu Bekr b. Šejh Muslihudin el-bosnevi, then Ad-durra al-mudiyya fi'l-luga at-turkiyya (R. 5798), written by Salih b. Muhamed, dictionary Lugat-ı Lami'i Çelebi (R. 2051), written by Lamii Mahmud Čelebi and dictionary Seh Zeban (R. 2051), written by sheikh Ahmed. 7 In Gazi Husrev Bey s Library it is possible to find several short conversational Italian-Turkish dictionaries / Türkçe-Đtalyanca Lugatı (GHB. R. 5538). These dictionaries are mostly in pocket format and not alphabetically organized, instead they are organized by themes and a market registry concept, which is mostly based on a particular type of conversation rather than a particular theoretic area. Lists of particular types of words in some 2
One of the oldest encyclopedic dictionaries in oriental languages in Bosnia is a large lexicon of Arabic language, As-sihah fi al-luga written by Abu Nasr Isma'il b. Hammad al- Gawhari al-farabi (died at the beginning of 11 th century). The transcript of this dictionary, preserved in the Gazi Husrev Bey s Library in Sarajevo (R. 346-355) is from the 13 th century (on Monday, 17th Jumādā al-akhir 687 / 1288). The lexicon has ten volumes and it is alphabetically organized, with plenty of examples and carefully selected lexems. There are other transcripts of the same Lexicon and abridged versions (mukhtasar) from 16 th century (R. 661; R. 4059; R. 3814). It is important to mention that, in lexicography in the Mediterranean, the first contact was made between Arabic lexicographic tradition and lexicography of other Mediterranean European countries. Conceptual quadrilingual Arabic- Greek-Latin-Illyrian dictionary - herbarium Liber de Simplicibus, dictionary of botanical terminological lexis, written around mid 15 th century proves that. The author was Niccola Roccabonelle. 8 Persian and Turkish lexicographic tradition came forward considerably later, with implementation of the Ottoman educational system in the above-mentioned countries and regions. It is important to mention too that notes on donations (vakıf kayıtları) and purchase of dictionaries provide useful informationes for researching of everyday life in Bosnia during the Ottoman period. Based on the preserved copies of manuscripts of dictionaries in Bosnia, one can suppose which dictionaries were the most used in educational institutions. The dictionaries which were used in the other parts of the Ottoman Empire, were used in Bosnia too. The most renowned Persian-Turkish dictionary ın Ottoman Bosnıa was the dictionary written by Ibrahim Şahidi. The most commonly used Arabic-Turkish dictionaries in the Ottoman educational institutions in Bosnia, according to preserved copies of dictionaries in archives and libraries of manuscripts in Bosnia are the following: (i) Lugat-ı Ferişteoğlu; 9 (ii) Al-ahtari fı l-luga; 10 (iii) Lügat-ı Đsm-i Allah / Lugat-ı Allah Tanrı; 11 (iv) Al-irşad fi l-luga; 12 (v) Tercümanü s-sihah; 13 (vi) Lugat-ı Münteha; 14 (vii) Mirkatü lluga; 15 and (viii) Unvan. 16 Among Bosnian-Turkish dictionaries in Bosnia, the most popular was the dictionary in verses Makbul-i Arif, written by Muhamed Hevai Uskufi Bosnevi. Turkish-Bosnian dictionaries were mostly anonymous. Vocalized Turkish- Latin language grammars written in the Ottoman Turkish language Latinceden Terceme. Gramer are also interesting (GHB. R. 5667; fol. 163). 8 Anja Hoyt - Nikolić (2004:60) (Conceptual lexicography: By the thesaurus of Croatian language.) Konceptualna leksikografija: prema tezaurusu hrvatskoga jezika, Zagreb. 9 GHB. R. 5345; R. 2162; R. 5568; R. 2593; R. 2974; R. 5630; R. 7803; R. 5561; R. 7745; R. 1653; R. 7805; R. 4287; R. 2051; R. 7393). 10 GHB. R. 7562; R. 4780; R. 3868; R. 727; R. 6568; R. 7394; R. 171; R. 7560; R. 4192; R. 3787; R. 6093; R. 7566; R. 125; R. 6701; R. 5627; R. 7565; R. 202; R. 150; R. 591; R. 4419; R. 7563; R. 4838. 11 GHB. R. 7393; R. 5737; R. 2839; R. 5536; R. 7747; R. 7743; R. 4348; R. 5511; R. 6220; R. 7156; R. 5224; R. 7801; R. 6305; R. 7792. 12 GHB. R. 5551; R. 2760; R. 624; R. 1105; R. 1364; R. 1625; R. 2711; R. 4030; R. 4830; R. 4200; R. 4457; R. 7642; R. 7808. 13 GHB. R. 1085; R. 1531; R. 1619; R. 2342; R. 7561; R. 4835; R. 5799. 14 GHB. R. 5770; R. 1382; R. 2105; R. 4737; R. 5737; R. 2531. 15 GHB. R. 5568; R. 7742; R. 6532; R. 2658; R. 4155; R. 1269; R. 650; R. 919. 16 GHB. R. 5345; R. 7393. 3
Bosnian (harekeli) dictionaries are quite interesting for research on pronunciation of Turkish language in Bosnian medresas and other educational institutions. 3.0. Classical Ottoman educational system and conceptual lexicography in Bosnia Literature in oriental languages arrived to Bosnia through the trade and through the classical Ottoman educational system. Educational system in Bosnian medreses implies division in three types of sciences: a) theological disciplines: tefsir, hadith, kelam, fiqh, etc.; b) mathematics, practical sciences: arithmetic, algebra, geometry, astronomy and music; c) natural sciences: medicine, physics, chemistry, botanic, zoology, mineralogy, geology, agriculture and geography. THE CONCEPT of classical Ottoman educational system provides a basic framework for development of lexicography in Bosnia during the Ottoman period, from the second half of 15 th century until the beginning of 19 th century. Concisely, oriental-islamic cultural-civilization universe is reflected in lexicography through the following universal thematic hierarchy of descriptions and/or sequence of lexemes in dictionaries: 1. God, the Holly Book; 2. Prophet (religious tradition); 3. Faith and religious laws, the rules of religion; 4. Ordinary, every-day lexis. 4.0. Types of conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses We can conditionally divide conceptual thesauruses in oriental languages in Bosnia during the Ottoman period into the following types: (a) general conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses; (b) thematic conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses; (c) terminological conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses; (d) poeticized conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses. 4.1. General conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses General conceptual dictionaries or thesauruses are numerous, and they are collections of lexemes used in various areas of life. Most of Turkish-Bosnian dictionaries are general conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses. It is not thematic or alphabetic organization consolidating lexemes in such dictionaries, but a recognizable hierarchy of values in the Ottoman educational system and everyday life of Muslims in Bosnia during the Ottoman period, the hierarchy transferred to dictionaries. 4.2. Thematic conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses Concerning exemplars in thematically organized dictionaries/ thesauruses in Bosnia during the Ottoman period, there are two dictionaries we would like to mention: (i) Cenahu's- 4
Sibyan by Osman Džumhur; (ii) anonymous dictionary Lugat-ı Arebi-Türki-Bosnevi (R. 2204). (i) CENAHU'S-SĐBYAN (1713) by Osman Džumhur Bosnevi from Višegrad; 17 The book was written in 11th Jumādā al-akhir 1125 / 1713 in the Medrese of Hagg Ismail Misri at Atmeydan in Sarajevo. In the introductory part of his Arabic-Turkish dictionary, Osman Džumhur explained why he wrote the dictionary. 18 In the first part of the dictionary of Osman Džumur there is a typical conceptual Vocabularium a list of words according to the particular idea or theme. At the beginning, there are "the most noble, carefully selected words ": God, Merciful, prophet, revelation, etc. Following are the chapters explaining some basic terms in mederesas, then "thematically" organized chapters: Chapter about herbs and wheat, about animals, about wild birds, about people, about parts of human body, about food, about fruits, about trees, about working tools, about weapons, about illnesses, about numbers etc. Second part of the dictionary has an alphabetic sequence of words, in which noun and verb lexemes are written in separate columns. At the end, there is an interesting exercise for students. 19 (ii) LUGAT-I AREBĐ-TÜRKĐ-BOSNEVĐ (GHB. R. 2204), anonymous dictionary; According to tradition, the glossary opens with Bismillah. Then there is a God s name in three languages, name of the Prophet, meleks/ angels, and following is the religious terminology from everyday life of Muslims, basic terms from the Islamic ritual practice and dogma, characteristics of people, names of the body parts. The titles of the chapters are following: Bayān wasf insan / Explanation and the description of Men (6a); Bayān al-ard ve mā fīhā / About the earth and what is on it (7b); Bayān Awsāf al-bayt wa Asāsih/ About descriptions of house and household furniture (8a); Bayān al-ma kūlāt / About dishes (10b); Asmā shuhūr / Names of the months (18a); Asmā al-ishārāt / Demonstrative nouns / pronouns (18b); Asmā al-mawsūlāt / Relative nouns (18b), etc. At the end of the dictionary, there is a short list of grammatical terms with several examples. The tradition of writing thematic Bosnian-Turkish and Turkish-Bosnian dictionaries continues even after the Ottomans left Bosnia. 20 4.3. Terminological conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses 21 17 GHB. R. 2992. 18 "...I noticed that many students in our time are weak and know no languages; they study fiqh, and they do not know the meaning, and they are the reason I decided to write this dictionary ". See: Handžić, Mehmed (1940-41) "Džumhur Osman i njegov arapsko-turski rječnik Dženahus-sibjan", El-Hidaje, year IV. 19 Ibid. 20 One of the most renowned authors of such thematically organized thesauruses is Ibrahim Edhem Berbić. He added his lexicographic notes in addendum to his contrastive bilingual Bosnian-Turkish grammar Boşnakça- Türkçe Muallimi: Bosanski Turski Učitelj (1893). 21 Dictionaries dealing with professional register of certain area are always a subject of conceptual lexicography, and they always have to follow the concept / idea of certain profession in naming the terms. 5
Among Bosnian terminological Arabic-Turkish conceptually organized dictionaries; there are many dealing with general religious terminology and administrative-legal terminology found in official correspondence. 22 Particularly interesting are dictionaries of terms from the tasawwuf professional register. In 16 th century, Ali Dede Mostari provided interesting explanations in verses for the most commonly used tasawwuf terms and phrases. Occasionally, detailed explanations of tasawwuf terms and phrases exceed the borders of typical lexicographical encyclopaedic works and become a special kind of works comments on the dictionaries, aiming to explain a particular semantic "conceptual matrix" used as a base for selection of lexemes in tasawwuf, those which are supposed to express some complex abstract philosophic-tasawwuf idea. In our work, we would like to call attention to lexicographic contributions of Abdullah Salahudin Bosnevi Salahi from 18 th century. Explanation of terms provided by Abdullah Salahi is an example of onomasiological conceptualization of tasawwuf phrases in the light of conceptual lexicography. As important are terminological lexicographic contributions in the works of Osman b. Abdulmenan Bosnevi, one of the most significant translators of European textbooks for natural sciences to Ottoman Turkish language in 18 th century. In 1751, he translated Geographia Generalis in Qua Affectionnes Generalles Telluris Explicantur (Terceme-i Kitāb-ı Cogrāfyā), written by Bernhard Varenius and several similar textbooks about botanic and related sciences from Latin language. He had written some terms in several languages: Latin, Arabic, Turkish and Bosnian. 4.4. "Poeticized" conceptual dictionaries / thesauruses One of the most interesting phenomena for researchers of lexicography in the Balkans is the phenomenon of writing poeticized dictionaries in Bosnia. This phenomenon is interesting from several aspects: (a) "Dictionaries in verses" are very rare in history of lexicography of the South Slav people in the Balkans; 23 (b) Dictionaries are clearly conceptualized both as a lexicographic work and as a kind of literary (poetical) work; (c) At the beginning of dictionaries in verses, authors are selecting lexemes according to preset hierarchical patterns of classical Ottoman (diachronical) "semantic cultural vertical" in which is reflecting the Oriental-Islamic worldview in general; (d) Selection of lexemes in poeticized dictionaries implies respecting the rules of classical Ottoman rhetoric and stylistic, but also represents a kind of "individual Conceptual lexicography implies writing dictionaries related to certain areas, terminological lists and the lists of words, lexicographic works consolidating lexemes within the same concept / idea, on associative or hierarchical base. Recognizable terminological conceptual matrix consolidating lexemes within the same scientific field. Failure to recognize the concept used as a base to write a dictionary, creates a problem in understanding the implicit meaning of the lexeme in the microstructure of each conceptual dictionary. 22 For example: Ilm-i inşada must amel olan lugatlar GHB. R. 7001. 23 Bosnian-Turkish dictionary Makbul-i Arif, written by Muhamed Hevai Uskufi is particularly interesting. 6
poetic experience " in which the author / poet tries to match the lexemes using at least ten forms of the classical Ottoman aruz-metric system; (e) Selection of lexemes in dictionaries in verses has also been done by the rules of the "thematic cultural horizontal", so that the lexemes in verses were mostly connected by the semantic relations of hyponymy and meronymy (as a kind of thematic dictionary was a base for poetic text); (f) Selection of lexemes in poeticized dictionaries is conditioned by metrical rules, so that in sequence of lexemes there are often some unexpected semantic gaps, which makes the dictionary interesting from the aspect of stylistics; (g) In quest for individual expression, the author often used some "sub-standard" lexemes, slang phrases and vulgarisms, which make the dictionary additionally extraordinary; (h) Respecting the rules of rhyme, the author often makes the transposition of lexemes in the final part of the verse. One of the most popular dictionaries in verses in Bosnia was the dictionary Tuhfe-i Şāhidī, written by Ibrahim Shahidi, and one of the most unusual dictionaries was Tuhfe-i Vehbī, written by Sunbul-zade Vehbi. Quite popular was the dictionary Lugat-ı Ferişteoğlu. 24 We are going to mention the following Bosnian dictionaries in verses: (i) Tuhfe-i Manzūme, written by Osman b. Huseyin Bosnevi; (ii) Makbul-i Arif, written by Muhamed Hevai Uskufi Bosnevi; (iii) Subha-i Sibyān, written by Muhamed b. Ahmed er-rumi Ebu-l- Fadl el-bosnevi; (iv) Lugat-ı Elfāz-ı Kur āniyye, written by Ebu Bekr b. shayh Seyfulhak b. Muslihuddin el-bosnevi. (i) TUHFE-I MANZŪME (1583) thesaurus / dictionary in verses, written by Osman b. Huseyin Bosnevi; Osman son of Huseyin Bosnevi wrote in 1583 a Persian-Turkish dictionary in a form of mesnevi and named it Manzume / A Poem. For pedagogic-didactical reasons, he provided in this dictionary various metrical-styling patterns and applied them in his dictionary, following appropriate rules of rhyme and selection of lexemes. He wrote the introductory part in a form of mesnevi with 42 bayts / couplets, i.e. 88 verses. With 19 poetic passages (chapters) and introductory part, dictionary named as A Poem has a total of 168 bayts / couplets, i.e. 336 verses. Within the same verses in the work there is an explanation of the meaning of Persian lexemes in Ottoman (805 in total). The author, Osman son of Huseyin Bosnevi explains in special appendixes some important grammatical rules related to Persian lexemes. The work also includes some figures and tropes within the introductory verses 25. 24 In Gazi Husrev Bey's Library in Sarajevo, there are dictionaries with selected lexemes from some classical literary work. One of them is the dictionary of difficult words Müşkilat-ı Şahname (R. 7746) in Firdusi s Šahnama sorted alphabetically. Such dictionaries are interpreting some classical literary work in oriental language from other aspects. 25 Şentürk, Ahmet Atillâ & Kartal, Ahmet (2004:314) Üniversiteler Đçin Eskı Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi. Ankara. 7
The manuscript we are analyzing is kept in the Gazi Husrev Bey s Library in Sarajevo (R-3451). We are particularly interested in the introductory part of «Manzume» / A Poem, written by Osman son of Huseyin Bosnevi, which opens with the following verses: Bismi llāhi r-rahmāni r-rahīm La ilāhe illalāhü l-kerīm In the Name of God, the Most Beneficent the Most Merciful There is no one but God, the Generous Sipās u minnet Ol Hallāk-ı pāka Ki aķl ü fehm ü dāniş virdi kāka Thank and praise that Pure Creator Who granted the intellect, understanding and knowledge to a dust Ol Alīm itdi insāna lugātı O dur hāka viren nutk u hayātı That Omniscient made a WORD for Men He is the One granting speech and life to a dust Osman b. Huseyin Bosnevi explained the importance of the dictionary for mastering of various sciences. The concept of the dictionary seems to be similar to the dictionary written by Ibrahim Shahidi. (ii) MAKBUL-Đ ARĐF (1631) - written by Muhamed Hevai Uskufi Bosnevi; Bosnian-Turkish dictionary Makbul-i Arif has been organized on the model of the Ihrahim Shahidi s dictionary. Makbul-i Arif was written in 1631. The introduction has 102 bayts (204 verses). The decision to write a dictionary with words from Turkish and Bosnian language (Bosnaca) and is explained in the Introduction. Hevai s observation about words in Bosnian language in the introductory verses of the Dictionary is quite interesting: Çü Bosnalar olur iri bekamet Đri bil hem lugatların begayet A big stature as Bosniacs have Their words are huge as well Following are the 13 chapters in different meters, and the author s conclusion at the end of dictionary. The stylistic characteristics of the dictionary are similar to other pedagogicdidactical alhamiado poems by Muhamed Hevai Uskufi, written in Arabic graphemes in Bosnian language. This dictionary is not for children. Each chapter has been organized as a small semantically independent poem, with latifa - a witty proverb or saying at the end of every chapter. The dictionary is, therefore, a kind of author s associative story about groups of words. Sometimes, this association between the words is thematic, sometimes it is associative, sometimes they are connected merely by rhyme and sometimes it seems like a sequence of words, which, in a widest meronymic circle, create an image of a certain term or phenomenon. Uskufi attempted to add some originality to this dictionary, starting the bayts (couplets) with lexemes from various thematic areas. However, he was often 8
associatively jumping from one thematic area to other and changing grammatical categories of lexemes, based on the concept only he has been familiar to. Both, readers familiar with Turkish and those familiar to Bosnian language can sense that concept and association between the lexemes, but they can hardly determine it if trying to do so based on the present lexicographic theories and the rules of modern lexicography and lexicology. The reason for that is simple: The written popular Tradition in the Ottoman or Bosnian language is only a wider conceptual framework for the structure of the Dictionary, while, as the main stylistic technique for writing a dictionary is the Ottoman aruz-poetics and a kind of implicit narrative "folkloric poetic koine" typical for certain types of Bosnian alhamiado poetry and a hybrid poetic forms, something between pedagogic-didactical and eroticized popular "saz poetry" in the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, the dictionary Makbul-i Arif, written by Muhamed Hevai Uskufi is equally interesting for literary-theoretical, folkloric and linguostylistic studies in general. (iii) SUBHA-Đ SĐBYAN (1624) - Muhamed b. Ahmed er-rumi Ebu-l-Fadl Bosnevi; Dictionary Subha-i Sibyan, written by Muhamed b. Ahmed Er-Rumi Bosnevi is an Arabic-Turkish dictionary in verses. Atabey Kılıç has already written about it. 26 According to some sources, the dictionary was written in 1033/1624, 27 and according to others, in 1063/1652-53. The dictionary has 2100 Arabic lexemes, around 250 Persian and around 1150 Turkish lexemes. The beginning is similar to the beginnings in dictionaries written by Osman b. Huseyin Bosnevi and Muhamed Hevai Uskufi Bosnevi, in accordance with tradition of conceptual poeticized thesauruses in the Ottoman Empire: Nam-ı Hoda zikr idelüm ibtida Menzil-i maksuda Odur rehnuma Let s start the remembrance with a name of God He is the One leading us to the destination we desired... Muhamed b. Ahmed Bosnevi explained why he had written a dictionary for children (Subha-i Sibyan). The concept and the content of chapters in this dictionary are similar to the dictionary written by Ibrahim Shahid and the dictionary written by Osman b. Huseyin Bosniak. 26 See details in: Kılıç, Atabey (2006) ''Türkçe-Arapça Manzum Sözlüklerden Subha-i Sibyan. Đnceleme (1)'', Turkish Studies / Türkoloji Dergisi - 2, 2006. 27 Uzun, Tacettin (2002) Arapça-Türkçe Sözlüklerin Öncüsü Sayilan Subha-i Sibyân, Nüsha, yıl II, sayı: 6. 9
Subha-i Sibyan, by Muhamed b. Ahmed er-rumi Ebu-l-Fadl Bosnevi (GHB. R. 6690) (iv) LUGAT-I ELFĀZ-I KUR ĀNĐYYE (GHB. R. 7806); written by Ebu Bekr b. shaikh Seyfu l-hak ibn Muslihuddin el-bosnevi; Prosaic introduction and chapters in verses follow a short content. In these chapters, Ebu Bekr Bosnevi explains particular words from certain Qur anic chapters (sūras). He, at some point, interpreted phrases and sometimes he interpreted just a single word. Words have been sorted out by the sequence of Qur anic chapters. Alongside, in footnotes under and net to words, he provided a precise concept of use of a particular lexeme, which is explained in a verse in the basic text of the dictionary. He interpreted 1432 Qur anic words and terms in 397 bayts (794 verses). 5.0. The phenomenon of comments on dictionaries in Bosnian lexicography The tradition of writing comments on dictionaries or conceptual thesauruses has been assumed from the Ottoman written tradition. The comment Kulliyāt Abi Baqā (GHB. R. 184) is actually a big encyclopaedic dictionary, which in particular clarifications gets a form of comments on the dictionary, with a special overview to meaning and etymology of certain lexems. Examples are often used to illustrate the signification of certain words. There is a description of a graphic representation of a lexeme, general notes on grammatical form of a word, and the notes on lexemes used in a particular scientific field. Multi-volume encyclopaedic dictionary Sihāh al-luga (R. 346) was conceptualized in the same manner. That dictionary has many verses used to illustrate the meaning of a certain lexeme and many examples from a conversational style. Words are explained by their meaning within particular syntagmatic or sentence constructions. There are many proverbs and quotations of famous people from classical oriental- Islamic philological tradition. Lexemes from ayets, hadiths, pre-islamic poetry, works of Arab classical writers and various scientific fields are listed. It has been hierarchically organized in accordance with oriental-islamic concept of life. Ali Dede Mostari, Abdullah Bosnevi Abdi and Sari Abdullah Bosnevi have also provided some sharhs / comments on particular lexemes. Šabanzade from Nevesinye was also making comments when interpreting difficult words from Mesnevi by Jalal ad-din 10
Rumi. The comment Hulle-i Manzume Şerh-i Tuhfe-i Şahidi written by Shaikh Yuyo Mostari (R. 635), as a comment on the dictionary Tuhfe-i Šahidi by Ibrahim Shahidi comprises only the basic elements of classical Ottoman comments on dictionary, but it is not stylistically or scientifically similar to the comments on the same work that we can find in the work Şerh-i Tuhfe-i Şahidi (R. 1386), written by writer and poet Bosnevi Ahmed Hatem Akovali-zade. The style of Hatem Akovali-zade is very good, and the language is sophisticated. In the introductory part of his comments, Ahmed Hatem expressed his wish to present the heavy thoughts in a clear expression ; explained the method he used in writing the comments on the dictionary written by Ibrahim Shahidi; provided definitions of some literary terms we find in his work, as well as explanation of some terms from the Ottoman aruz-metric system. In the introductory part, Ahmed Hatem Akovali-zade analyzed the issue of pronunciation of «hemze-i izafet» in Persian genitive constructions, which were transferred to the Ottoman Turkish language, i.e. he discussed whether it should be read «kesre / esre» or «fetha / üstün» between the constituents of genitive constructions. These issues remained open to this day, in Iranistic studies as well as in the Ottoman studies. Comments (sharhs) of poeticized dictionaries present the products of classical oriental rhetorical-philological tradition in the widest sense. 6.0. Conclusion Studying conceptual lexicography in Bosnia during the Ottoman period, using the example of handwritten dictionaries triggers many interesting issues related to turcology in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The first among those issues would be the issue of correlation of semantics and formal structure of various dictionaries / thesauruses, i.e. whether the studies of conceptual lexicography should deal with formal structural relations or with semantic and cultural and civilization relations between lexemes. In our opinion, both aspects are important for studying the history of conceptual lexicography in Ottoman Bosnia. Summary THE PHENOMENON OF CONCEPTUAL LEXICOGRAPHY IN OTTOMAN BOSNIA A lot of lexicographical conceptual glossaries, lists of words and various dictionaries of encyclopaedic character were written during the Ottoman rule over Bosnia. Unlike to the lexicographical tradition in Dalmatia, the alphabetical conceptualized dictionaries in Bosnia during the Ottoman rule have occurred very rarely. However, regardless of that fact, numerous works in the area of conceptual lexicography in Bosnia during the Ottoman rule introduced many questions of cultural-civilization character such as: who has wrote those terminological dictionaries and professional-technical conceptualized lists of words and why, are those dictionaries result of act of copying (istinsah) or are there even some 11
elements of originality inside them. There are two phenomena that attract the attention of every researcher in the field of lexicography during the Ottoman rule over Bosnia: a) phenomenon of "poetized" conceptual lexicography (glossaries in verse); b) phenomenon of writing of commentary (sharh) of that time exemplar glossaries and dictionaries (the commentators are the writers from Bosnia). We assume that these two phenomena in 16th and 17th century (glossaries in verse and commentaries of glossaries) are the phenomena in South-Slavic and Ottoman lexicographical tradition that deserve particular cultural overview and critical analysis. 12