Genel Yay n Yönetmeni / Executive Editor Dr. Tahir Büyükak n. Yay na Haz rlayan / Prepared for Publication by Ali Yeflildal

Çal fl nca oluyor.

KOCAELi BÜYÜKfiEHiR BELEDiYESi BASIN-YAYIN VE HALKLA ilifikiler DA RESi BAfiKANLI I YAYINLARI 13 METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY OF KOCAELi-PUBLICATION OF DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA AND PUBLIC RELATIONS 13 Genel Yay n Yönetmeni / Executive Editor Dr. Tahir Büyükak n Yay na Haz rlayan / Prepared for Publication by Ali Yeflildal Editör / Editor Alptekin Cevherli Yay n Dan flmanlar / Publication Advisors Kocaeli l Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlü ü Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism of Kocaeli Kocaeli Müze Müdirlü ü Directorate of Museums of Kocaeli Kocaeli Turizm Derne i Kocaeli Tourism Association Kocaeli Büyükflehir Belediyesi Tarihi Mekânlar ve Kent Esteti i fiube Müdürlü ü Metropolitan Municipality of Kocaeli Branch Directorate for Historical Sites and Urban Aesthetics Foto raf Dan flman / Photography Advisor Nurdo an Severcan / Rafiye Usta Grafik-Tasar m / Graphics-Design RNA Çeviri / Translation Bar fl Translation Bask -Cilt / Publication-Volume? 2010 KOCAEL ISBN -?

INDEX Önsöz / Preword A- Kocaeli'nin Konumu ve Tarihi / History and Location of Kocaeli 1- Kocaeli'nin Co rafi Konumu / Geographical location of Kocaeli a- Da lar / Mountains b- Ovalar ve Platolar / Plains and Plateaus c- Akarsular / Streams d- Göller / Lakes e- klim / Climate f- Bitki Örtüsü / Vegetation 2- Kocaeli'nin Tarihi / History of Kocaeli a- Tarih Öncesi ve Nicomedia Dönemi / Prehistorical and Nicomedian Era b- Roma-Bizans Dönemi / Roman-Byzantine Era c- Selçuklu Dönemi / Seljuk Era d- Osmanl Dönemi / Ottoman Era e- Cumhuriyet Dönemi / Republican Era B- Bugünkü Kocaeli / Kocaeli Today 1- Teknik Bilgiler ve Kurumsal Yap / Technical Info and Public Structure C- Ziyaret Edilebilecek ve Gezilecek Yerler / Sites and Sights to See 1- Müzeler / Museums a- Yarhisar Gemi Müzesi / Yarhisar Ship Museum b- Kent Müzesi- zmit Elektronik Kent Müzesi / City Museum- zmit Electronics Museum c- Kaiser Wilhelm Köflkü / Kaise Wilhelm Manor d- zmit Saat Kulesi / zmit Clock Tower e- zmit Tren stasyonu / zmit Train Station f- TCG H z rreis Müzesi / TCG H z rreis Museum g- TCG Gayret Müzesi / TCG Gayret Museum h- Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Müzesi / Archaeology and Ethnography Museum - Osman Hamdi Bey Müzesi / Osman Hamdi Bey Museum i- Sanat Soka / Art Street j- Fethiye Caddesi / Fethiye Avenue k- Mevlevi Evi / Mevlevi House l- Thököly mre Evi / House of Thököly mre m- Körfez Yar fl Pisti / Körfez Racing Track 08 11 16 18 18 20 20 22 22 24 24 24 26 26 26 31 32 39 40 40 40 44 46 46 46 48 50 50 52 52 54 54 56

2- Do al Güzellikler / Natural Beauties a- Sekapark b- Barbaros Hayrettin Pafla Park / Barbaros Hayrettin Pafla Park c- Bafliskele Park / Bafliskele Park ç- Yürüyüfl Yolu / The Walkway d-yuvac k Alabal k Tesisleri / Yuvac k Trout Facilities e- Maflukiye Alabal k Vadisi / Maflukiye Trout Valley f- Sapanca Gölü / Sapanca Lake g- Ç narl Dere / Ç narl Stream - Tavflanc l Köyü / Tavflanc l Village h- Yazl k Il cas / Summer Spa - Sar su i- Sahiller / Shores - Derince Harikalar Sahili / Derince Shore of Wonders - Yar mca Sahili / Yar mca Shore - Tütünçiftlik Sahili / Tütünçiftlik Shore v- Kirazl yal Sahili / Kirazl yal Shore v- Ulafll Sahili / Ulafll Shore v - Karamürsel Sahili / Karamürsel Shore j- Paflasuyu k- So uksu Mesire Alan / So uksu Picnic Area l- Cebeci m- Kerpe n- Kefken o- Kocaeli Kent Orman / Kocaeli City Fores ö- Kartepe p- Dar ca Kufl Cenneti / Dar ca Bird Sanctuary q- Bal klayalar Vadisi / Honey Rocks Valley r- Beflkayalar Tabiat Park / Beflkayalar Nature Parc s- Ba rganl Köyü / Ba rganl Village fl- Baflde irmen Mesire Alan / Baflde irmen Recreation Area t- E reltidüzü Mesire Alan / E reltidüzü Recreation u- Trekking Parkurlar / Trekking Parcours ü- Yelken ve Kürek Sporu / Sailing and Rowing Sports v- Su Kaya / Water Skiing y- Yamaç Paraflütü / Paragliding z- fiehitler Korusu / The Martyrs Grove 3- Tarihi Eserler / Historical Structures a- Yahya Kaptan An tmezar / Yahya Kaptan Mousoleum b- Valide Sultan Köprüsü / Valide Sultan Bridge c-türk Kahvesi / Turkish Mocca d-tümülüsler / Tumuluses e- Süleyman Pafla Hamam / Süleyman Pasha Bathhouse f- Saatçi Ali Efendi Kona / Saatçi Ali Efendi Mansion g- Orhan Camii / Orhan Mosque h- Mehmet Bey Camii (Fevziye Camii) / Mehmet Bey Mosque i- Sultan Süleyman Köprüsü / Sultan Süleyman Bridge j- Sultan Baba Türbesi / Father Sultan's Shrine 58 58 58 60 60 62 62 64 70 70 70 72 72 72 74 74 76 76 76 78 78 80 80 80 82 84 90 90 92 92 94 96 96 98 100 100 102 104 104 104 106 106 108 108 110 112 112 114

k- S rr Pafla Kona / S rr Pasha Mansion l- Redif Dairesi m- Portakal Mescidi / Portakal Prayer Room n- Portakal Haf z Kona / Portakal Haf z Mansion o- Pertev Mehmet Pafla Külliyesi / Pertev Mehmet Pahsa Külliye p- Pembe Köflk / The Pink Cottage q- Macar Kral Thököly mre'nin Mezar / Tomb of Thököly mre, King of Hungay r- Kutluca Köprüsü / Kutluca Bridge s- Kasr- Hümayun (Saray Müze) / Kasr- Hümayun (Palace Museum) t- Karamürsel Bey An t Mezar / Karamürsel Bey Mausoleum u- Kapanca Sokak / Kapanca Street v- zmit Gazi Lisesi / zmit Gazi High School w- Hannibal' n Mezar / The Tomb of Hannibal x- Gültepe Nekropolü / Gültepe Necropolis y- Eskihisar Kalesi / Eskihisar Castle z- Eski Yal Mahallesi / Eski Yal Neighborhood aa- Eski Vali Kona / The Old Governer's Mansion bb- Demirciler Kona / The Blacksmiths' Mansion cc- Çoban Mustafa Pafla Külliyesi / Çoban Mustafa Pasha Külliye dd- Canfeda Hatun Çeflmesi / Canfeda Hatun Fountain ee- Büyük Su Kemeri / The Great Aqueduct ff- Akçakoca An t Mezar / Akçakoca Maesoleum gg- 2. Abdülhamit Camii / Mosque of Abdülhamit 2 hh- Gebze Orhan Camii / Gebze Orhan Mosque ii- Kand ra Orhan Camii / Kand ra Orhan Mosque jj- Karamürsel Kara Bâli Bey Camii / Karamürsel Kara Bâli Bey Mosque D- Nerede Ne Yenilir Ne Al n r? / What to Eat? What To Buy? 1- Yemek Yenilebilecek Mekânlar / Dining Places a- Antikkap b- Naila Cafe c- flletmeler / Business 2- Tad lmas Gerekenler / Must Eat a- Kand ra Yo urdu / Kand ra Yoghurt b- Piflmaniye ve Saray Helvas / Turkish Fairy Floss and Palace Helva c- Arksu (Yuvac k Kaynak Suyu) / Arksu (Yuvac k Spring Water d- Akçat Suyu / Akçat Water e- Çene Suyu / Çene Water f- Maflukiye Armudu / Maflukiye Pear g- zmit Simidi / zmit Bagel h- hsaniye Elmas / hsaniye Apple - Eflme Ayvas / Eflme Quince j- De irmendere F nd / De irmendere Hazelnut k- Yar mca Kiraz / Yar mca Cherries 114 116 118 118 120 120 122 124 124 126 128 130 132 132 134 134 136 136 138 140 140 142 144 144 146 146 151 152 152 152 154 156 156 156 158 160 160 162 164 164 164 166 168

3- Hat ra Eflyalar / Souvenirs a- Karamürsel Sepeti / Karamürsel Baskets b- Hereke Hal s / Hereke Carpets c- Kand ra Bezi / Kand ra Sheets 4- Al flverifl Merkezleri / Shopping Centers a- Kocaeli Kültür ve E lence Fuar / Kocaeli Culture and Entertainment Fair b- Özdilek al flverifl Merkezi / Özdilek Shopping Center c- Ncity Al flverifl Merkezi / Ncitiy Shopping Center d- Outlet Center Al flverifl Merkezi / Outlet Center Shopping Center e- Real Al flverifl Merkezi / Real Shopping Center f- Carrefour Al flverifl Merkezi / Carrefour Shopping Center g- Dolphin Al flverifl Merkezi / Dolphin Shopping Center h- Kipa Al flverifl Merkezi / Kipa Shopping Center E- Pratik Bilgiler / Practical nfo 1- Milli Bayram ve Günler / National Holidays 2- Dini Bayram ve Günler / Religious Holidays 3- Resmi Tatiller ve Mesai Bilgileri / Official Holidays and Working Hours 4- Polis Merkezleri / Police Stations 5- Jandarma Merkezleri / Constabulary Stations 6- Zab ta Merkezleri / Municipality Police 7- Müzeler / Museums 8- Otoparklar / Car Parks 9- Oto Kiralama Servisleri / Car Rental Services 10- zmit Taksi Duraklar / zmit Taxi Stops 11- Kocaeli Bas n Kurulufllar / Pres nstitutions 12- Konaklama mkanlar / Accommodation Facilities 13- Bankalar / Banks 14- Hastaneler / Hospitals 15- Turizm Dan flma Bürolar / Tourism nformation Offices 16- Turizm flletme Belgeli Seyahat Acenteleri / Tourism Certified Travel Agencies 17- Belediyeler / Municipalities F- Kocaeli'ne Nas l Ulafl l r? / How to Travel to Kocaeli 1- Hezarfen Havaalan / Hazerfen Airport 2- Atatürk Havaliman / Atatürk Airport 3- Sabiha Gökçen Havaliman / Sabiha Gökçen Airport 4- Esenbo a Havaliman / Esenbo a Airport 5- Demiryolu / Railway 6- Denizyolu / Seaway G- Haritalar ve Çeflitli Foto raflar / Maps and Various Photos 168 168 170 172 174 174 174 176 176 176 178 178 178 181 182 182 182 182 182 182 184 186 186 186 188 192 194 195 196 196 202 205 206 206 206 208 208 208 211

8 BAfiKAN DAN

De erli misafirimiz, Kocaeli gibi tarihi ve do al güzellikleri ile dünya üzerinde önemli yere sahip bir flehirde bulunuyorsunuz. Elinizde tutmufl oldu unuz ebat olarak küçük, ancak içerik olarak oldukça zengin olan bu kitap ile flehrimizi yak ndan tan ma imkân n size sunuyoruz. Bu eser, uzun soluklu bir süreç sonucu; titiz bir çal flma ile meydana getirilmifltir. ngilizce ve Türkçe haz rlanan bu eser ile birlikte flehrimizin tan t m ndaki önemli bir eksikli i de gidermifl oluyoruz. Yaylalar ndan da lar na, Kartepe turistik tesislerinden SEKAPARK na, Mimar Sinan n tarihi camilerinden yürüyüfl parkurlar na, Kartacal Komutan Hanibal dan, Macar Kral Tökeli mre nin mezar na ve bir ça aç p ça kapatan stanbul un Fatihi Sultan 2. Mehmet in vefat etti i ota na kadar pek çok turistik ö eyi bar nd ran bu flehrin tad n ç kar n. yi e lenceler Dear guests, You are in Kocaeli which holds an important place in the world with its historical and natural riches. With this book in your hands which is small in size yet holds rich content, we offer you the opportunity to get to know our city better. This publication which was presented historical info of the city and a map of tourism sites has been complied after a long process and through delicate work. We make up for the lack of presentation of our city with this publication which was prepared in Turkish and English. Enjoy this city which offers many historical elements to see from its plateaus to mountains, Kartepe tourism facilities to SEKAPARK, historical mosques of Architect Sinan to walkways, the tomb of Carthage King Hannibal to the tomb of Hungarian King Thököly mre and to the pavilion of Sultan Fatih II where he died, who introduced a new era while closing down another by conquering stanbul. Have fun 9

zmit Saat Kulesi 10

A- KOCAELi NiN KONUMU ve TARiHi HISTORY AND LOCATION OF KOCAELi 11

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Kocaeli Uydu Foto raf 13

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zmit Körfezi Gece Görünümü 15

1- KOCAELi NIN CO RAFi KONUMU / GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF KOCAELi Kocaeli, ad n, 1320 senesinde zmit ve havalisini fetheden Akça Koca Bey den al r. Kocaeli, Marmara Bölgesi nin Çatalca-Kocaeli Bölümü nde, 29 22-30 21 do u boylam, 40 31-41 13 kuzey enlemi aras nda yer al r. Do u ve güneydo uda Sakarya, güneyde Bursa illeri, bat da Yalova ili, zmit Körfezi, Marmara Denizi ve stanbul ili, kuzeyde de Karadeniz le çevrilidir. l merkezi zmit in do usundan geçen 30 do u boylam Türkiye saati için esas kabul edilir. Kocaeli ilinin yüzölçümü 3.505 km 2 dir. Asya ile Avrupa y birlefltiren önemli bir yol kavfla nda bulunmaktad r. Do al bir liman olan zmit Körfezi, ifllek bir denizyoludur. lin kuzeybat yüzündeki stanbul il s n r, Gebze ile stanbul aras nda akan Kemiklidere nin do usundan geçer. Güneybat da stanbul-kocaeli s n r zmit Körfezi nin karfl k y s nda Yalova topraklar yla son bulur. Bursa s n r n Samanl Da lar n n tepelerinden geçen hat oluflturur. Güneydo uda bu s n r Maflukiye nin hemen yan ndaki Sapanca Gölü k y s nda Sakarya vilayetine dayan r. Kocaeli was named after Akça Koca Bey who conquered zmit and its vicinity in 1320. Kocaeli is located between the eastern meridian of 29 22-30 21 and the northern lattitude of 40 D 31-41 13 in Çatalca-Kocaeli Section of Marmara Region. It is surrounded by Sakarya in the southeast; Bursa in the south; Yalova, the zmit Bay, Marmara Sea and stanbul in the west and the Black Sea in the North. The 30 eastern meridian which passes down the eastern side of zmit is taken for Turkey s official clock time. The area of Kocaeli is 3.505 km 2 It is located on an important crossroads which connects Asia and Europe. zmit Bay, which is a natural seaport, is a crowded seaway. The border to stanbul which is to the Northwestern side of the province passes down the eastern side of Kemiklidere which flows between Gebze and stanbul. The borderline between stanbul and Kocaeli ends at the land of Yalova which is located at the opposite side of zmit Bay in the southeast. The linet hat passes through Samanl Mountains constitues the borderline to Bursa. This borderline goes up to the province of Sakarya at the shores of Sapanca Lake which is almost near Maflukiye in the southeast. 16

Kartepe Yaylalar 17

a) Da lar / Mountains Sakarya Nehri n n bat yakas ndan bafllayarak Pamukova ve znik Gölü nün kuzeyinde Bozburun a kadar uzanan Samanl Da lar zmit, Sapanca ve Adapazar çöküntü alan na hâkim bir konumdad r. Samanl Da lar n n en yüksek noktas 1.601 m. yüksekli indeki Kartepe dir (eski ad Keltepe). ldeki di er önemli da lar Dikmen Da (1.387 m), Naldöken Da (1.125 m), Naz Da (917 m) ve Çene Da d r (646 m). Samanl Mountains which start in the westerns side of Sakarya River and goes to Bozburun through Pamukova and znik Lake is the high point of zmit, Sapanca and Adapazar rift area. The highest point of Samanl mountains is Kartepe (formerly Keltepe) which is 1.601 meters high. Other important mountains of the province are Dikmen Mountain (1.387 m), Naldöken Mountaint (1.125 m), Naz Mountain (917 m) and Çene Mountaint (646 m). b) Ovalar ve Platolar / Plains and Plateaus lde çok say da küçük dere vadisi vard r. Ovalar genellikle akarsular n y nt lar yla oluflmufl küçük alüvyal düzlükler niteli indedir. Karadeniz e dökülen akarsular n oluflturdu u vadiler, Kocaeli Yar madas n n yeni bir biçim almas na yol açan tektonik hareketlerin öncesinde ortaya ç km fl, buna karfl l k Marmara Denizi ne dökülen akarsu vadileri ise tektonik hareketlerin sonras ndad r. Kocaeli Yar madas n n bugünkü biçimi, zmit Körfezi ve Sapanca Gölü gibi tektonik çöküntüler, Karadeniz gibi çanaklaflmalar ve deniz yüzeyindeki de iflmelerle belirlenmifl yar madan n k y kesimlerinde denize taraçalar oluflmufltur. Bu arada akarsular n afla ç rlar nda da geniflleyen alüvyal dolgu tabakalar ve k y birikim kuflaklar oluflmufltur. Daha öncede belirtildi i gibi yar madadaki su bölümü çizgisi, zmit Körfezi ne çok yak n bir kesimden geçmektedir. There are many small stream valleys in the province. Plains are generally small alluvial areas formed with alluvions carried over by rivers. Valleys formed by streams pouring into the Black Sea appeared before the tectonic movements that resulted in the the reformation of the Kocaeli peninsula whereas the river valleys pouring into Marmara sea were formed after tectonic movements. The current structure of Kocaeli peninsula was shaped as a result of tectonic collapses, dish formations like the Black Sea and the changes that occured on the sea surface and flat platforms were formed in the shores of the peninsula. Meanwhile, alluvial layers and shore accumulations were formed in river downstreams. As mentioned before, the watershed in the peninsula runs down close to zmit Bay. 18

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c) Akarsular / Streams l topraklar ndan kaynaklanan sular n bir bölümü Karadeniz e, bir bölümü de Marmara Denizi ne ulafl r. Kocaeli Yar madas na uzanan da lar n s rt zmit Körfezi ve Marmara ya daha yak n oldu undan Karadeniz e dökülen akarsular daha uzundur. Gebze nin Tepecik köyü yak nlar ndan do an 71 km. uzunlu undaki Riva (Çaya z ) Deresi stanbul Bo az giriflinin hemen do usundan Karadeniz e dökülür. A va Deresi de denen Göksu Deresi Karayakuplu köyü yak nlar ndan ç kar ve A va da Karadeniz e ulafl r. Yine Karadeniz e dökülen Yulafl Deresi nin uzunlu u 43 km dir. Üzerinde stanbul a su sa layan Darl k Baraj bulunan Darl k Deresi de Kocaeli nden do ar. Denizli köyünden do up Karadeniz e dökülen Kocadere nin uzunlu u 50 km dir. l topraklar ndan do up, il s n rlar içinde Karadeniz e dökülen bafll ca akarsu Kand ra ilçesindeki Sansu dur. Sakarya Nehri ne Karadeniz e dökülmeden önce kat lan son akarsu olan Kaynarca Deresi de Kand ra ilçesinden do ar. Samanl Da lar ndan do an Kirazdere zmit kentinde körfeze dökülür. Bu dere üzerindeki Kirazdere Baraj n n yap m 1997 de tamamlanm flt r. Gebze ilçesindeki Dilovas Deresi nin uzunlu u 12 km dir. Pelitli köyünün güneyinden ve Tavflanl köyünün kuzeyinden geçerek zmit Körfezi ne dökülür. Some of the streams starting within the province pour into the Black Sea and others pour into Marmara Sea. As ridges of mountains situated in Kocaeli peninsula are closer to zmit Bay and Marmara Sea, streams that pour into the Black Sea are longer. Riva (Çaya z ) Stream which starts in the vicinity of Village Tepecik in Gebze is 71 km long and pours into the Black Sea right at the western side of the entrance point of the Bosphorus. Göksu Stream, which is also known as A va Stream, starts around Village Karayakuplu, passes through A va and reaches the Black Sea. Yulafl Stream which also pours into the Black Sea is 43 km long. Darl k Stream, on which Darl k Dam which provides water also for stanbul is situated, starts from Kocaeli too. Kocadere which starts from Village Denizli and pours into the Black Sea is 50 km long. Sansu is the main stream which starts in the province and pours into the Black Sea within the borders of the province. Kaynarca Stream, the last stream that joins Sakarya River before pouring into the Black Sea, starts from the district of Kand ra. Kirazdere starts from Samanl Mountins and pours into the bay in the city of zmit. The constuction of Kirazdere Dam was completed on this stream in 1997. The length of Dilovas Stream in the district of Gebze is 12 km. It passes through the southern side of Village Pelitli and the northern side of Village Tavflanl and pours into zmit Bay. d) Göller / Lakes Bat bölümündeki 7 km si Kocaeli s n rlar içerisinde kalan Sapanca Gölü nün yüzölçümü 47 km 2 dir. zmit kentine su sa layan Kirazdere Baraj n n ard nda yer alan yapay göl ise 1,74 km 2 lik bir alan kaplar. Bir baflka yapay göl de Kocaeli Büyükflehir Belediyesi taraf ndan kentin su 20

Sapanca Gölü 21

ihtiyac n karfl lamak için yapt r lan baraj n ard nda su toplanmas sonucu oluflan Yuvac k Baraj Gölü dür. The surface area of Sapanca Lake 7 km of which is within the borders of Kocaeli is 47 km 2. The artificial lake which is located behind Kirazdere that provides water for the city of zmit covers an area of 1.74 km 2. Another artificial lake is Yuvac k Lake which was formed by the Metropolitan Municipality of Kocaeli by accumulating water behind the dam in order to provide water for the city. e) klim / Climate Körfez k y lar yla Karadeniz k y s nda l man, da l k kesimlerde daha sert bir iklim hüküm sürer. Kocaeli ikliminin, Akdeniz iklimi ile Karadeniz iklimi aras nda bir geçifl oluflturdu u söylenebilir. l merkezinde yazlar s cak ve az ya fll, k fllar ya fll, zaman zaman karl ve so uk geçer. Kocaeli nin Karadeniz e bakan k y lar ile zmit Körfezi ne bakan k y lar n n iklimi aras nda baz farkl l klar göze çarpar. Yaz n körfez k y lar nda bazen bunalt c s caklar yaflan rken Karadeniz k y lar daha serindir. l merkezinde ölçülen en yüksek hava s cakl 41,6 C (11 A ustos 1970), en düflük hava s cakl -8,7 C (4 fiubat 1960), y ll k ortalama s cakl k ise 14,8 C dir. Karadeniz k y s nda y ll k ortalama ya fl miktar 1.000 mm yi aflar. Bu miktar güneye do ru gidildikçe azal r, zmit te 800 mm nin de alt na düfler (784,6 mm). Samanl Da lan n n Körfez e bakan yamaçlar nda iklim Karadeniz k y lar na benzer. Ya fl miktar da bu kesimde farkl d r. Rüzgârlar k fl n kuzey ve kuzeydo udan, yazlar ise kuzeydo udan eser. The climate is mild in the shores of the bay as well as the shores of the Black Sea whereas it gets harsh in the mountain areas. It can be said that the climate in Kocaeli is a transition from the Mediterranean climate to the Black Sea climate. Summers are warm with minor precipitation and winters are cold with much precipitation which is sometimes snowing in the city center. There are some differences in terms of climate between the shores of Kocaeli which face the Black Sea and shores which face zmit Bay. While high temperatures are experienced in the shores of the bay in summer, shores facing the Black Sea are cooler. The highest temperature measured in the city center is 41,60C (August 11th, 1970), the lowest measured temperature is 8,70C (February 4th, 1960) and the annual average temperature is 14,80C. f) Bitki Örtüsü / Vegetation Kocaeli nde bitki örtüsü, genelde Marmara Bölgesi özelli ini tafl makla birlikte, k y larla da l k alanlar aras nda önemli farkl l klar görülür. Ayr ca kuzeyden güneye do ru gidildikçe Karadeniz k y s na özgü bitki topluluklar n n yerini Akdeniz bitkileri almaya bafllar. Samanl Da lar ile Karadeniz k y s ard ndaki alanlar s k ve nemcil ormanlarla kapl d r. Bu ormanlar daha çok kay n a ac ndan oluflur; baz kesimlerde kay na gürgen, kestane ve mefle de kar fl r. Samanl Da lan n n yüksek kesimleri i ne 22

yaprakl larla örtülüdür. zmit Körfezi nin kuzey ve do usunda Akdeniz iklimine özgü makilere rastlan r. Eskiden körfezin kuzey k y lar nda yayg n olan zeytinlikler kent ve sanayi alan elde edilmesi amac yla yok edilmifl durumdad r. Tahrip edilen ormanl k alanlar step bitkileri ve yalanc makilerle kaplanm flt r. The vegetation in Kocaeli has characteristics of that of the Marmara Region in general whereas significant differences can be observed between the shores and mountain sides. As you go further into the south from the north, Black Sea vegetation will be replaced by Mediterranean vegetation. The area located between Samanl Mountains and the shore of the Black Sea is covered with dense, humid forests. These forests are generally formed with beech trees. Hornbeam, chestnut trees and oaks may also be seen among them in some regions. The heights of Samna Mountains are covered with coniferous trees. Macquis which are particular to the Mediterranean climate can be seen in the northern and eastern sides of zmit Bay. Olive groves which used to be widespread in the northern shores of the bay were eliminated in order to open up space for industrial activities. Destroyed forests are now covered with steppe vegetation and pseudo macquis. 23

2- KOCAELi NiN TARiHi / HISTORY OF KOCAELi a) Tarih öncesi ve Nikomedia dönemi / Prehistorical and Nikomedian era Asya ile Avrupa k talar aras nda önemli kara ve demiryolu güzergâhlar n n kesiflti i bir yerde kurulan Kocaeli, bugün Marmara Bölgesi'nin ve yurdumuzun en önemli endüstri ve sanayi yerleflimlerinden biridir. Kocaeli nin tarihi çok daha eski ça lara uzan r. lk ça larda, Bithynia ad verilen bölgede kurulan kentler s ras yla, Olbia, Astakos, Nicomedia, znikmid, zmid, zmit ve Kocaeli adlar n alm flt r. Trakya'dan gelen Megaral lar M.Ö. 712'de zmit Körfezi'nin güneyindeki Bafliskele yöresine yerleflerek Astakos ad verilen bir kent kurdular. Astakos halk M.Ö. 262 y l nda, bugünkü zmit in bulundu u alanda kurulan bölgeye yerleflmifltir. Bitinya Krall 'n n y k l ncaya kadar baflkenti kalacak bu kente, kurucusundan dolay Nicomedia ad verilir. Kocaeli, which is located at the intersection of import and land and railway routes between the Asian and European continents, is one of the most important industrial establishments of the Marmara Region as well as our country today. The history of Kocaeli dates back to ancient times. The first cities established in the region called Bithynia were named as Olbia, Astakos, Nicomedia, znikmid, zmid, zmit and Kocaeli respectively. Megarians from Thrace settled in the district of Bafliskele located in the southern side of zmit Bay in 712 BC and established a city named Astakos. The people of Astakos settled in the area where zmit is located today in 262 BC. This city was named as Nicomedia after the founder of the Bythinian Kingdom and it remained as the capital of the kingdom until it was destroyed. b) Roma-Bizans Dönemi / Roman-Byzantine Era Roma mparatoru Diocletian, 284 y l nda Nicomedia'y iflgal ederek Roma mparatorlu u'nun baflkenti yapt. Bu dönemde flehir, Roma, Antakya ve skenderiye'den sonra dünyan n dördüncü büyük kenti haline geldi. Büyük Konstantin taraf ndan stanbul un imparatorlu un merkezi yap lmas ve mparator Jüstinyen'in de Kad köy- zmit aras ndaki yolu askeri nedenlerle kapatarak ulafl m znik üzerinden sa lamas yla Nicomedia, eski önemini kaybetti. Roman Emperor Diocletian invaded Nicomedia in 284 and declared it the capital of the Roman Empire. The city became the fourth greatest city of the world during this era. However, Nicomedia lost its importance after stanbul was declared the capital by Emperor Constantine and the road between Kad köy and zmit was closed down by Emperor Justinianus due to military reasons and transportation shifted to znik. 24

Hannibal n An t Mezar Tümülüs Arkeoloji Müzesi Tümülüs Arkeoloji Müzesi 25

c) Selçuklu Dönemi / Seljuk Era Kocaeli Türk egemenli ine ilk olarak 11. yüzy l n sonlar nda Selçuklular zaman nda (1078) geçti. znik in Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti nin baflkenti olmas yla birlikte kentin önemi iyice artt. Haçl Seferleri s ras nda k sa bir süre Haçl Ordusu komutan Aleksios Komnenos taraf ndan iflgal edilen kentin, Türk egemenli ine kesin olarak geçifli ise Orhan Bey döneminde oldu. Selçuklu döneminden günümüze Haçl Seferleri nde ya malanmas nedeniyle kalan eser say s oldukça azd r. Kocaeli was firstly captured by the Turks during the Seljuk era in the late 11th century (1078). After znik was declared the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk Empire, the city became far more important. However, the city which was invaded by the Crusader commander Aleksios Comnenos for a short time during the Crusades went under absolute control of the Turks during the era of Orhan Bey. There are few historical buildings that descended from the Seljuk era to today because of the looting carried out by the Crusaders. d) Osmanl Dönemi / Ottoman Era Kocaeli, Osman Bey ve o lu Orhan Bey in uç beylerinden Akçakoca taraf ndan 1337 y l nda Osmanl topraklar na kat ld. Nikomedya Osmanl egemenli ine geçtikten sonra, önce znikmid, daha sonra zmid ( zmit) ad n alm flt r. 19. yüzy lda stanbul- zmit aras nda iflleyen ve 1873 y l ndan itibaren de Haydarpafla-Ankara güzergâh nda faaliyet gösteren demiryolunun kente ulaflmas ndan sonra Kocaeli nin ticari ve sosyal yaflam canlanmaya bafllad. Kent, 1888 y l nda ba ms z sancak oldu ve ismi zmit olarak de ifltirildi. Daha sonra bölgeye fatihi Akçakoca'dan dolay Akçakoca n n yurdu manâs na gelen KOCAEL ad verildi. Kocaeli was made a part of the Ottoman territory by Akçakoca, a margrave of Orhan, the son of Osman, in 1337. Nicomedia was named firstly znikmid, then zmid ( zmit) after going under Ottoman control. The social and commercial life of Kocaeli regained vibrance after the railway which ran between stanbul and zmit in the 19th century and also ran between Haydarpafla and Ankara starting from 1873 reached the city. The city became an independent district in 1888 and its name was changed into zmit. The district was later named as KOCAEL after the conqueror Akçakoca which means the home of Akçakoca. e) Cumhuriyet Dönemi / Republican Era I. Dünya Savafl n n getirdi i y k mlar sonucu önemini bir süre yitiren ve s ras yla önce ngilizler (6 Temmuz 1920) ard ndan Yunanl lar (28 Nisan 1921) taraf ndan iflgal edilen Kocaeli, 28 Haziran 1921 de Türk Ordular taraf ndan iflgalden kurtar ld. Kocaeli nin Bafliskele, Dar ca, Dilovas, Çay rova, zmit, Derince, Gebze, Gölcük, Karamürsel, Kand ra, Kartepe ve Körfez olmak üzere toplam on iki ilçesi bulunmaktad r. Kocaeli, Cumhuriyetle birlikte özellikle sanayileflme alan nda en h zl geliflen 26

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illerimizden birisi olmufltur. Bunun bafll ca nedeni stanbul a yak nl ve ulafl m imkânlar n n çeflitlili idir. 1936 y l nda zmit'te ilk ka t üretim tesisi olan zmit Ka t Fabrikas aç l rken, bunu 1944 te ikinci selüloz ve Ka t Fabrikas takip etmifl, SEKA tesisleri 1954, 1957 ve 1959 da geniflletilmifltir. Böylece günümüze kadar devam eden h zl bir sanayileflme ile Kocaeli, Türkiye nin ileri düzeyde sanayi bölgesi durumuna gelmifltir. Ayr ca Kocaeli ile ilgili önemli bir bilgi de, 30 derece meridyeni Köseköy deki otoyol kavfla köprüsünün bulundu u yerde oldu undan tüm Türkiye saatlerini Kocaeli ne göre ayarlamaktad r. Kocaeli, which lost its significance for a certain period of time due to the destruction and problems emerging as a consequence of World War I for some time and occupied first by the English (July 6th, 1920) and then by the Greek (April 28th, 1921) was liberated from the occupation by the Turkish armyon June 28th, 1921. Kocaeli has 12 districts which are Bafliskele, Dar ca, Dilovas, Çay rova, zmit, Derince, Gebze, Gölcük, Karamürsel, Kand ra, Kartepe and Körfez. After the declaration of the Republic, Kocaeli became one of the most rapidly developing provinces of our country in terms of industrialization. The prime reason to this is its being located in close distance to stanbul and its wide variety of transportation possibilities. In 1936, zmit Paper Factory which was the first paper manufacturing factory was opened and it was followed by the second cellulose and paper factory in 1944. SEKA facilities were expanded in 1954, 1957 and 1959 respectively thus making Kocaeli a high level industrial area of Turkey after a rapid process of industrialization which continued on to today. Another important fact about Kocaeli is that all Turkey adjusts its time according to Kocaeli as the 300 meridian passes through the highway crossroads bridhe in Köseköy. Yürüyüfl Yolu 28

Sekapark 29

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B- BUGÜNKÜ KOCAEL KOCAEL TODAY 31

1. TEKNiK BiLGiLER ve KAMUSAL YAPI / TECHNICAL INFO and PUBLIC STRUCTURE Kocaeli bir sanayi kenti olarak GSY H n n yüzde 69.9 unun sanayi sektöründe olufltu u bir bölgedir. limizde Sanayi Odas na ba l yaklafl k 1300 sanayi kuruluflu faaliyet göstermektedir. Bu sanayi kurulufllar a rl kl olarak Gebze, zmit ve Körfez ilçelerinde toplanm flt r. Ülkemizin en büyük 100 sanayi kuruluflunun 18 i Kocaeli nde bulunmaktad r. TÜPRAfi, Hyundai Assan, Ford Otosan, Honda, Anadolu Isuzu, Pirelli, Goodyear, Pakmaya, Aygaz, Milangaz, Petrol Ofisi, Kordsa, Çelikkord, Nuh Çimento, Marshall, Polisan, ÇBS, Mannesman Boru gibi önemli fabrikalar bu kentte faaliyet göstermektedir. Kocaeli'nin imalat sanayi aç s ndan ülke içindeki ve d fl ticaretteki pay ise yüzde 13 tür. Kocaeli'nde faaliyet gösteren önemli sektörlerin Türkiye içindeki pay incelendi inde yüzde 28 ile kimya sanayi birinci s rada yer almaktad r. Bunu s ras yla metal eflya, otomotiv, makine ve tafl ile topra a dayal sanayi izlemektedir. Ülke genelinde tüketilen toplam elektrik enerjisinin yaklafl k yüzde 10'u Kocaeli sanayisi taraf ndan de erlendirilmektedir. Üretiminde ileri teknoloji kullanan Kocaeli sanayicisi, küresel ölçekte rekabet edebilme imkân n artt rm flt r. Kocaeli'nde say lar 100'ü aflk n yabanc sermayeli sanayi kuruluflu bulunmaktad r. Bu kurulufllar aras ndaki ülke s ralamas nda Almanya, birinci s rada yer almaktad r. l genelinde ayr ca 7 si faal olmak üzere, 12 organize sanayi bölgesi bulunmaktad r. Bölgede yo unlaflan sanayi kurulufllar n n yan s ra bilimsel araflt rma ve gelifltirme merkezleri de Kocaeli ekonomisine güç katmaktad r. Kocaeli Üniversitesi baflta olmak üzere bölge s n r ndaki Sabanc Üniversitesi, Marmara Araflt rma Merkezi, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü(GYTE), TÜB TAK-MAM; TSE Merkez Laboratuarlar, TEKMER (Teknoloji Gelifltirme Merkezi), TÜB TAK Teknopark, GOSB Teknopark ve KOÜ Teknopark sanayinin teknolojik geliflimine ivme katan kurum ve kurulufllard r. Kocaeli, kifli bafl na düflen y ll k milli gelir aç s ndan son 10 y ld r ülke genelinde birinci s rada yer almaktad r. Bu de er, Türkiye ortalamas n n yaklafl k iki buçuk kat d r. Genel bütçe ve vergi gelirlerine katk bak m ndan da Kocaeli yüzde 17,41 ile Türkiye s ralamas nda ikinci s rada yer almaktad r. Kocaeli, being an industrialized city, is an area where 69.9 % of the Gross Domestic Product is produced in the industrial sector. The Chamber of Industry in the city has approximately 300 member entities, which are particularly concentrated in Gebze, zmit and Körfez. 18 of the top 100 industrialist companies of Turkey are located in Kocaeli. Major and leading companies such as TUPRAS, Hyundai Assan, Ford Otosan, Honda, Anadolu Isuzu, Pirelli, Goodyear, Pakmaya, Aygaz, Milangaz, Petrol Ofisi, Kordsa, Çelikkord, Nuh Çimento, Marshall, Polisan, CBS and Mannesman Boru operate in the city. On the other hand, Kocaeli holds a share of 13 % of the national and foreign trade volume in terms of the manufacturing industry. Reviewing the share in Turkey of the critical industries operating in Kocaeli; the chemistry industry holds the top rank with the share of 28 %, which is followed, respectively by hardware, automotive, machinery and stoneand earth-based industry. Approximately 10 % of the entire national electricity consumption is allocated to and utilized by the industrial operations in Kocaeli. The industrialists in Kocaeli, who employ the advanced 32