NOUN CLAUSES. Noun Clause bir cümlede isim gibi işlev gören cümleciktir. Yani cümlede özne ya da nesne görevinde bulunabilir.

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2 NOUN CLAUSES Noun Clause nedir, neden kullanılır? Noun Clause bir cümlede isim gibi işlev gören cümleciktir. Yani cümlede özne ya da nesne görevinde bulunabilir. I don t know his address. (noun) I don t know where he lives. (noun clause) I don t know the answer. (noun) I don t know what the answer is. (noun clause) Her address is unknown. (noun) Where she lives is unknown. (noun clause) Our discussion was private. (noun) What we talked about was private. (noun clause) Noun Clause İsim Cümlecikleri ni üç ayrı grupta inceleyebiliriz. 1. that / the fact that ile yapılan isim cümlecikleri 2. Whether or not / if or not ile yapılan isim cümlecikleri 3. Soru kelimesi ile yapılan isim cümlecikleri 01. that ile yapılan isim cümlecikleri Noun Clause da düz cümle kullandığımızda, noun clause un başında that ya da the fact that kullanırız. Noun clause cümlede nesne olarak görev yapıyorsa that cümleden atılabilir. She doesn t like classical music. You will pass the exam easily. He committed the crime. I know (that) she doesn t like classical music. Klasik müziği sevmediğini biliyorum. I am sure (that) you will pass the exam easily. Sınavı kolaylıkla geçeceğinden eminim. That he committed the crime is obvious. Fakat that clause u cümle başında bu şekilde kullanmak çok resmi bir kullanımdır. Bunun yerine cümleye it ile başlarız ve noun clause cümle sonunda kullanılır. It is obvious that he committed the crime. / Suçu onun işlediği açık. Arsenal will win the match. That Arsenal will win the match is certain. It is certain that Arsenal will win the match. Arsenal in maçı kazanacağı kesin. That Clause bazı sıfatlardan, isimlerden ve fiillerden sonra yaygın olarak kullanılır. ❶ Bazı sıfatlardan sonra That Clause : Davranış, tutum, duygu ifade eden sıfatlardan ve -ing/-ed ekleri ile biten sıfatlardan sonra that clause kullanılabilir. I hurt his feelings. Onun hislerini incittim. I am sorry (that) I hurt his feelings. Onun hislerini incittiğim için üzgünüm. Jane was dismissed from her job. Jane işinden kovuldu. I am very surprised (that) Jane was dismissed from her job. Jane in işten kovulmasına çok şaşırdım. Smoking gives rise to certain respiratory diseases. It s true (that) smoking gives rise to certain respiratory diseases. Sigara içmenin bazı solunum hastalıklarına sebep olduğu doğrudur. 1

3 ❷ Bazı isimlerden sonra That Clause : miracle, pity, shame, wonder, relief, fact, belief, theory, impression etc. gibi bazı isimlerden sonra that clauses gelebilir. Violence on TV damages teenagers emotional development. Televizyondaki şiddet gençlerin duygusal gelişimine zarar vermektedir. It s my opinion (that) violence on TV damages teenagers emotional development. My parents survived the accident. / Ailem kazadan kurtuldu. It s a miracle (that) my parents survived the accident. / Ailemin kazadan kurtulması bir mucize. ❸ Bazı fillerden sonra That Clause : Bazı fillerden sonra that clauses gelebilir ve bu cümlelerde noun clause, esas cümlenin nesnesi olarak görev yapar. My brother is innocent. I will prove that my brother is innocent. Kardeşim masum. Kardeşimin masum olduğunu ispatlayacağım. Kendilerinden sonra genellikle that clause gelen filler: acknowledge add admit advise allege announce (wh) answer appear argue arrange (wh) assume assure beg believe (wh) claim command complain confess confirm consider (wh) declare decide (wh) demand demonstrate(wh) deny determine (wh) discover (wh) doubt (wh) estimate (wh) expect explain (wh) fear feel find out (wh) forget (wh) guess (wh) grumble guarantee happen hear (wh) hope imagine (wh) imply indicate inform insist know (wh) learn (wh) mean notice (wh) object observe occur to order perceive point out predict (wh) presume pretend promise propose prove (wh) realize (wh) reckon (wh) recognize recommend remark remember (wh) remind reply report request resolve reveal (wh) say (wh) see (wh) seem sense show (wh) state (wh) stipulate suggest (wh) suppose suspect teach tell (wh) think (wh) threaten turn out understand (wh) urge warn wish wonder (wh) -You never admit (that) you have made a mistake. / Asla hata yaptığını kabul etmezsin sen. -I want to know when he will be here. / Onun ne zaman burada olacağını bilmek istiyorum. -I want to know that he will be here. (INCORRECT) / Onun burada olacağını bilmek istiyorum (YANLIŞ) Bazı fiiller kendilerinden sonra bir soru kelimesi kulanımını gerektirirler, bu yüzden, bu fillerden sonra that clause kullanılmaz. (ask question wonder want to know inquire want to learn) Çoğu durumda bir that clause, the fact that ile birlikte kullanılabilir. Ancak öncesinde bir preposition varsa the fact that kullanımı zorunludur! Yani, preposition sonrasında that gelemez! -Tim cheated in the exam. That made our teacher furious. / Tim sınavda kopya çekti. Bu, öğretmeni çok kızdırdı. (The fact) that Tim cheated in the exam made our teacher furious. / Tim in sınavda kopya çekmesi öğretmeni çok kızdırdı. -I am not responsible for the fact that we lost the match. / Maçı kaybetmemizden ben sorumlu değilim. 2

4 02. whether or not / if or not ile yapılan isim cümlecikleri Soru cümlesinde soru kelimesi olmadığı zaman (yes / no question), noun clause un başında whether ya da if kullanılır. Ayrıca yine, soru cümlesi dizilişi normal cümle dizilişine dönüştürülür. or not, whether dan hemen sonra da gelebilir (whether or not), veya cümle sonunda da kullanılabilir (whether or not). Ancak or not, if ten hemen sonra kullanılamaz ve cümle sonunda kullanılır (if or not). or not, her iki biçimde de cümleden atılabilir ve bu, bir anlam değişikliğine yol açmaz. -Will she come to the party? I wonder whether she will come to the party or not. -Partiye gelecek mi? whether or not she will come to the party. (Partiye gelip gelmeyeceğini merak ediyorum) whether she will come to the party. if she will come to the party or not. if she will come to the party. Eğer noun clause dan önce bir preposition kullanılıyorsa ya da noun clause cümlenin öznesi olarak kullanılıyorsa sadece whether kullanılabilir. Yani preposition sonrasında if gelmez. if cümle başında kullanılamaz! Whether she will come to the party (or not) isn t certain yet. / Partiye gelip gelmeyeceği henüz belli değil. I am curious about whether (or not) she passed the exam. / Sınavı geçip geçmediği konusunda endişeliyim. 03. Soru kelimesi ile yapılan isim cümlecikleri Who / Whom / Whose / What / Which / Where / When / Why How / How long / How often / How far / How much / How many İngilizce bir soru cümlesinde kelime dizilişi yardımcı fiil + özne + fiil şeklindedir, ve düz cümlenin dizilişi de özne + yardımcı fiil + fiil şeklindedir. Eğer bir soru cümlesini Noun Clause haline dönüştürmek istiyorsak, soru cümlesindeki dizilişi normal cümledeki dizilişe değiştirmeliyiz. Why is he late for the meeting? Why he is late for the meeting is a secret. Toplantıya niye geç kaldı? Toplantıya niye geç kaldığı bir sır. What time will we start work? I don t know what time we will start work. Saat kaçta işe başlayacağız? İşe saat kaçta başlayacağımızı bilmiyorum. Eğer soru cümlenin öznesini soruyorsa, kelime dizilişini değiştiremeyiz; çünkü yerini değiştirebileceğimiz bir özne yoktur cümlede. Who is coming tomorrow? I don t know who is coming tomorrow. Yarın kim geliyor? Yarın kimin geldiğini bilmiyorum. What will happen here at the weekend? Please tell me what will happen here at the weekend. Haftasonunda burada ne olacak? Lütfen bana haftasonunda burada ne olacağını söyleyin. 3

5 04. İsim cümleciklerinde zaman ilişkisi uyumu ❶ Eğer esas fiil present bir zaman ise: iki fiil arasında mantıklı bir uyum olması gerekir. Bir başka deyişle, noun clause un zamanı present, past ya da future olabilir. -I know that Jack loves you really much. (possible) Jack loved you when he was at high school. (possible) Jack will like you when he meets you. (possible) ❷ Eğer esas fiil past tense de ise: noun clause daki tense de past hale getirilmelidir. Bundan dolayı, cümlenin esas fiili past tense ise, sorulara cevap verirken noun clause için past bir tense seçmeliyiz. -He has finished his homework. Ödevini bitirdi. -Will you accompany us? Bize katılacak mısın? ANA FİİL PRESENT PAST I noticed (that) he had finished his homework. Ödevini bitirdiğini (bitirmiş olduğunu) farkettim. I wanted to know whether/if you would accompany us. Bize katılıp katılmayacağını sordum. NOUN Cl. FİİLİ PRESENT / PAST / FUTURE PAST should/had better/ought to/would rather/would prefer/would like gibi modallar, esas fiil past olsa bile değişmezler. -I thought that we ought to/should/had better visit him more often. Onu daha sık ziyaret etmemiz gerektiğini düşündüm. 05. İsim cümleciklerinde kısaltma Noun Clause larda kısaltma yapabilmenin temel şartı ana cümleciğin öznesi ya da nesne ile Noun Clause un öznesinin ya da nesnesinin aynı olmasıdır. Kısaltma yapılırken Noun Clause to V1 haline dönüşür. She is happy that she is here. = She is happy to be here. O burada olmaktan mutlu. I am glad that I have seen her again. = I am glad to have seen her again. Onu tekrar gördüğüme memnun oldum. Can you tell me which way I should take? = Can you tell me which way to take? Hangi yoldan gitmemi bana söyler misin? I don t know how I can solve these problems. = I don t know how to solve these problems. Bu problemleri nasıl çözebileceğimi bilmiyorum. I can t decide whether I should change my mind. = I can t decide whether to change my mind. Fikrimi değiştirmem gerekip gerekmediğine karar veremiyorum. 4

6 06. ever ifadesi ile yapılan isim cümlecikleri Sonu ever ile biten kelimeler her/ herhangi bir anlamını verirler. Who(m)ever: any person However: any way (manner) Whenever: any time Wherever: any place Whichever/Whatever: any thing Who(m)ever I spoke to said they didn t attend the meeting. Her kimle konuştuysam, toplantıya katılmadığını söyledi. Whoever wants to join our technology club should make his decision right now. Her kim teknoloji klübümüze katılmak istiyorsa kararını şimdi vermesi gerek. We can go wherever you want. / Nereye istersen gidebiliriz. However you cook the egg is all right with me. Yumurtayı nasıl pişirirsen pişir benim için sorun değil. I will try to do whatever is needed to teach you English. Sana İngilizce öğretmek için ne gerekiyorsa yapmaya çalışacağım. There are three classrooms in this course. You can enrol whichever you want. Kursta üç sınıf var. Hangisine istersen kayıt olabilirsin. You may visit me whenever you wish. / Ne zaman istersen beni ziyaret edebilirsin. 07. Subjunctive Eğer ana cümlecikte gereklilik, zorunluluk veya öneri bildiren bir sıfat, fiil ya da isim kullanılmışsa That Clause yapısında özne ne olursa olsun fiil yalın haliyle hiçbir şeye göre çekimlenmeden (V0) gelir. Aslında bu tür cümlelerde bir should yapısı gizlidir ve bu should yapısı kullanılmadığı için etken (active) cümlelerde V0, edilgen (passive) cümlelerde ise be V3 yapıları kullanılır. I recommend that you (should) take this pill twice a day. (active) Bu ilacı günde iki kez almanı tavsiye ederim. It is essential that the contract (should) be signed before Monday. (passive) Kontratın Pazartesi nden önce imzalanması gereklidir. It is the doctor s advice that he (should) rest for a week. (active) Onun bir hafta dinlenmesi doktorun tavsiyesidir. Subjunctive yapı ile devam eden ve yaygın kullanılan kelimeler: ❶ Verbs: Advise Ask Demand Insist Order Urge Prefer Propose Require Recommend Suggest ❷ Adjectives: Advisable Crucial Essential Imperative Important Mandatory Obligatory Necessary Vital Recommendable Significant Urgent ❸ Nouns: Advice Demand Insistence Order Proposal Recommendation Suggestion Yukarıdaki kelimeleri genel başlık olarak tavsiye, önem, zorunluluk, gereklilik anlamı veren kelimeler olarak da genelleyebiliriz. 5

7 08. Yardımcı fiil ile yapılan tamamlayıcı yapılar (either, neither/nor, so, too) İngilizce de kısa yanıtlarda yardımcı fiil kullanılır. Bu kullanımın yanı sıra söylenilen bir şeye eklemede bulunmak için, ya da söylenen bir şeye katıldığınızı ya da katılmadığınızı ifade etmek için kullanacağınız kısa yapılarda hep yardımcı fiil kullanılır Bu şekilde yardımcı fiil kullanımlarında eğer bir yan cümlecik ve bir ana cümlecikten oluşan bir cümle varsa elimizde ana cümleciğin yükleminin zamanı kullanılır. Şimdi bu bölümde yardımcı fiilleri yaygın olarak kullandığımız yapıları inceleyelim. ❶ Either Eğer daha öncesinde söylenen olumsuz bir cümleye Türkçe deki de, da bağlacının yaptığı gibi bir eklemede bulunmak istiyorsak either yapısını kullanılırız. Either yapısı ikinci cümlenin sonunda kullanılır. Eğer ikinci cümlenin öznesi hariç diğer ögeleri ilk cümle ile aynı ise ikinci cümlede özne ve yardımcı fiil kullanılarak devamında either getirilmesi yeterlidir. Bu kullanımda çeldirici olarak neither/nor yapıları verilir; ancak neither/nor yapıları cümle sonunda virgülden sonra gelmez. There were no zebras at the zoo. There were no giraffes, either. Hayvanat bahçesinde hiç zebra yoktu. Zürafa da yoktu. Sue doesn t have any experience. She doesn t have any qualifications, either. Sue nin hiç deneyimi yok. Onun hiç vasfı da yok. Olumsuz iki cümlenin eğer özneleri hariç diğer ögeleri aynı ise ikinci cümlede özne ve olumsuz yardımcı fiil kullanılarak devamında either getirilmesi yeterlidir. Bu şekilde bir yapı oluşturulduğunda kullanılan yardımcı fiil ilk cümlenin yükleminin yardımcı fiilidir. Jim doesn t want to stay at home tonight. I don t want to stay at home tonight. = Jim doesn t want to stay at home tonight. I don t, either. Jim bu gece evde kalmak istemiyor. Ben de. They weren t willing to answer the question. Their boss wasn t willing to answer. = They weren t willing to answer the question. Their boss wasn t, either. Onlar soruyu yanıtlamaya istekli değillerdi. Onların patronu da. We haven t seen this film before. Jimmy hasn t seen this film before. = We haven t seen this film before. Jimmy hasn t, either. Biz bu filmi daha önce izlemedik. Jimmy de. ❷ Neither / Nor Olumsuz iki cümlenin özneleri hariç diğer ögeleri aynı ise ikinci cümlenin tamamını yeniden yazmak ya da söylemek yerine neither ya da nor yapıları kullanılabilir. Hatırlanacağı gibi bu şekilde either yapısını da kullanmıştık. Ancak, either yapısından farklı olarak neither ya da nor yapıları devrik bir yapı ile kullanılır ve kendileri zaten olumsuz anlam içerdiklerinden dolayı beraber kullanıldıkları yardımcı fiil olumlu olur. Bu şekilde bir yapı oluşturulduğunda kullanılan yardımcı fiil ilk cümlenin yükleminin yardımcı fiilidir. Britain does not comply with the protocol. Denmark and Portugal don t comply with the protocol. = Britain does not comply with the protocol. Neither do Denmark and Portugal. İngiltere protokole uymuyor. Danimarka ve Portekiz de. (=Denmark and Portugal don t, either.) I don t eat meat. Tom doesn t eat meat. = I don t eat meat. Nor does Tom. (=Tom doesn t, either.) Ben et yemiyorum. Tom da. 6

8 ❸ Too Daha öncesinde söylenen olumlu bir cümleye Türkçe deki -de, -da bağlacının yaptığı gibi bir eklemede bulunmak için too yapısını kullanılırız. Too yapısı ikinci cümlenin sonunda kullanılır. Eğer ikinci cümlenin öznesi hariç diğer öğeleri ilk cümle ile aynı ise ikinci cümlede özne ve yardımcı fiil kullanılarak devamında too getirilmesi yeterlidir. Bu kullanımda çeldirici olarak also yapısı verilir; ancak also yapısı cümle sonunda kullanılmaz. There were lions and tigers at the zoo. There were elephants, too. Hayvanat bahçesinde aslanlar ve kaplanlar vardı. Filler de vardı. The job offers many opportunities. It makes one feel comfortable, too. İş birçok olanak sunuyor. İnsanın huzurlu olmasını da sağlıyor. Olumlu iki cümlenin özneleri hariç diğer ögeleri aynı ise ikinci cümlede özne ve olumlu yardımcı fiil kullanılarak devamında too getirilmesi yeterlidir. Bu şekilde bir yapı oluşturulduğunda kullanılan yardımcı fiil ilk cümlenin yükleminin yardımcı fiilidir. ❹ So Phil thinks that you are right. I think that you are right. (ana cümleciğin yüklemi think ) = Phil thinks that you are right. I do, too. Phil senin haklı olduğunu düşünüyor. Ben de. She has an understanding of traditional culture. Her sister has an understanding of traditional culture. = She has an understanding of traditional culture. Her sister does, too. Onun bir geleneksel kültür anlayışı var. Onun kız kardeşinin de. He managed to pass the final exam. Two of his friends managed to pass the final exam. = He managed to pass the final exam. Two of his friends did, too. Final sınavını geçmeyi başardı. Onun iki arkadaşı da. We were at home at the time of the murder. Jonathon was at home. = We were at home at the time of the murder. Jonathon was, too. Cinayet anında biz evdeydik. Jonathon da. Olumlu iki cümlenin özeleri hariç diğer ögeleri aynı ise ikinci cümlenin tamamını yeniden yazmak ya da söylemek yerine so yapısı kullanılabilir. Hatırlanacağı gibi bu şekilde too yapısını da kullanmıştık. Ancak, too yapısından farklı olarak so yapısı devrik bir yapı ile kullanılır. Bu şekilde bir yapı oluşturulduğunda kullanılan yardımcı fiil diğerlerinde olduğu gibi ilk cümlenin yükleminin yardımcı fiilidir. Sam enjoys travelling a lot. I enjoy travelling a lot. = Sam enjoys travelling a lot. So do I. (=I do, too.) Sam seyahat etmeyi sever. Ben de. They have been to New York several times. I have been to New York several times. = They have been to New York several times. So have I. (=I have, too.) Onlar birkaç kez New York ta bulundu. Ben de. He is an Enghlish teacher. His wife is an English teacher. = He is an English reacher. So is his wife. (=His wife is, too.) O bir İngilizce öğretmeni. Onun eşi de. Everybody had a wonderful time. I did have a wonderful time. = Everybody had a wonderful time. So did I. (=I did, too.) Herkes harika zaman geçirdi. Ben de. 7

9 Şimdiye kadarki konu anlatımlarımızda, öncesindeki olumlu bir ifadeye katılımı anlatırken too ve so yapılarını kullandığımız gördük. Bu iki yapıya ek olarak as well ve also yapılarını da kullanabiliriz. As well yapısı genelde cümle sonunda tercih edilirken also yapısı cümlede genelde fiilden önce yardımcı fiilden sonra kullanılır. A: All the boys in the class refused to write an essay. Sınıftaki hiç bir erkek öğrenci kompozisyon yazmayı istemedi. B: The girls in the class also refused to write it. The girls in the class refused to write it as well. Sınıftaki kızlar da kompozisyon yazmayı istemedi. He speaks French fluently. He can also speak Russian. He speaks French fluently. He can speak Russian as well. Akıcı bir şekilde Fransızca konuşuyor. Rusça da konuşabiliyor. Söylenen bir şeye ters yönde anlam içeren bir ifade ile eklemede bulunacaksak but bağlacını kullanırız ve devamında bir önceki cümlenin yardımcı fiilinin negatif ya da pozitif hali kullanılır. Most of our operators are busy at the moment, but Jane isn t. Smic answered the set of 40 questions, but I didn t. They weren t willing to go out, but I was. Operatörlerimizin çoğu şu anda meşgul, ama Jane değil. Smic 40 soruyu yanıtladı, ama ben yanıtlamadım. Onlar dışarı çıkmaya istekli değillerdi, ama ben istekliydim. Eğer önceden sözü geçen bir eylemi tekrar yeniden yazmak ya da söylemek istemiyorsak ikinci cümlede fiil olarak do kullanılır ve do so yapısı oluşturulur. He asked me to write to him, and I did so. She hasn t let us know the result yet. She will do so tomorrow. Benden ona yazmamı istedi bende yazdım / öyle yaptım. Henüz bize sonucu bildirmedi. Yarın bildirecek. Söylenen bir şeye katıldığımızı ya da o ifadeyi onayladığımızı ifade ederken yine so yapısını kullanırız. Ancak bu kullanımında so yapısı devrik yapı almaz, so + subject + auxiliary şeklinde kullanılır. A: It is getting late. Geç kalıyoruz. B: So it is. We had better go. Evet, öyle. Gitsek iyi olur. A: It makes me feel important. Bu kendimi önemli hissettiriyor. B: So you are. Evet, öylesin. A: This means that I am fired, doesn t it? Bu işten atıldım demek, değil mi? B: So it does. Evet, öyle. So ve not yapılarını bir That Clause yapısının yerine kullanabiliriz. So yapısı olumlu bir That Clause yerine, not ise olumsuz bir That Clause yerine kullanılır. Bu kullanım That Clause tekrar yazılmasın ya da söylenmesin diye yapılır. A: Do you think that it made much of a difference to the family? Onun aileyi çok değiştirdiğine inanıyor musun? B: I think that it made much of a difference to the family. = I think so. Sanırım öyle. A: He hasn t been able to find a solution to his problem, has he? Problemine bir çözüm bulamadı, değil mi? B: I suppose that he hasn t been able to find a solution to his problem. = I suppose not. Sanırım bulamadı. I don t suppose that he has been able to find a solution to his problem. = I don t suppose so. Bulduğunu sanmıyorum. 8

10 Exercise 01: Make a question from the given sentence. The words in parentheses should be the answer to the question you make. Use a question word (who, what, how., etc.). Then change the question to a noun clause. 1. That man is (Mr. Robertson). QUESTION: Who is that man? NOUN CLAUSE: I want to know who that man is. 2. George lives (in Los Angeles). QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: I want to know 3. Ann bought (a new dictionary). QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: Do you know.. 4. It is (350 miles) to Denver from here. QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: I need to know 5. Jack was late to class (because he missed the bus). QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: The teacher wants to know. 6. That is (Ann's) pen. QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: Tom wants to know 7. Alex saw (Ms, Frost) at the meeting. QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: I don't know.. 8. (Jack) saw Ms. Frost at the meeting. QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: I don't know.. 9. Alice likes (this) book best, (not that one). QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: I want to know 10. The plane is supposed to land (at 7:14 P.M.). QUESTION:.. NOUN CLAUSE: Could you tell me Exercise 02: Complete each sentence by changing the question in parentheses to a noun clause. 1. (Will it rain?) I wonder if / whether it will rain. 2. (When will it rain?) I wonder when it will rain. 3. (Is Sam at home?) I don't know at home. 4. (Where is Sam?) I don't know 5. (Did Jane call?) Ask Tom 6. (What time did she call?) Ask Tom. 7. (Why is the earth called "the water planet''?) Do you know "the water planet"? 8. (How far is it from New York City to Jakarta?) I wonder from New York to Jakarta. 9. (Has Susan ever been in Portugal?) I wonder in Portugal. 10. (Does she speak Portuguese?) I wonder Portuguese. 11. (Who did Ann play tennis with?) I wonder tennis with. 12. (Who won the tennis match?) I wonder the tennis match. 13. (Did Ann win?) I wonder. 14. (Do all creatures, including fish and insects, feel pain in the same way as humans do?) I wonder pain in the same way as humans do. 15. (Can birds communicate with each other?)do you know.with each other? 9

11 Exercise 03: Combine each pair of sentences into one that contains a noun clause. Begin the new sentence with that or it. Examples: The weather is not going to improve. That is apparent. It is apparent that the weather is not going to improve. OR That the weather is not going to improve is apparent. Pollution diminishes the quality of our lives. That is hard to deny. That pollution diminishes the quality of our lives is hard to deny. OR It is hard to deny that pollution diminishes the quality of our lives. 1. No one stopped to help Sam when he had car trouble. That is surprising, 2. People in modern cities are distrustful of each other. That is unfortunate. 3. People in my village always help each other. That is still true. 4. People need each other and need to help each other. That is undeniably true. 5. People have a moral duty to help others in need. That seems obvious to me. 6. People today are afraid to help strangers. That is a pity. 7. People in cities live in densely populated areas but don't know their neighbours. That seems strange to me. Exercise 04: Combine each pair of sentences into one sentence by using the fact that. 1. I studied for three months for the examination. Regardless of that, I barely passed. Regardless of the fact that I studied for three months for the examination, I barely passed. 2. Jim lost our tickets to the concert. There's nothing we can do about that. 3. We are going to miss one of the best concerts of the year because of Jim's carelessness. That makes me a little angry. 4. We can't go to the concert. In view of that, let's plan to go to a movie. 5. I couldn't speak a word of Italian and understood very little. Except for that, I had a wonderful time visiting my Italian cousins in Rome. 6. Many people living in Miami speak only Spanish. When I first visited Florida, I was surprised by that. 7. Bobby broke my grandmother's antique flower vase. That isn't important. 8. He lied about it. That is what bothers me. 9. Prof. Brown, who had had almost no teaching experience, was hired to teach the advanced physics courses. At first, some of us objected to that, but she has proven herself to be one of the best. 10. That automobile has the best safety record of any car manufactured this year. I am impressed by that and would definitely recommend that you buy that make. 10

12 Exercise 05: Complete these sentences by using -ever words. 1. As vice-president of international sales, Robert has complete control over his travel schedule. He can travel whenever he wants. 2. Robert is free to decide which countries he will visit during his overseas trips. He can travel wherever he wants. 3. The English professor told us that we could write our papers on. subject we wanted as long as it related to the topics we discussed in class this semester. 4. There are only two appointment time slots remaining. You may select. one you prefer. 5. To Ellen, the end justifies the means. She will do. she has to do in order to accomplish her objective. 6. Linda is very amiable and gregarious. She makes friends with. she meets. 7. It doesn't matter which class you take to fulfill this requirement. Just take. one fits best into your schedule, 8.. is the last to leave the room should turn off the lights and lock the door. 9. I know that Norman will succeed. He'll do. is required to succeed. 10. My wife and I are going to ride our bicycles across the country. We will ride for six to seven hours every day, then stop. we happen to be at the end of the day. Exercise 06: Choose the best alternative. 1. I talked to Bob two weeks ago. I thought he wanted to know about my cat, but I misunderstood him. He asked me where ----, not my cat. A) is my hat B) my hat was C) my hat is D) was my hat 2. "The people in the apartment upstairs must have a lot of children," "I don't know how many ----, but it sounds like they have a dozen." A) children do they have B) do they have children C) children they have D) they have children 3. Do you know ----? I myself have no idea. A) how many years the earth is B) how old the earth is C) how long is the earth D) how much time has been the earth 4. "There's too much noise in this room. I can't understand what ----." A) is the professor saying B) is saying the professor C) that the professor is saying D) the professor is saying 5. When I was little, my father gave me some advice. He said ----talk to strangers. A) I shouldn't B) that shouldn't C) don't D) that I don't 6. "I didn't expect Ann's husband to be here at the opera with her." "I'm surprised, too. Ann must have insisted that ---- with her." A) he come B) he comes C) he came D) he had come 7. "Ms. Wright, can you give me a little extra help typing some letters today?" "Sorry, I can't. The boss has an urgent report for me to write. She demanded that it ---- on her desk by 5 P.M. today." A) was B) will be C) is D) be 8. "Did you tell Carol where ---- us this evening? "Yes, I did. I can't understand why she is late." A) should she meet B) she to meet C) she meets D) to meet 9. A fortune-teller predicted ---- inherit a lot of money before the end of the year. A) that I would B) that I C) what I will D) what I 10. "Bill Frazer seems like a good person for the job, butwe don't know why he left his last job." "I know why. He told me ---- a serious policy disagreement with his boss last January." A) if he'd had B) he'd had C) what he'd had D) that what he had 11

13 11. "Is it true that you fell asleep in class yesterday and began to snore?" "Unfortunately, yes is unbelievable! I'm very embarrassed." A) That I could do such a thing it B) That I could do such a thing C) I could do such a thing it D) I could do such a thing 12. "Officer, can you tell me how to get to Springfield?" "Sure. What part of Springfield ---- to go to?" A) do you want B) you want C) that you want D) where you want 13. "Is it true --- the law says there is no smoking in restaurants in this city?" A) that what B) what C) if D) that prompt is important to our boss. A) A person is B) Is a person C) If a person is D) Whether or not a person is 15. A scientific observer of wildlife must note every detail of how ---- in their environment: their eating and sleeping habits, their social relationships, and their methods of self-protection. A) do animals live B) live animals C) do live animals D) animals live Exercise 07: Choose the best alternative. 1. "Does anybody know on the ground?" "Your guess is as good as mine." A) how long this plane will be B) how long will be this plane C) how long will this plane be D) that how long this plane will be 2. "This restaurant is very expensive!" "It is, but order.. want. Your birthday is a very special occasion." A) what is it you B) what do you C) whatever you D) whatever you do 16. The mystery movie was clever and suspenseful. The audience couldn't guess ---- committed the murder until the surprise ending. A) who he B) who had C) that who D) that 17. How do you like your new school? Tell me A) who in your class is B) who your class is in C) who is in your class D) your class who is in it 18. "What do you recommend ---- about this tax problem?" "I strongly suggest that we consult an expert as soon as possible." A) do we do B) we will do C) we do D) should we do 19. The college does not grant degrees simply to ---- pays the cost of tuition; the student must satisfy the academic requirements. A) whoever B) who C) whomever D) whoever that 20. "What are you going to buy in this store?" "Nothing want is much too expensive." A) That I B) What I C) That what I D) What do I 4. "What did your grammar teacher want to talk to you about?" "I did badly on the last test. She.. studied for it." A) said why hadn't I B) asked why hadn't I C) said why I hadn't D) asked why I hadn't 5. "Why are you staring out the window? What.. about?" "Nothing." A) you are thinking B) you think C) are you thinking D) do you are thinking 3. Why did Beth ask you.. a bicycle? A) that if you had B) do you have C) that you had D) if you had "I can't decide what color I want for my bedroom. What do you think?" "You should choose. color you want. You're the one who will have to live with it." A) whichever that B) whatever C) however D) that what

14 7. "Did you remember to tell Marge.. she should bring to the meeting tomorrow?" "Oh, my gosh! I completely forgot! I'm sorry." A) that B) what C) if D) that what 14. Edward's interview was very intense. The interviewer wanted to know many facts about his personal life, and even asked him.. had ever used any illegal drugs of any kind. A) that if he B) that he C) if or not he D) whether or not he 8. "My aunt has been feeling bad since Uncle George died. Is it because she's depressed?" "I think so.. can cause debilitating physical symptoms is a medical fact." A) Depression B) That depression it C) That depression D) It is that depression 9. There was an earthquake on the coast yesterday. Fortunately, there was no loss of life. However, because of the danger of collapsing sea walls it was essential that the area. evacuated quickly. A) to be B) will be C) be D) is 10. saying was so important that I asked everyone to stop talking and listen, A) What the woman was B) The woman was C) That the woman was D) What was the woman 11. "This cake is terrible. What happened?" "It's my grandmother's recipe, but she forgot to tell me how long.. it." A) did I bake B) should I bake C) do I bake D) to bake 12. "Let's go to Riverton this weekend." "Sounds like fun... from here?" A) How far is B) How far it is C) It how far is D) How far is it 15. It is hoped that all present-day communicable diseases will be conquered. However,.. about certain diseases is still not sufficient to prevent them from spreading easily among the population. A) what we know B) what do we know C) what we know that D) that we know what 16. "Why didn't Henry attend the meeting this morning?" "He's been very sick. His doctor insisted that he.. in bed this week. A) will stay B) stayed C) stays D) stay 17. Nobody yet knew what.. to cause the dam to burst, but the residents of the area organized quickly to protect life and property against the rising floods. A) happens B) had happened C) happen D) did it happen 18. Did the teacher explain how.. this problem?" A) do we solve B) can we solve C) to solve D) solve the National Weather Bureau predicted severe storms did not deter the fishing boats from going out into the open seas. A) The fact that B) That fact is that C) Is fact that D) The fact is that 13. "Somebody forgot this hat, I wonder... A) whose is this hat B) whose hat this is C) whose hat is D) is this whose hat 20. Tom walked into the huge hall to register for classes. At first, he simply looked around and wondered what.. supposed to do. A) was he B) am I C) he was D) I am 13

15 Test Yourself Ms. Milton, the literature teacher, said ---- the author Joseph Conrad spoke Polish, French, and English. A) if B) what C) who D) which E) that 10. When Jade told me ---- she would write a novel, I didn't know ---- to laugh or cry. A) when / that B) what / where C) / whether D) if / however E) how else / if 2. I don't know ---- some people can eat snails. A) who B) how C) which D) that E) what 3. It wasn't known ---- the Erzurum plain was home to so many bird species until the birds were observed via satellite pictures. A) that B) which C) what D) whom E) whose meditative techniques you use, the potential benefits are clear and numerous. A) Whenever B) However C) Whichever D) Whoever E) Wherever 5. Moist air holds heat better than dry air, which is ---- nights in the desert are cool, while nights in the tropics are hot. A) that B) why C) what D) whose E) whether 6. Some people believe that ---- harms or kills a cat will encounter misfortune. A) how many B) what else C) when D) if E) whoever 7. Do you know ----? A) how much sugar does he take B) where is Patricia going on holiday C) since Sonia was back from holiday D) is Freddie coming to dinner tonight E) how Julia likes her coffee he says doesn't explain ---- he quit his job. A) What / why B) That / how C) Who / that D) When / which E) Whose / where 9. We still can't decide ---- to buy the car or not. A) whether B) if C) when D) that E) how much 11. Before the operation, the doctor wanted to know ---- the patient had allergies to any medications. A) if B) that C) who D) which E) what 12. Nobody was able to understand ---- Kingsley learned Finnish in such a short time. A) whichever B) what C) when D) whomever E) how 13. Her daughter didn't understand A) when was she going to attend an all-girl school B) which plastic surgeon did she visit C) why she had had plastic surgery carried out on her face D) ever since her father disappeared without leaving any trace E) by the time her father has finished explaining the situation 14. The police asked Nigel ---- he hadn't reported the theft sooner. A) which B) why C) what D) that E) whom 15. There is no evidence to support the claim ---- Keanu has smuggled historical artifacts across the border. A) whose B) what C) that D) which E) how many was his only desire. A) Whether there would ever be peace in his country B) If he could manage to afford a Mercedes Benz C) Without the compassion shown to them by the community D) That his family could live without fear of persecution E) Although they had managed to arrive in Miami safely has made me very upset. A) The moment Ayça heard the news B) That Serra forgot about my birthday C) It wasn't until I saw them D) No matter how hard I tried E) If Mert finds out the truth 14

16 18. The problem is ---- no one knows ---- to say to the principal. A) which / where B) why / that C) who else / whether D) that / what E) wherever / whom 19. You can cook the chicken ---- you like; it really doesn't matter to me. A) the fact that B) why C) whether D) how many E) however 20. Regardless of ---- I say, Archie spends money as if it grew on trees. A) how many B) that C) whether D) which E) what she will find a job soon is ---- is occupying Emel's mind these days. A) Where / why B) That / how C) If / that D) How / when E) Whether / what will become clear later. A) Whenever he goes to visit his family in Ireland B) When will the new owners take over the car factory C) Since the businessmen decided to buy this loss-making factory D) How the new ownership will affect the employees E) Who will the boss appoint as the new manager I am looking for is a large bookcase like the one you have in the study. A) What B) That C) Whether D) However E) Whether 24. It is commonly believed A) so scientists needn't have worked hard to prove anything B) that global warming is causing freak weather conditions C) as it is clear that we should be taking better care of our planet D) such disasters as hurricanes, floods and tornadoes that strike the earth E) whether the weather is affected by pollution of the environment 25. Have you asked the landowner ----? A) that we are not prepared to spend so much on the deposit B) why hasn't the kitchen tap been fixed yet C) who is going to pay for the repair work in the flat D) to get the contract ready before we move in E) when can we go and collect our remaining furniture there 26. I remember my graduation ball ---- I hear that tune. A) whenever B) how many C) what D) why E) who else 27. It is hard to understand ---- some people can't even stand the sight of animals. A) how many B) what C) which D) why E) who else 28. The old man didn't know ---- it was to the next village. A) elsewhere B) whenever C) who else D) how far E) how was his only wish. A) Which school will he send his son to B) Without knowing whether his wife was dead or alive C) What brand of perfume does his wife usually wear D) However he hadn't contacted the police yet E) That his daughter would be found alive and well 30. Do you know ----? A) since she was breaking the speed limit B) is the speed limit different in Belgium from that in the UK C) where can we park in Ghent town centre D) what the speed limit is in Belgium E) how far over the speed limit are we driving is the subject of a book. A) Since he fled his country in fear for Portugal over ten years ago B) Whenever he represents his country abroad C) When will his story be made public D) How he was tortured, exiled and returned to East Timor E) Every time his name is mentioned in the media 32. Esther is not sure ---- cake was brought by Yolanda, but it was probably the chocolate cake. A) that B) which C) whose D) whether E) how knocked violently on the door while I was in the bath must have been bothered about something. A) Whichever B) Whenever C) Whoever D) Whomever E) However 34. I have no idea ---- the bridge has been repaired, because I haven't been to the other side of town for a couple of weeks. A) if B) what C) which D) who E) - 15

17 Test Yourself It is widely believed ---- too much fat in your diet is extremely unhealthy. A) when B) which C) that D) where E) why 2. I didn't realise ---- weight I had put on until I saw myself in a photograph at the office party. I definitely had a double chin. A) how B) how long C) however D) how many E) how much 3. Sally has been thinking a lot lately about ---- to balance her life as a mother and teacher in the best way. A) the fact that B) whom C) whether D) how E) whatever how much she wanted to become a doctor. A) Her father underestimated B) Her mother did not agree at all C) She would go to a decent university D) She should have got better results at school E) She didn't get any support from her parents 5. Nobody really gave the poor girl a chance in life so that she could prove herself, ----? A) didn't they B) couldn't she C) could they D) did she E) did they 6. It was such a shame that they cancelled the concert because the singer had a sore throat. I was really looking forward to it, and ---- you, ---- you? A) nor were/were B) just had/hadn't you C) neither did/did D) so were/weren't E) so did/didn't 7. Does anyone know ---- the blue Volvo estate car belongs to? A) what B) that C) where D) which E) who 8. Guide books generally advise people ---- to bring to ---- country they are going to visit. A) what / whichever B) where / whatever C) who / whomever D) which / wherever E) how / whoever carved the Aztec Sun Stone was an amazing artist. A) Which B) Whoever C) Who D) Whichever E) Whomever 10. A good beekeeper knows ---- to feed the bees and ---- to get the bees ready for winter. A) what / what B) if / whether C) that / how D) when / how E) whether / if 11. I can't remember ---- people were killed in the explosion, but it was quite a few. A) how much B) how far C) how long D) how often E) how many 12. I've lost count of ---- times the children have watched their 'Toy Story' video. A) whether B) whatever C) how many D) whenever E) how much 13. I would like to know ---- bag this is because it's occupying my seat. A) how B) whom C) where D) which E) whose she wrote in reply to my question about her charity work was the most touching account I have ever read. A) Why B) Where C) What D) When E) How we rent this shop again next year depends on the amount of profit we make. A) When B) Who C) If D) Whether E) Which 16. It has been confirmed recently ---- using mobile phones can cause brain damage. A) if B) that C) what D) when E) where 17. I guessed from the shape of the package ---- my birthday present was a cassette. A) which B) what C) when D) that E) how 18. Despite the claims of a recent report, it is not known for sure ---- Detroit is the most dangerous city in the US. A) whether B) which C) how long D) how much E) where 19. Didn't they tell you ---- entrance to use? Your tickets are for section M, which is on the other side of the stadium. A) which B) where C) whom D) when E) how 16

18 20. Thomas couldn't believe ---- Clive had to walk in order to find help after his van had broken down on a mountain road. A) how many B) whomever C) wherever D) whichever E) how far 21. Because Lawrence Durrell wasn't given British nationality, he had to apply for a visa to the country ---- he wanted to go there. A) how often B) how long C) where D) whenever E) whoever 22. I'm not sure ---- sport is best for improving overall fitness. Why don't you ask the instructor at the gym? A) how B) who C) which D) when E) if he had been dieting too strictly contributed to his collapse. A) However B) What C) Who D) Where E) The fact that 24. The airline didn't explain A) that the plane will stop to get fuel B) why the plane had been delayed C) that wasn't very nice of them D) what time did we leave Heathrow Airport E) how long does it take us to get to Istanbul 25. We can't decide ---- to do at the weekend. Have you got any interesting suggestions? A) where B) how C) what D) which E) when 26. Why don't you ask Auntie Doris? I'm sure she'll know to make an apple pie. A) what B) how C) why D) which E) whom 27. In 2006, an alarming outbreak of the mumps in the US raised questions about ---- an additional vaccination would be needed. A) whom B) what C) that D) whether E) which wrote this article knows his subject. A) whatever B) whomever C) whenever D) whoever E) wherever 30. I can t tell you exactly ---- it will take me to type this report, but it can't be less than half an hour. A) what else B) what time C) however D) when E) how long 31. It's not right to talk about your personal problems with ---- you meet in the office. A) wherever B) whatever C) whenever D) whomever E) however would like to know ---- breakfast is included in the price or not. A) which B) how C) where D) when E) if 33. My uncle is mad about fishing and goes to the river he has any spare time. A) whoever B) however C) whenever D) whichever E) whatever we join them on their trip to Kenya depends on how much it will cost us in total. A) Even if B) The fact that C) Which D) Whether E) Whatever 35. Most of us know ---- the Finance Manager is totally incompetent, but for some reason, nobody challenges him at work. A) whom B) that C) what D) when E) where 36. Her daughter didn't understand A) when was she going to attend an all-girl school B) which plastic surgeon did she visit C) why she had had plastic surgery carried out on her face D) ever since her father disappeared without leaving any trace E) by the time her father has finished explaining the situation advice you have taken doesn't concern me, because I reckon ---- you will make the right choice. A) Who / that B) Which / if C) Whom / which D) What / why E) Whose / 29. My husband and I eat at the Draper's restaurant ---- we go shopping in Shrewsbury. A) whenever B) however C) wherever D) whichever E) whoever told Emily she was clever must have been joking. A) Whomever B) Whoever C) However D) Wherever E) Whatever 17

19 Examples from ÜDS-KPDS-YDS 01 [2014 Nisan YDS] 1. In September 2003, the National Book Foundation ---- that Stephen King ---- the recipient of a lifetime award. A) would be announcing / is to be B) announces / has to be C) had announced / used to be D) had been announcing / has been E) announced / would be [2011 KPSS] 2. The production of a single calorie of meat, depending on ---- it is beef or chicken, requires four to ten calories in animal feed. A) which B) if C) whatever D) how E) whether [2011 Mart ÜDS Fen-Sağlık-Sosyal Ortak] 3. Having the support of a friend can change our perception of ---- difficult an obstacle is to overcome. A) how B) what C) whatever D) when E) whichever [2010 Mart ÜDS Fen Bilimleri] 4. The remarkable feature of gases is ---- they appear to have no structure at all. A) if B) that C) when D) why E) whether [2009 Ekim ÜDS Sosyal Bilimler] 5. It is assumed ---- an educational programme should emphasize the valid aspects of the cultural and historical past. A) whereby B) since C) as D) that E) in case [2009 Ekim ÜDS Sağlık Bilimleri] 6. In the developing world, the public-sector health care infrastructure is typically overwhelmed, which is not surprising considering ---- national governments spend on health as a share of national income. A) how little B) few C) so much D) just as much E) how many [2007 Ekim ÜDS Sağlık Bilimleri] 7. Most patients want to know even bad prognoses, but a physician tells a given patient should be determined primarily by the patient, not the physician. A) how long B) how many C) how often D) how much E) how few [2007 Mart ÜDS Sosyal Bilimler] 8. The Mann-Whitney test is a procedure used in nonparametric statistics to determine ---- the means of two populations are equal. A) so far as B) so long as C) while D) since E) whether [2007 Mart ÜDS Sağlık Bilimleri] 9. Anyone who wonders ---- the newborn baby senses touch or experiences pain should watch the baby s reaction to a heel prick for a blood sample. A) whereby B) whether C) until D) in case E) what [2006 Ekim ÜDS Sosyal Bilimler] 10. For more than a decade, economists have maintained ---- the dollar was too expensive and its devaluation was unavoidable. A) whereas B) because C) that D) since E) as [2005 Aralık ÜDS Sosyal Bilimler] 11. She needs a change; she should take a holiday; but she is pretending ---- she can t afford one. A) that B) if C) whereas D) as ever E) that is [2005 Mart ÜDS Sosyal Bilimler] 12. The hard truth is that money alone, ---- form it takes, is unlikely to solve Germany's demographic problems. A) which B) what C) however D) whatever E) whoever 18

20 [2007 Kasım KPDS] 13. The World watch Institute reported last year ---- approximately four of the five McDonald s restaurants that opened every day in 2005 were outside the United States. A) if B) as C) while D) when E) that [2000 Kasım KPDS] 19. Orwell ---- at that moment that when the white man tyrant, it is his own freedom that he destroys. A) perceived / would turn B) has perceived / turned C) had perceived / has turned D) would perceive / will turn E) perceived / turns [2006 Kasım KPDS] 14. A corporation s formulation of its international strategy will greatly determine ---- it will benefit more from protectionism or from some other means for countering international competition. A) so B) as C) unless D) whether E) whereby [2006 Mayıs KPDS] little respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are still not likely to change to a republic. A) As far as B) Whatever C) Such a D) However E) Just as [2002 Kasım KPDS] 16. Indeed, the situation is such that the chairman has finally promised to implement ---- the committee recommends. A) whoever B) however C) if ever D) as ever E) whatever [2001 Mayıs KPDS] 17. Our sales are down again this month, A) and they also are B) and so are theirs C) and neither are theirs D) but theirs aren't either E) but they are too [2000 Kasım KPDS] 18. More importantly, Dobson's book is a reminder of ---- powerful and radical green thinking can be. A) ever so B) how far C) wherever D) much more E) just how [2000 Mayıs KPDS] 20. Perhaps these people are ---- ignorant to realize ---- serious a threat these fertilizers are to their health. A) more / than B) so / why C) as much / as D) too / just how E) not only / but also [1999 Kasım KPDS] 21. The telephone is at the centre of innovative technologies ---- may alter forever ---- we receive and use information. A) which / but B) so that / since C) that / how D) as / although E) whereas / in case [1999 Mayıs KPDS] 22. One gathers from the press that a large majority of the people are not in favour of the impeachment proceedings, and, frankly, I m not, A) either B) too C) also D) as well E) even so [1999 Mayıs KPDS] 23. It won t be easy to find a replacement for him, for ---- takes over is likely to meet the same fate. A) what B) which C) wherever D) whoever E) whichever [1999 Mayıs KPDS] 24. Edward Gibbon s great book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire informs us ---- mankind s predilection for faction, augmented by environmental and cultural differences, is ---- determines history. A) why / that B) as / whereby C) that / what D) how / whoever E) so that / whatever 19

21 Examples from ÜDS-KPDS-YDS 02 [2011 Ekim ÜDS] 1. Keeping track of body weight and counting calories carefully may provide objective feedback on A) whether or not fast food companies are responsible for the obesity of our children B) which of the ingredients of a sugary drink are responsible for tooth decay C) why some bacteria are harmful whereas others aren't D) what food companies do in order to steer us towards unhealthy but profitable fare E) how effective individuals are in changing their eating habits when they go on a diet [2010 Kasım KPDS] whether it is a work of high quality or just a worthless piece of writing. A) Today in Europe and America, there is a tremendous outpouring of printed books from the publishers B) The appreciation of literature is surely concerned with judgement of complete works C) The majority of works of literature are lengthy novels, plays, and poems D) Experienced literary critics can tell with some certainty from just the first paragraph of a novel E) The English language has resources which enable us to express thoughts in different ways [2010 Ekim Fen Bil.] whether the universe will continue to expand forever. A) From the discussions at the conference it has been clear B) There is evidence for the growing view C) Many scientists have conclusively proved D) A recent analysis of some galaxies has shown E) One important question is [2010 Kasım KPDS] that space and motion are relative to each other instead of being absolute. A) As early as 1905 Einstein became convinced of the equivalence of mass and energy B) Einstein s most famous theory, the principle of relativity, states C) By 1915 Einstein had proposed entirely new ways of thinking about matter, time, and gravity D) Einstein s theories paved the way for revolutionary developments in physics E) Einstein devoted much of his life to promoting peace and social justice [2010 Mart Sosyal Bil.] 5. Psychological research has made it clear in recent years A) if the goals of a whole generation of people were allowed to exceed their reach B) when each person will have been influenced by the cultural realities C) that to build hopes which cannot be realized is a sure way of creating frustration D) whether collective social goals would have been reasonable E) to what degree the expectations of people will have been realized [2010 Mart Sağlık Bil.] 6. The question whether a particular drug action is called a side effect or a desired one depends on why A) the doctor adjusts the dosage B) the drug is being taken C) the patient has to take the drug in the first place D) some drugs must be used in combination E) people must have their blood tested before taking certain drugs [2010 Mayıs KPDS] 7. In the late 1920s, many politicians were cautiously optimistic A) if the Nazis tried to eliminate the influences of American popular culture, which they regarded as an example of cultural degeneracy B) in case the Nazis, like other authoritarian governments, had used mass media as an efficient means of indoctrination and control C) that the economic troubles and political turmoil, which had been brought about by World War I, could easily be overcome D) just as one powerful influence on the artists and intellectuals of the time was neither social nor political, but scientific E) so that artists might continue to focus on subjective experiences, multiplicities of meaning, and personal expression [2009 Kasım KPDS] that bats use ultrasonic beams to follow insects through the dark. A) A group of students are experimenting B) Scientists had wondered C) A great deal of evidence needs to be gathered D) It s long been known E) Over the years, no scientist has questioned 20

22 [2009 Kasım KPDS] 9. New radiocarbon dating of fossils suggests A) that mass extinctions of mammoths and wild horses 10,000 years ago were caused by natural climate shifts B) whether humans were to blame for extensive destruction in the natural world and also for the pollution of the oceans C) how scientists began to understand clearly what dinosaurs ate and why they disappeared from the face of the Earth D) if an olive branch buried for thousands of years in volcanic ash could have revealed the fate of the great Minoan civilization on the Greek island of Thera E) when it was scientifically established that dinosaurs belonged to a large group of reptiles called archosauria [2009 Kasım KPDS] 10. In the early years of the global warming debate, there was great controversy over A) while China has been blamed for the climate crisis today B) although scientists have concluded that this warming is dangerous C) since the details of future forecasts about warming remain unclear D) that warming would be a significant problem in the decades ahead E) whether the planet was indeed warming [2009 YDS] that they can probably hear rats getting ready to surface from below ground. A) The cleverness of wolves guarantees B) Wolves possess such keen eyesight C) The noses of wolves are so sensitive D) Wolves are such annoying animals E) Wolves hearing is so sharp [2009 YDS] that their food choices do not cause animal suffering or widespread environmental damage. A) Vegetarians proudly claim B) Vegetarians have often been warned C) Vegetarians flatly refuse to admit D) Vegetarians are disappointed E) Vegetarians are embarrassed [2009 YDS] 13. After the Space Age began, engineers worked hard to figure out A) until they sent a spaceship to the Moon B) how to send people to the Moon C) when the Space Age came to an end D) even if it was difficult to understand E) unless there could be life in space outside our planet [2009 Mayıs KPDS] that the basic principle of collective ownership of rural land will remain unchanged. A) In the past, many people in China feared B) The Chinese government had already decided C) Some politicians in China took part in a debate D) The Chinese Prime Minister has stated E) Chinese peasants held a protest meeting last Sunday [2009 Mayıs KPDS] 15. New Zealand consists of two main islands and a number of smaller, outlying islands, which are so scattered A) while the country has been in the forefront in instituting social welfare legislation B) as other inhabited islands include the Chatham Islands and Great Barrier Island C) even if the North Island and the South Island are separated by the Cook Strait D) since the Maoris, who consisted of several tribes, were the first inhabitants of the country E) that they range from the tropical to the Antarctic [2009 Mart Sağlık Bil.] 16. The leukaemic tissues reproduce new cells so rapidly A) whereas common effects in leukaemia are the development of infections, severe anaemia, and a tendency to bleeding B) even if the most important effect of leukaemia on the body is the excessive use of metabolic substrates by the growing cancerous cells C) that tremendous demands are made on the body fluids for foodstuffs, especially the amino acids and vitamins D) while leukaemia is usually characterized by greatly increased numbers of abnormal white blood cells in the circulating blood E) unless leukaemic cells are nonfunctional in providing the usual protection against infection associated with white blood cells 21

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