PREFACE. TOEFL ibt, ABD deki ETS adlı şirket tarafından geliştirilen ve sınava giren kişilerin Amerikan

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2 PREFACE TOEFL ibt, ABD deki ETS adlı şirket tarafından geliştirilen ve sınava giren kişilerin Amerikan İngilizcesine hâkimiyetini okuma, dinleme, konuşma ve yazma becerileri olmak üzere 4 ana dil becerisinde sınayan dünyadaki en kapsamlı, en doğru sonuç veren ve tamamen İnternet üzerinden yapılan çok ciddi bir sınavdır. Doğal olarak gerçek TOEFL sınavına girmeden önce, bu ciddi sınava hazırlanan kişilerin çok sayıda TOEFL ibt deneme sınavı çözerek pratik yapması şarttır. Dr. Hikmet ŞAHİNER tarafından hazırlanan toplam 24 tane TAM ÖLÇEKLİ TOEFL ibt DENEME SINAVLARI VE CEVAPLARI SERİSİNİN birinci seti olan TOEFL ibt DENEME SINAVLARI SET 1 adlı elinizdeki bu kitap, işte bu pratiğe sahip olmanızı sağlayacak ve gerçek TOEFL sınavına girmeden önce uygulamanız gereken 6 tane tam ölçekli TOEFL ibt DENEME SINAVI içermektedir. Kitabın sonunda Reading ve Listening bölümlerinin cevap anahtarı, Listening bölümündeki diyalog ve akademik derslerin yazılı dökümü, Speaking ve Writing bölümlerindeki ses kayıtlarının yazılı dökümü ve Speaking ve Writing bölümlerindeki sorularda EN YÜKSEK PUAN almış cevaplar verilmektedir. Kitaptaki Listening, Speaking ve Writing bölümündeki bütün soruların ve Speaking ve Writing bölümündeki EN YÜKSEK PUAN ALMIŞ cevapların orijinal ses kayıtları yediiklim.net veya onlinetoefl.org sitelerinden indirilebilir.

3 DR. HİKMET ŞAHİNER Ankara doğumlu Dr. Hikmet ŞAHİNER Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Fakültesinden 1993 yılında Üniversite birincisi olarak (94/100) mezun oldu yılları arasında Ankara da çeşitli şirket ve kuruluşlarda İngilizce mütercimtercüman olarak çalıştı yılında Cornell Üniversitesinden yüksek lisansını aldı yılında The University of Texas at Austin Üniversitesinden yüksek lisans derecesini aldı yılında The Johns Hopkins Üniversitesinden doktora derecesini aldı. Dr. Hikmet Şahiner, 1999 yılından bu yana TOEFL, KPDS, ÜDS ve YDS sınav soruları ve bu sınavlara yönelik kurs kitapları ve materyalleri hazırlamaktadır! 2003 yılında yurda dönen Dr. ŞAHİNER Ankara da yüzyüze gruplara TOEFL, ÜDS ve KPDS Kursları vermeye başladı yılından bu yana İstanbul da TOEFL ve YDS Kurslarını veren Dr. Şahiner, yüzyüze YDS kurslarına katılamayanlar için 2003 yılında Türkiye nin İlk ve Tek Online KPDS ÜDS (YÖKDİL & YDS) ve TOEFL Kurslarını hazırladı ve halen bu kurslarını başarıyla yürütmektedir:

4 CONTENTS TOEFL ibt TEST 1 1 TOEFL ibt TEST 2 73 TOEFL ibt TEST TOEFL ibt TEST TOEFL ibt TEST TOEFL ibt TEST ANSWER KEYS & AUDIO SCRIPTS 423

5 TOEFL ibt DENEME SINAVLARI SET 1 TOEFL ibt TEST 1 1

6 READING DIRECTIONS This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English. The Reading section is divided into separately timed parts. Most questions are worth 1 point, but the last question for each passage is worth more than 1 point. The directions for the last question indicate how many points you may receive. You will now begin the Reading section. There are three passages in the section. You should allow 20 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions about it. You should allow 60 minutes to complete the entire section. 3

7 SOLUTION CAVE A cave can be defined as a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and usually large enough to permit entry by humans. Caves are formed in a wide variety of rock types by different geological processes, both mechanical and chemical, and vary in size from a single room to interconnecting passages that are miles long. There are several different types of caves: volcanic, glacial, crevice, erosion, and solution caves, the most common of which is the solution cave. It occurs in limestone, so called a limestone cave whose great size and beauty have made it a feature of public amazement and wonder. It is the action of water that forms solution caves; they can be considered part of a huge subterranean plumbing system. After a rain, water seeps into cracks and pores of soil and rock and percolates beneath the surface. Eventually some of the water reaches a zone where all the cracks and pores in the rock are already filled with water - the zone of saturation. When exposed to pure water, limestone is actually quite stable since calcite (calcium carbonate), the main mineral of limestone, is barely soluble in pure water. Rainwater, however, absorbs some carbon dioxide (CO2) as it passes through the atmosphere and even more as it drains through soil and decaying vegetation. The water, combining chemically with the carbon dioxide, forms a weak carbonic acid solution. This acid is capable of dissolving calcite. When it does, it forms a solution called calcium bicarbonate. As the calcite is slowly dissolved, cavities and passageways form in the limestone rock. The resulting calcium bicarbonate solution is carried off in the underground drainage system. It was once widely believed that caves formed near the Earth s surface above the zone of saturation - where the water moved downward through cracks and pores. This idea, however, failed to answer many questions regarding cave features. Why, for instance, are cave passages almost horizontal in places crossing folded or tilted rock structures? How would horizontal passages form at several different but persistent levels? Recent studies of the movement of groundwater have discovered the answers to these questions: the first stage in cave development characterized by the dissolving of rocks and then the formation of cavities and passageways takes place primarily just below the water table in the zone of saturation where continuous mass movement of water occurs. The second phase of development starts after the water table drops and the cavities are filled with air. The water table normally falls as the river valley deepens. Right after the calcium bicarbonate solution enters a ventilated cave through cracks in the ceiling of the cave, carbon dioxide gas is released in the same way it escapes when opening a can of soda pop. Consequently, there is drastic decrease in the acidity of the water, so the calcium bicarbonate can no longer remain as a solution. Now the process of deposition starts: the calcite is deposited as dripstones. The decorative dripstone features are called speleothems, which is from the Greek words spelaion for cave and theme for deposit. Among the most familiar are stalactites and stalagmites. The stalactites grow downward from the ceiling and are formed when drops of water slowly trickle through cracks in the roof of the cave. As each drop hangs on the ceiling, it loses carbon dioxide and deposits a film of calcite. Successive drops add ring below ring and the water drips 5

8 through the hollow center of the rings until it forms a pendant cylinder. As the water drips from the overhanging stalactites, stalagmites grow upward from the floor of the cave. Sometimes these two dripstones meet, creating large pillars with spectacular colors. Sometimes solution takes place to the extent that it is difficult for the caprock, the roof of the cave, to uphold the weight of the surface above, resulting in the collapse of the roof and the birth of a new feature, a sinkhole. There are many reports each year of people returning home from work or school to find a large hole in the ground where their house once stood. In the hope of minimizing the hazards that the sinkholes and other cave features pose, scientists are working to discover proper methods on the strength of the knowledge of the phenomena occurring inside caves. 6

9 Paragraph 2 It is the action of water that forms solution caves; they can be considered part of a huge subterranean plumbing system. After a rain, water seeps into cracks and pores of soil and rock and percolates beneath the surface. Eventually some of the water reaches a zone where all the cracks and pores in the rock are already filled with water - the zone of saturation. When exposed to pure water, limestone is actually quite stable since calcite (calcium carbonate), the main mineral of limestone, is barely soluble in pure water. Rainwater, however, absorbs some carbon dioxide (CO2) as it passes through the atmosphere and even more as it drains through soil and decaying vegetation. The water, combining chemically with the carbon dioxide, forms a weak carbonic acid solution. This acid is capable of dissolving calcite. When it does, it forms a solution called calcium bicarbonate. As the calcite is slowly dissolved, cavities and passageways form in the limestone rock. The resulting calcium bicarbonate solution is carried off in the underground drainage system. 1. Which of the following is a main agent in the formation of solution caves? (A) water (B) plumbing system (C) calcite (D) vegetation 2. The word subterranean in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to (A) complicated (B) underground (C) efficient (D) widespread 3. Which of the following makes water acidic? (A) air (B) calcite (C) carbon dioxide (D) calcium bicarbonate 7

10 4. The word it in paragraph 2 refers to (A) carbon dioxide (B) limestone (C) rainwater (D) calcite Paragraph 3 It was once widely believed that caves formed near the Earth s surface above the zone of saturation - where the water moved downward through cracks and pores. This idea, however, failed to answer many questions regarding cave features. Why, for instance, are cave passages almost horizontal in places crossing folded or tilted rock structures? How would horizontal passages form at several different but persistent levels? Recent studies of the movement of groundwater have discovered the answers to these questions: the first stage in cave development characterized by the dissolving of rocks and then the formation of cavities and passageways takes place primarily just below the water table in the zone of saturation where continuous mass movement of water occurs. 5. According to paragraph 3, why are horizontal passages formed at various but continuous levels? (A) because folded or tilted rock structures are rearranged (B) because the water table affects limestone rocks evenly (C) because the saturation zone forms above the water table (D) because rocks are dissolved mainly just below the water table 8

11 Paragraph 4 The second phase of development starts after the water table drops and the cavities are filled with air. The water table normally falls as the river valley deepens. Right after the calcium bicarbonate solution enters a ventilated cave through cracks in the ceiling of the cave, carbon dioxide gas is released in the same way it escapes when opening a can of soda pop. Consequently, there is drastic decrease in the acidity of the water, so the calcium bicarbonate can no longer remain as a solution. Now the process of deposition starts: the calcite is deposited as dripstones. 6. Which of the following marks the onset of the second stage of cave development? (A) reaction of water with carbon dioxide (B) drop of the water table (C) formation of carbon bicarbonate (D) release of carbon dioxide from water 7. Why does the author mention a can of soda pop in paragraph 4? (A) to explain how cracks in a cave form (B) to compare its components with those of calcium bicarbonate solution (C) to help readers understand how carbon dioxide gas leeks out from calcium bicarbonate solution (D) to show what elements carbon dioxide gas transforms into after calcium bicarbonate solution enters a cave 9

12 Paragraph 5 The decorative dripstone features are called speleothems, which is from the Greek words spelaion for cave and theme for deposit. Among the most familiar are stalactites and stalagmites. The stalactites grow downward from the ceiling and are formed when drops of water slowly trickle through cracks in the roof of the cave. As each drop hangs on the ceiling, it loses carbon dioxide and deposits a film of calcite. Successive drops add ring below ring and the water drips through the hollow center of the rings until it forms a pendant cylinder. As the water drips from the overhanging stalactites, stalagmites grow upward from the floor of the cave. Sometimes these two dripstones meet, creating large pillars with spectacular colors. 8. According to paragraph 5, which of the following can be inferred about stalagmites? (A) They are not as familiar as stalactites. (B) They can be found where stalactites do not exist. (C) They are composed mostly of carbon dioxide. (D) Their creation is usually preceded by the formation of stalactites. 9. According to paragraph 5, which of the following is likely to happen if stalactites and stalagmites develop excessively? (A) They will lose carbon dioxide. (B) They will form a hollow center in the cave. (C) They will be connected to each other. (D) Their weight will immediately collapse the cave. 10