PREFACE. TOEFL ibt, ABD deki ETS adlı şirket tarafından geliştirilen ve sınava giren kişilerin Amerikan

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2 PREFACE TOEFL ibt, ABD deki ETS adlı şirket tarafından geliştirilen ve sınava giren kişilerin Amerikan İngilizcesine hâkimiyetini okuma, dinleme, konuşma ve yazma becerileri olmak üzere 4 ana dil becerisinde sınayan dünyadaki en kapsamlı, en doğru sonuç veren ve tamamen İnternet üzerinden yapılan çok ciddi bir sınavdır. Doğal olarak gerçek TOEFL sınavına girmeden önce, bu ciddi sınava hazırlanan kişilerin çok sayıda TOEFL ibt deneme sınavı çözerek pratik yapması şarttır. Dr. Hikmet ŞAHİNER tarafından hazırlanan toplam 24 tane TAM ÖLÇEKLİ TOEFL ibt DENEME SINAVLARI VE CEVAPLARI SERİSİNİN üçüncü seti olan TOEFL ibt DENEME SINAVLARI SET 3 adlı elinizdeki bu kitap, işte bu pratiğe sahip olmanızı sağlayacak ve gerçek TOEFL sınavına girmeden önce uygulamanız gereken 6 tane tam ölçekli TOEFL ibt DENEME SINAVI içermektedir. Kitabın sonunda Reading ve Listening bölümlerinin cevap anahtarı, Listening bölümündeki diyalog ve akademik derslerin yazılı dökümü, Speaking ve Writing bölümlerindeki ses kayıtlarının yazılı dökümü ve Speaking ve Writing bölümlerindeki sorularda EN YÜKSEK PUAN almış cevaplar verilmektedir. Kitaptaki Listening, Speaking ve Writing bölümündeki bütün soruların ve Speaking ve Writing bölümündeki EN YÜKSEK PUAN ALMIŞ cevapların orijinal ses kayıtları yediiklim.net veya onlinetoefl.org sitelerinden indirilebilir.

3 DR. HİKMET ŞAHİNER Ankara doğumlu Dr. Hikmet ŞAHİNER Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF Fakültesinden 1993 yılında Üniversite birincisi olarak (94/100) mezun oldu yılları arasında Ankara da çeşitli şirket ve kuruluşlarda İngilizce mütercimtercüman olarak çalıştı yılında Cornell Üniversitesinden yüksek lisansını aldı yılında The University of Texas at Austin Üniversitesinden yüksek lisans derecesini aldı yılında The Johns Hopkins Üniversitesinden doktora derecesini aldı. Dr. Hikmet Şahiner, 1999 yılından bu yana TOEFL, KPDS, ÜDS ve YDS sınav soruları ve bu sınavlara yönelik kurs kitapları ve materyalleri hazırlamaktadır! 2003 yılında yurda dönen Dr. ŞAHİNER Ankara da yüzyüze gruplara TOEFL, ÜDS ve KPDS Kursları vermeye başladı yılından bu yana İstanbul da TOEFL ve YDS Kurslarını veren Dr. Şahiner, yüzyüze YDS kurslarına katılamayanlar için 2003 yılında Türkiye nin İlk ve Tek Online KPDS ÜDS (YÖKDİL & YDS) ve TOEFL Kurslarını hazırladı ve halen bu kurslarını başarıyla yürütmektedir:

4 CONTENTS TOEFL ibt TEST 1 1 TOEFL ibt TEST 2 71 TOEFL ibt TEST TOEFL ibt TEST TOEFL ibt TEST TOEFL ibt TEST ANSWER KEYS & AUDIO SCRIPTS 431

5 TOEFL ibt DENEME SINAVLARI SET 3 TOEFL ibt TEST 1 1

6 READING DIRECTIONS This section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English. The Reading section is divided into separately timed parts. Most questions are worth 1 point, but the last question for each passage is worth more than 1 point. The directions for the last question indicate how many points you may receive. You will now begin the Reading section. There are three passages in the section. You should allow 20 minutes to read each passage and answer the questions about it. You should allow 60 minutes to complete the entire section. 3

7 URBAN HEAT ISLAND An urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area with much higher temperatures than its surroundings. As population centers grow in size from village to town to city, they tend to have a corresponding increase in average temperature, which is more often welcome in winter months than in summertime. In many cities, the air temperature is, on average, 0.5 to 0.8 C higher than the surrounding non-urban areas. In winter, the average temperature difference is even greater, between 1.1 and 1.6 C. Isotherms, which are lines linking areas with the same temperature on a map, usually appear in a circular pattern with the temperature diminishing towards suburban areas, resulting in contours resembling those of an island; therefore, the phenomenon is named an urban heat island, or UHI. The reason a city area is warmer than one in the country is due to the difference between the energy gains and losses of each region. Several factors affect the comparatively higher temperature of the urban areas. First of all, a city does not have much natural vegetation. Roads, parking lots, and buildings mostly occupy a city, leaving little room for vegetation to shade buildings, block solar radiation, and cool the air by evapotranspiration, the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth s land surface to the atmosphere. In rural areas, the ground takes in solar energy during the day, and the heat evaporates moisture from plants and soil. Thus, while there is a net solar energy gain, this is compensated to some degree by evaporative cooling. This is because the concrete and asphalt are impermeable, so water runoff occurs rapidly after a rain, causing a drastic drop in the evaporative cooling rate. With little or no water to evaporate, therefore, solar energy gets absorbed by the surfaces, increasing their temperature. In addition, the city is so warm after the sun sets that it never cools down as much as the countryside around it, and so retains the heat island effect all night long. Urban areas are also affected by emissions of thermal energy associated with human activities. A human being emits roughly the same amount of heat as a 60 watt light bulb on average. Increases in the urban temperature are attributed to waste heat from such sources as home heating and air conditioning, power generation, industry, and transportation. For example, pavement and buildings trap heat during the summer, causing a city gets warmer, so that more energy is required to cool off the insides of buildings due to increased cooling demand, thereby creating additional heat output. As the ambient air temperatures increase in the city, the amount of ground-level ozone, or smog, also increases, raising public health and environmental issues. People suffering asthma or sensitive to heat are especially at risk. What is more, the canyon structure that tall buildings create enhances the warming. During the day, solar energy is trapped by multiple reflections off the buildings. This is known as the canyon effect. Also, buildings have thermal properties of conducting heat to the air: tar, asphalt, brick, and concrete are better conductors of heat than the vegetation of the rural areas. Buildings also block the wind, which inhibits cooling by convection. 5

8 However, the urban heat island effect also has some potential benefits. During the winter, the warming effect of an urban heat island may ease the cold weather in some cities. Warmer temperatures can reduce heating energy needs and may help melt ice and snow on roads. In general, however, the detrimental effects during the summertime outweigh the wintertime benefits, and most strategies for mitigating the urban heat island effect are designed to reduce the harmful summertime effects without eliminating wintertime benefits. Planting shade trees and installing reflective roofs and pavements are some of the long-term strategies for mitigating the urban heat island effect, and they help minimize the associated economic, environmental, health-related costs. In sunlight, dark colored roofs absorb heat, and the collected heat is conducted inside, increasing the demand for air conditioning. Installing highly reflective roofs deflects the sunlight and keeps the inside cooler, thereby cutting down on cool ing cost. Also, roads, parking lots, and driveways paved with dark materials like the asphalt absorb heat and exacerbate the urban heat island effect. Using reflective materials for these surfaces will increase their albedo and reduce heat absorption, thus decreasing the surrounding air temperature. Planting shade trees will reduce heat absorption by directly blocking the sunlight and shielding buildings. In addition, trees, shrubs, and other plants help reduce the ambient air temperature through evapotranspiration. When trees are planted and placed strategically in years when they have grown to full size, they can cut down on the heating and cooling cost of a typical home or office by percent on average. These trees offer additional benefits such as reductions in storm water runoff, erosion, and urban noise, just to name a few. Glossary albedo: the ratio of reflected/scattered power to incident power 6

9 Paragraph 1 An urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area with much higher temperatures than its surroundings. As population centers grow in size from village to town to city, they tend to have a corresponding increase in average temperature, which is more often welcome in winter months than in summertime. In many cities, the air temperature is, on average, 0.5 to 0.8 C higher than the surrounding non-urban areas. In winter, the average temperature difference is even greater, between 1.1 and 1.6 C. Isotherms, which are lines linking areas with the same temperature on a map, usually appear in a circular pattern with the temperature diminishing towards suburban areas, resulting in contours resembling those of an island; therefore, the phenomenon is named an urban heat island, or UHI. 1. Why does the author mention isotherms in paragraph 1? (A) to give the definition of an urban heat island (B) to introduce the derivation of the term urban heat island (C) to show the temperature pattern of urban areas (D) to compare temperatures of urban areas with those of rural areas 2. The word those in paragraph 1 refers to (A) isotherms (B) lines (C) suburban areas (D) contours 7

10 Paragraph 2 The reason a city area is warmer than one in the country is due to the difference between the energy gains and losses of each region. Several factors affect the comparatively higher temperature of the urban areas. First of all, a city does not have much natural vegetation. Roads, parking lots, and buildings mostly occupy a city, leaving little room for vegetation to shade buildings, block solar radiation, and cool the air by evapotranspiration, the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth s land surface to the atmosphere. In rural areas, the ground takes in solar energy during the day, and the heat evaporates moisture from plants and soil. Thus, while there is a net solar energy gain, this is compensated to some degree by evaporative cooling. This is because the concrete and asphalt are impermeable, so water runoff occurs rapidly after a rain, causing a drastic drop in the evaporative cooling rate. With little or no water to evaporate, therefore, solar energy gets absorbed by the surfaces, increasing their temperature. In addition, the city is so warm after the sun sets that it never cools down as much as the countryside around it, and so retains the heat island effect all night long. 3. The word impermeable in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to (A) immaculate (B) impervious (C) impertinent (D) imminent 4. Which of the following can be inferred about the evaporative cooling rate mentioned in paragraph 2? (A) The evaporative cooling rate is higher in cities than in rural areas. (B) The higher the level of solar energy, the lower the evaporative cooling rate. (C) The evaporative cooling rate is determined by the materials an area s surface is composed of. (D) The more the runoff of water, the higher the evaporative cooling rate. 5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted statement in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (A) Even after the sun sets, the city never cools down and also makes the countryside around it hot all through the night. (B) Once the sun sets, the city starts to cool down at a rate as fast as that of the countryside. (C) The urban area is too warm to cool down even after the sunset, maintaining the heat during the nighttime. (D) The temperature in urban areas is higher than that in rural areas only after the sun sets. 8

11 Paragraph 3 Urban areas are also affected by emissions of thermal energy associated with human activities. A human being emits roughly the same amount of heat as a 60 watt light bulb on average. Increases in the urban temperature are attributed to waste heat from such sources as home heating and air conditioning, power generation, industry, and transportation. For example, pavement and buildings trap heat during the summer, causing a city gets warmer, so that more energy is required to cool off the insides of buildings due to increased cooling demand, thereby creating additional heat output. As the ambient air temperatures increase in the city, the amount of ground-level ozone, or smog, also increases, raising public health and environmental issues. People suffering asthma or sensitive to heat are especially at risk. 6. Why does the author mention a 60 watt light bulb in paragraph 3? (A) to explain human contributions to the temperature increase in urban areas (B) to argue that human beings themselves are able to generate a great deal of heat (C) to introduce an alternative energy source that is replacing the existing ones (D) to show how energy consumption can be cut down by using a new energy source 7. The word attributed in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to (A) conveyed (B) taken (C) made (D) credited 9

12 Paragraph 4 What is more, the canyon structure that tall buildings create enhances the warming. During the day, solar energy is trapped by multiple reflections off the buildings. This is known as the canyon effect. Also, buildings have thermal properties of conducting heat to the air: tar, asphalt, brick, and concrete are better conductors of heat than the vegetation of the rural areas. Buildings also block the wind, which inhibits cooling by convection. 8. It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the canyon effect will NOT take place if (A) buildings are sparsely situated (B) buildings are not allowed to have air conditioners installed in them (C) buildings are constructed near watercourses (D) buildings are not made of tar, asphalt, brick, and concrete Paragraph 5 However, the urban heat island effect also has some potential benefits. During the winter, the warming effect of an urban heat island may ease the cold weather in some cities. Warmer temperatures can reduce heating energy needs and may help melt ice and snow on roads. In general, however, the detrimental effects during the summertime outweigh the wintertime benefits, and most strategies for mitigating the urban heat island effect are designed to reduce the harmful summertime effects without eliminating wintertime benefits. 9. The word mitigating in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to (A) intensifying (B) assisting (C) causing (D) lessening 10