AYRIBASIM / OFFPRINT

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1 XIII. ORTAÇAĞ VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI VE SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI SEMPOZYUMU BİLDİRİLERİ Ekim 2009 S PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIII th SYMPOSIUM OF MEDIEVAL AND TURKISH PERIOD EXCAVATIONS AND ART HISTORICAL RESEARCHES October 2009 AYRIBASIM / OFFPRINT yayına hazırlayanlar Kadir Pektaş Saim Cİrtİl Selda Özgün Cİrtİl Gökçen Kurtuluş Öztaşkin Hicran Özdemİr Erbil Aktuğ Ramazan Uykur

2 PAMUKKALE ÜNİVERSİTESİ SANAT TARİHİ BÖLÜMÜ XIII. ORTAÇAĞ VE TÜRK DÖNEMİ KAZILARI VE SANAT TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARI SEMPOZYUMU BİLDİRİLERİ Ekim 2009 S PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIII th SYMPOSIUM OF MEDIEVAL AND TURKISH PERIOD EXCAVATIONS AND ART HISTORICAL RESEARCHES October 2009 Yayına Hazırlayanlar / Editors Prof. Dr. Kadir Pektaş Yrd. Doç. Dr. Saim Cirtil Dr. Selda Özgün Cirtil Öğr. Gör. Gökçen Kurtuluş Öztaşkin Araş. Gör. Hicran Özdemİr Araş. Gör. Erbil Aktuğ Uzm. Ramazan Uykur Yayımlanan yazıların içeriğinden yazarları sorumludur. Copyright 2010, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sanat Tarihi Bölümü ISBN Pamukkale Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sanat Tarihi Bölümü Yayınları No: 1 Baskı / Printed by BİLTUR Basım Yayın ve Hizmet A.Ş. Dudullu Organize Sanayi Bölgesi 1. Cadde No. 16 Ümraniye - İstanbul/Türkiye Tel: +90 (216) Fax: +90 (216) Sertifika no: Yapım ve Dağıtım / Production and Distribution Zero Prodüksiyon Kitap-Yayın-Dağıtım Ltd. Şti. Abdullah Sokak, No: 17, Taksim, İstanbul Tel: +90 (212) Fax: +90 (212) E.posta: [email protected]

3 İÇİNDEKİLER Prof. Dr. Kadir Pektaş ın Konuşması... ix Prof. Dr. Celal Şimşek in Konuşması... xi Prof. Dr. Halil Kumsar ın Konuşması... xiii Göynük Meryem Kadın Çeşmesi ve Bekâr (Girçık=Çıkçık=Gusülhane) Hamamı Hakkı Acun... 1 Morava Okulu/Ekolü ( yy Sırbistan) Su Sultan Akülker Eskişehir, Başara Köyü Kazılarında Bulunan Bizans Dönemi Kiliseleri A. Oğuz Alp Kapadokya Bölgesi Soğanlıdere Vadisi ndeki Karabaş, Canavar ve Geyikli Kilise Duvar Resimleri ve Skepides Ailesi Feride İmrana Altun Eski Ahlat Şehri Kazısı Yıllarına Ait Sırsız Seramik Tipolojisi Göknil Arda Başur Höyük Kazısı Lüle Buluntuları Gökben Ayhan İstanbul dan Musluklu Taş Tekneler H. Örcün Barışta Öresun (Tepesi Delik) Hanı nda Temizlik ve Restorasyon Çalışmaları Ali Baş Bitlis Kalesi Kazısı Sırlı Seramikleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme Gülsen Baş Denizli / Honaz daki Tarihi Kalıntılar Üzerine Birkaç Söz Ahmet Ali Bayhan İstanbul - Heybeliada daki Mekteb-i Bahriye-i Şâhane Kışlası nın İnşaat Aşamaları Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler Z. Kenan Bilici Ahlat Underground Settlements Research Project Roberto Bixio Andrea De Pascale with the collaboration of Andrea Bixio Elisa Leger Alessandro Maifredi Mauro Traverso İrem Yalçın Edirne de Bulgar - Ortodoks Kiliseleri Yılmaz Büktel Ayasuluk ta Yeni Bulunan Kale Köşkü ve Hamamı Mustafa Büyükkolancı

4 iv Türk Türbe Mimarisinde Ender Bir Örnek: Milas Ortaköy de İkiz Türbe Ersel Çağlıtütüncigil Yüzyıldan Üç Ahşap Minber / Birkaç Soru, Birkaç Cevap Nusret Çam Gereme Panagia Kilisesi (2005 Yılı Kazı Sonuçları) Nilay Çorağan Karakaya Dönemi Ani Kazılarında Ortaya Çıkarılan İnsan ve Hayvan Figürlü Keramik Kaplar Üzerine Değerlendirmeler Yaşar Çoruhlu Alaşehir Kurşunlu Han Kazı ve Temizlik Çalışmaları Ertan Daş Balat İlyas Bey Külliyesi 2008 Yılı Kazı ve Temizlik Çalışmaları Yekta Demiralp - Şakir Çakmak Teke Yöresi Sarnıçları A. Şevki Duymaz Yeşilbağcılar (Gibye) Evleri Mustafa Ekmekçi - Sertan Atasoy Alara Kazısı Osman Eravşar Urfa Türk İslam Mimarisinde Ejder Figürünün Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme Süreyya Eroğlu Bilecik-Osmaneli de Bir Osmanlı Dönemi Rum Kilisesi: Hagios Georgios Seçkin Evcim Seyitgazi - Doğançayır Beldesinde Bulunan Melekgazi Zaviyesi Ali Gerengi Tamarra de Lempicka ve Hale Asaf / Art-Deco nun Işığı ve Özü Kıymet Giray Balat İlyas Bey Külliyesi Kazısında Ortaya Çıkarılan Seramiklerin Değerlendirilmesi ( ) Sevinç Gök Gürhan Hierapolis Martyriumu / Arkeolojik ve Mimari Analiz Güven Gümgüm Kemah Çevresinden Birkaç Urartu Kalıntısı Hamza Gündoğdu Kitabelere Taşınan İmgeler: Anadolu Selçuklu ve Osmanlı Beyliği Örnekleri Sema Gündüz Yumuktepe Pişmiş Toprak Kandilleri Eda Güngör - Gülgün Köroğlu - Ergün Laflı Bulgaristan da Az Bilinen Bir Osmanlı Eseri: Hasköy Hamamı Bahriye Güray Bandırma Eski İskele / Belediye Eski Binasının Mimari ve Fonksiyonel Özellikleri Şennur Kaya Akın Tuncer

5 v Ankara Saraç Sinan Camisi 2008 Yılı Restorasyonu Ali Kılcı Orta Asya Türk Zaman/Mekan Algısının Zara Halılarına Uzanan Yansımaları Sibel Kılıç The Külliye of Gazi Turhan Bey in the Village of Kırkkavak, District of Uzunköprü Research and Resurrection of a Disappeared Early-Ottoman Building Complex Machiel Kiel Amorium da Bulunan Yeni Veriler Işığında Bizans Dünyası nda Şarap Üretimi Oğuz Koçyiğit Bitlis Kalesi Yapıtaşlarının Jeolojik Özellikleri ve Mühendislik Problemleri Tamer Koralay Mehmet Özkul Halil Kumsar Kadir Pektaş Yumuktepe Höyüğü Kazılarından Ortaçağ Takıları Gülgün Köroğlu Hadrianoupolis ve Çevresinden Geç Ortaçağ Sırlı Seramik Örnekleri Ergün Laflı Gülseren Kan Şahin Kuşadası - Kadıkalesi / Anaia Kazısı 2009 Yılı Çalışmaları Zeynep Mercangöz Filiz İnanan Panaztepe Bizans Dönemi Sırsız Seramikleri Sinan Mimaroğlu Amasya-Harşena Kalesi ve Kızlar Sarayı Kazısı 2009 Yılı İlk Sonuçları E. Emine Naza-Dönmez Kastamonu-Kasaba Köyü Mahmud Bey Camii Kalem İşi Bezemeleri ve Osmanlı Bezeme Sanatına Etkileri Candan Nemlioğlu Tatlarin Yeraltı Şehri Demet Okuyucu Akdenizle Kucaklaşan Osmanlı Seramikleri ve Günümüze Ulaşan Yansımaları Gönül Öney Eyüp te Bir Grup Çarduvar (Açık) Türbe Hakkında Notlar Hakkı Önkal Denizli Arkeoloji Müzesi nde Yer Alan Bizans Dönemi Maden Haçlarından Bir Grup Hicran Özdemir Gökçen K. Öztaşkın Marmaray-Metro İnşaatı Sirkeci Kurtarma Kazılarında Bulunan Osmanlı Camları Üzlifat Özgümüş Yüzyılın Tanığı Afyonkarahisar Lisesi Selda Özgün Cirtil Niğde-Çamardı İlçesi ndeki Türk Mimarî Eserleri Mehmet Özkarcı Eskişehir Karacahisar Kalesi Ortaçağ Seramiklerinden Bir Grup: Yeşil ve Erguvan Lekeli Seramikler Muradiye Öztaşkın Denizli Beyliği ve Sikkeleri Hakkında Bir Araştırma Gündegül Parlar

6 vi Denizli - İlbadı Mezarlığı ndaki Selçuklu ve Beylikler Dönemi Mezar Taşları Üzerine Kadir Pektaş Denizli ve İlçelerinin (Buldan, Bekilli, Çal, Tavas Yatağan, Serinhisar, Acıpayam) Kapı Tokmak ve Kapı Halkaları Betül Savcı Bakü - Şirvanşahlar Sarayı ndaki Divanhane Yapısı Hakkında Yüksel Sayan Anadolu da Selçuklu Döneminde Niğde ve Kayseri Çevresinde Bulunan Taçkapılar Üzerine Bazı Düşünceler-I Mustafa Kemal Şahin Sepet Tipi Küpelere Bizans Anadolusu ndan Yeni Bir Yorum: Amorium Sepet Tipi Küpeleri Murat Şen Laodikeia Kuzey Bazilikası (Kilisesi) Celal Şimşek Bahadır Duman Türk İslam Sanatında Şadırvan Mimarisinin Ortaya Çıkışı Üzerine Şerife Tali Sivas Kangalağası Konağı nın 19. Yüzyıl Türk Resim Sanatı Tarihi İçindeki Yeri ve Önemi Gülsen Tezcan Hoşap Kalesi Kazısı Mehmet Top Heyet-i Edebiyye de İki Ressam: Nazmi Ziya ve Çallı İbrahim Elvan Topallı Osmaniye Ortaçağ Seramikleri Ön Değerlendirmesi Füsun Tülek Artuklu Meliki İmâdeddîn Ebu Bekr in Sikkesinde Ejder/Evren İle Mücadele İkonografisi Ramazan Uykur Gelibolu Yarımadası nda Bir Osmanlı Yerleşimi: Yenişehir (Burhan) Ali Osman Uysal Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı Saray Terzileri Teşkilatı Bahattin Yaman Bozcaada Köprülü Mehmet Paşa ve Alaybey Camileri Alptekin Yavaş Depreminden Sonra Bursa da Osman ve Orhan Gazi Türbelerinin Yeniden İnşası Doğan Yavaş Hermann Jansen in Bazı Anadolu Kentleri İçin Yaptığı Konut Tasarımları ve Denizli Örneği Mehmet Yavuz Tebrîk-Nâme-i Millî ye Göre II. Abdülhamid in İstanbul daki İmar Faaliyetleri II: Tekkeler Nurcan Yazıcı Edirne Dilaverbey Mahallesi Kurtarma Kazılarında Bulunan Erken Osmanlı Seramikleri Gülgün Yılmaz

7 AHLAT UNDERGROUND SETTLEMENTS RESEARCH PROJECT Roberto BIXIO * Andrea DE PASCALE * - ** with the collaboration of Andrea BIXIO * Elisa LEGER * Alessandro MAIFREDI * Mauro TRAVERSO * İrem YALÇIN *** Abstract In short we present the main results of three years of surveys developed on the rocky settlements in territory of Ahlat (Van Gölü, south-eastern Turkey). We have determined 16 rocky areas where we have documented worship structures excavated in volcanic rocks, mainly Christian, but also Islamic and Buddhist. We describe underground dwellings, warehouses and pigeon-lofts, too. Very important is the study on the ancient rocky water-works system and on the relating excavation techniques. At last we refer about the discovery of a third volcanic apparatus responsible of the geologic situation of Ahlat territory where the rocky settlements have been dug. Keywords: Ahlat, caves, rocky-settlements, tunnels, underground Özet Ahlat Yeraltı Yerleşimleri Araştırma Projesi Kısaca, Ahlat Bölgesi ndeki (Van Gölü, Türkiye nin Güneydoğusu) kaya yerleşimlerinde gerçekleştirilen 3 yıllık incelemenin ana sonuçlarını sunmaktayız. Burada, belgelediğimiz volkanik kayalara oyulmuş özellikle Hıristiyan, aynı zamanda Müslüman ve Budist ibadet yapılarının bulunduğu 16 kaya yerleşimi tespit ettik. Aynı zamanda yeraltı yerleşimleri, ambarlar ve güvercinlikler olduğunu da belirledik. Kayalara oyulmuş eski su tesisat sistemi ve kazı tekniklerini konu alan çalışmalar büyük önem taşımaktadır. Son olarak, kaya yerleşimlerinin bulunduğu Ahlat Bölgesi nin jeolojik durumunu belirleyen üçüncü volkanik sisteme değinmekteyiz. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ahlat, mağaralar, kaya yerleşimleri, tüneller, yeraltı By means of this work we present the development of the KA.Y.A. project ( Kaya Yerleşimleri Ahlat project Ahlat Underground Settlements Research Project ) of the Centro Studi Sotterranei of Genoa (Italy). The researches are part of the main Eski Ahlat Şehri Kazısı project directed by professor Nakış Karamağaralı of the Gazi Üniversitesi of Ankara (see Karamağaralı N. in this volume). * Centro Studi Sotterranei - Genova (Italy). ** Museo Archeologico del Finale, Istituto Internazionale di Studi Liguri sez. Finalese - Finale Ligure (Italy). *** Hacettepe Üniversitesi - Ankara (Turkey). contacts: [email protected]

8 124 Roberto Bixio Andrea De Pascale The KA.Y.A project aims to: - reconnaissance in the area, to broaden and deepen knowledge of the distribution of rock dwellings and to make a Chart of Rock Settlements of Ahlat ; - geomorphological surveys, to determine the nature and origin of rock formations in which there are man-made cavities; - exploration of underground structures identified during surveys; - excavations for the opening of tunnels / underground passages identified; - topographic surveys of the areas and of the rock dwellings; - video-photographic documentation. We want to show, shortly, the results of the missions in 2007 and 2008, with some reference to the mission of summer Before the beginning of our explorations there were six areas where underground structures were known thanks to information gathered by Haluk Karamağaralı and Beyhan Karamağaralı. During the first expedition, in 2007, the six areas have been documented and in the course of surveys were discovered two new zones, not very far from the others. In 2008, the research developed into a larger portion of territory, discovering new areas that became eleven. Today, at the end of the third expedition, the knowledge of the areas has increased by 200% compared to the situation pre Now we know sixteen zones (Dwg. 1). Those areas are mainly distributed in two river basins: the Ulu dere, and Keş deresi, with its two tributaries, the Arkınlı deresi and Gıcat deresi. The most significant discoveries concern the underground worship works. Before 2007 there was only one report on the Madavans site: a Christian monastery still in use at the end of nineteenth century, mentioned by Lynch 1, studied by Thierry 2 and Cuneo 3. Today the monasteries identified by us have increased considerably. Four confirmed and one probable, for a total of five (Dwg. 2). To these underground Christian worship works, we must add rock structures related to other religions and cultures. The most impressive structure is the Buddhist temple discovered by Professor Nakış Karamağaralı in the hill of Eski Kale, in the middle of the archaeological remains of the ancient city of Ahlat (see Karamağaralı N. in this volume). Also the Muslim religion has its underground place of prayer, still in use today. Oral sources report that this site originally was a hospital at the time of the Battle of Malazgirt (1071 AD), when the Seljuk, led by Alp Arslan, conquered this region. As mentioned, the most numerous underground worship are Christian (Dwg. 3). Interesting is Madavans or Matra Vank, the Monastery of the finger, which underground churches remain, though partially collapsed. In the pictures of the 70 and 80 of last century, shot by Thierry and Cuneo, some parts of the external masonry called zhamatun were still visible. By the comparison with actual situation we can see how fast are the morphological changes of rock sites in this region. Among the most significant rock traces of Christianity in these places there are the khatchk ar, literally stone crosses, engraved on the cliffs and on gravestones. Sometimes are visible inscriptions in Armenian language. Unfortunately are also evident the tracks, very recent, of clandestine excavations. There are many cemeteries with khatchk ar and in the case of Madavans the graves are dug in the rock. Currently we don t know if also the small rooms carved in the cliffs are tombs. Another type of rock tombs could be represented by chambers dug under the ground level with vertical wells of entrance. 1 Lynch H.F.B., 1901, Armenia. Travels and Studies, Longmans, Green and Co., London. 2 Thierry J.M., 1977, Monastères arméniens du Vaspurakan, in Revue des Études Armeniénnes, tome XII, Librairie C. Klincksieck, Paris. 3 Cuneo P., 1988, Architettura armena, tomo I e II, Roma.

9 Ahlat Underground Settlements Research Project Obviously, if the underground worship are particularly noteworthy, underground civil settlements are certainly the most common. There are numerous underground dwellings, single or grouped in villages. Often the collapse of entrances has made them similar to natural caves. The houses were made of no more than one or two rooms. But we have also identified more articulated structures, with remains that testify productive activities. In the case of Mağaralar Bezirhane (Dwg. 4) we see a large room used for stables. The same structure shows some remains of mills devices to produce oil (Fig. 1). Considering the geographical and climatic conditions, even those arising from past studies conducted by Landmann, Wick and Litt on various drilling on laminated sediments of Lake Van 4, it is possible to exclude that olive trees could be present locally: Olea and Castanea were not cultivated at Lake Van; pollen of these taxa may originate from the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea regions 5. We exclude, therefore, the possibility that the product was olive oil, in consideration, too, of the meaning of the term bezirhane, that specify a mill for certain types of herbs, while for the olive oil mill usually it is used the term yaghane. We believe that in this complex were likely treated seeds of flax (Linum sp.), or sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), or false flax (Camelina sp.). Other underground structures are great rooms used as warehouses for the storage of grain or forage (Fig. 2). They are located along the river Arkınlı, downstream of the village of Kulaksız. Domestic silos, carved into cave dwellings, used for storage of foodstuffs, are common. In Ahlat there are various types. Many are carved above the ground level, with the taking hole located at the base. Another type of rock works are various types of pigeon-lofts (dovecotes). In the village of Otluyazi, north to Ahlat, some pigeon-lofts, carved in an underground chamber, are still in use today. We are also studying roads carved into the rock, even very deeply. Many of them are characterized by little channels engraved on the floor level that we have interpreted as drainage channels that allow to walk on a sort of platform in dry condition during raining period and in the spring, when the snow melts. Talking about water, a very important role is covered by rocky and underground water systems 6. The remains of various types (underground tunnels, wells) have been identified in different valleys around Ahlat. Especially we have located at least four water systems used to supply water to Eski Ahlat, the historic town that is now dug by the team of professor Nakış Karamağaralı (Dwg. 5). The Büyük Hamam is one of the most important buildings connected to the ancient water systems. However, the remains of these aqueducts are now reduced to a few ruins. We are still try to understand the temporal and topographic evolution of these underground and rocky water systems. Not all tunnels that we have found and studied were aqueducts. Some of them are passage from a cave to another. Some other are still unknown in their use. For example we are emptying a little tunnel by the soil that occluded it completely (Fig. 3). It is particularly interesting because this underground structure allow us to introduce another subject: some of the excavation techniques used in Ahlat to build the underground structures. 4 Landmann G., Reimer A., Lemcke G., Kempe S., 1996, Dating Late Glacial abrupt climate changes in the 14,570 yr long continuous varve record of Lake Van, Turkey, in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 122, pp ; Wick L., Lemcke, G., Sturm M., 2003, Evidence of Late-Glacial and Holocene climatic change and human impact in eastern Anatolia: high-resolution pollen, charcoal, isotopic and geo chemical records from the laminated sediments of Lake Van, Turkey, in The Holocene, 13 (5), pp ; Litt T., Krastel S., Örçen S., Karabiyikoglu M., 2007, Lake Van Drilling Project: a long continental record in Eastern Turkey, in Scientific Drilling, 4, March 2007, pp Wick et al.; 2007, p Bixio R., De Pascale A., Maifredi A., Traverso M., 2008, Ahlat (Turchia): prime osservazioni sui sistemi idrici rupestri, in Opera Ipogea, 1/2 (2008), pp ; Bixio R., De Pascale A., Bixio A., Maifredi A., Traverso M., 2009, Ahlat terra di vulcani e di monasteri rupestri, in Opera Ipogea, 2 (2009), pp

10 126 Roberto Bixio Andrea De Pascale Observing the excavation signs left on the walls of that small tunnel, we can find that the technique used was the so called of opposing sides, made by two teams, one working in direction of the other, likely simultaneously. This means that the tunnel had a second entrance, yet to be discovered. Another type of technique in the excavation of a tunnel it is documented in one case in the site of Madavans. It is the technique called in open trenches. By the analysis of excavation forms outside and inside the tunnel we have reconstructed the various phases. The excavation signs also suggests the type of tools used, like long-handled pickaxe, to dig the rock above the level of the trench, and short-handled hammer for digging the trench. When the trench was finished it was covered with stone-slabs to make the tunnel and, at the end, the upper part of the trench was hided with soil. We end this short work with the most significant result of the geological surveys. Our researches undertaken in this area have focused attention on various aspects of the geology of this territory, to understand the complex phenomena that have made the existing features 7. According to different evidences, including the flow direction and geographic position of the volcanic deposits, we suggest that in this area there was a third volcanic apparatus, bigger and more ancient than the Süphan and Nemrut, the two volcanoes that now dominates the Ahlat area. It is probably a caldera or, in any case, a group of volcanic buildings, more than 25 km in diameter, standing in the area now partially occupied by lake Nazik (Dwg. 6). This third volcanic area, and not the Nemrut or the Süphan, is mainly responsible for the stratification and morphology of the valleys of Ahlat in which rocks the underground structures, that we have here documented, have been excavated. Of course the situation is much more complex than this short work shown. For example, in the Uludere canyon it seems that an ignimbritic flow, coming from Süphan, covered the bottom of the valley. The program of the next investigations will be seeking to bring more knowledge about this important area of Turkey. 7 Demirtaşli E., Pisoni C., 1965, The geology of Ahlat-Adilcevaz area (north of Lake Van), in Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Turkey, vol. 64, pp ; Degens E. T., Kurtman F., 1978, eds., The Geology of Lake Van, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), 169, Ankara; Şaroğlu F., Yilmaz Y., 1986, Geological evolution and basin models during neotectonic episode in the Eastern Anatolia, in Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Turkey, vol. 107, pp ; Akay E., 1989, Evolution of the postcollisional cratonic basins in eastern Taurus, in Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Institute of Turkey, vol. 109, pp

11 Ahlat Underground Settlements Research Project Dwg. 1 The sixteen rocky zones till 2009 located in the Ahlat province: - AH1 Harabeşehir - AH2 İkikubbe AH3 Taht-ı Süleyman AH4 Sultan Seyyid AH5 Kulaksız AH6 Arkınlı AH7 Madavans AH8 GICAT Çatalağzı AH9 GICAT Kırklar AH10 Bağdedik AH11 ULUDERE Karakum AH12 ULUDERE Köyderesi AH13 ULUDERE Malyemez AH14 Şehit Mezdan AH15 Kanlıbulak AH16 Çaçavank (Kocavank)

12 128 Roberto Bixio Andrea De Pascale Dwg. 2 Map of rocky worship structures. Dwg. 3 Plan of the underground church of S. Anania of Tkes, Bağdedik zone (1:100).

13 Ahlat Underground Settlements Research Project Dwg. 4 Plan of Mağaralar Bezirhane. Dwg. 5 Scheme of rocky waterworks systems near the ancient town of Ahlat. Dwg. 6 Scheme of the volcanic apparatus around Ahlat.

14 130 Roberto Bixio Andrea De Pascale Fig. 2 Large underground warehouse near Kulaksız (photo A. Maifredi). Fig. 1 Mangers and mill device in Mağaralar Bezirhane. (photo A. Maifredi) Fig. 3 Entrance of a small rectangular tunnel excavated straight in the cliff (photo A. Bixio). Fig. 4 Inside a large underground dwelling in Kolaların yeri (photo A. Bixio).