ÖZTUNALI 2017 AND METALLURGY SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACT BOOK

Transkript

1 ÖZTUNALI 2017 GEOARCHAEOLOGY, ANCIENT MINING AND METALLURGY SYMPOSIUM ABSTRACT BOOK Ed tors Hüsey n Öztürk and W ll am E. Brooks Istanbul Un vers ty General D rectorate of M neral Research and Explorat on Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum

2 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE Öztürk, H. and Brooks, W.E.(Eds) Öztunalı 2017 International Symposium on Geoarchaeology, Ancient Mining and Metallurgy Abstract Book, 1-2 November 2017, Istanbul, Turkey (46 pp.). ISBN: Press: Bilir Matbaacılık Ihlamurkuyu Mah. Alemdag Cad. Yeni Istanbul Çarşısı No Ümraniye/ISTANBUL All rights reserved. Citing the source can be quoted. The authors are responsible for the contents of the abstracts.

3 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Hüseyin ÖZTÜRK Istanbul University, Department of Geological Engineering,Turkey William E. BROOKS Reston, VA, USA Ünsal YALÇIN Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany Cahit DÖNMEZ General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Turkey (MTA) SECRETARIAT Zeynep CANSU Istanbul University, Department of Geological Engineering SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Cajetan G. GEIGER München, Germany Catherine KUZUCUOĞLU Paris, France Danış BAYKAN Edirne, Turkey Doğan PERİNÇEK Çanakkale, Turkey Ernst PERNICKA Heidelberg, Germany Evren YAZGAN Ankara, Turkey Gunther A. WAGNER Heidelberg, Germany Helmut BRUCKNER Köln, Germany Hristo POPOV Plovdiv, Bulgaria James ROSS Perth, Australia Mahmut DRAHOR İzmir, Turkey M. Namık YALÇIN İstanbul, Turkey Mehmet ÖZDOĞAN İstanbul, Turkey Mohammedamin EMAMI Isfahan, Iran Namık AYSAL İstanbul, Turkey Nima NEZAFATİ Tehran, Iran Nuri UZUNLAR Dakota, USA Oktay BELLİ İstanbul, Turkey Selahattin YILDIRIM Ankara, Turkey Stoyan VERGİEV Varna, Bulgaria Soroush MODABBERİ Tehran, Iran Ümit GÜDER Çanakkale, Turkey Vlademir SLAVCHEV Varna, Bulgaria

4 .. dedicated to the workers who spent their lives in the mines.

5 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Önder ÖZTUNALI ( ) Prof. Dr. Önder Öztunalı was born in 1935 in Kırklareli. After graduating from Haydarpaşa High School, he started his university education at İstanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, and he has won the state scholarship of the Turkish Republic and started to education on geology in West Germany. He has been studied Mineralogy, Chemistry and Geology at Heidelberg University. He completed his doctorate with 'outstanding achievement' award in 1960, He served as a scholarship at the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) between 1960 and While at the MTA, he worked as a "researcher" at Nancy University Laboratories in France, where he received the "State Researcher" award. In 1963 he was appointed as a full-time faculty member at İstanbul University. He became associate professor at İstanbul University in 1967 and professor in Between 1978 and 1983 he was dean of Earth Science Faculty at İstanbul University. Between he worked as a researcher, lecturer and manager at Heidelberg, Mainz, Berlin Technical and Berlin Free Universities. Between , he served as Vice Rector of İstanbul University and head of Geological Engineering Department. He became the founder rector of İstanbul Kültür University in Prof. Dr. Önder Öztunalı has been published more than one hundred scientific studies. He has won "Outstanding Achievement" award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Free University of Berlin. He has also won "Honor Doctor" award from the Chuvash State University (Russia). He used German, French and English languages at his publications. He worked on geochemistry and geochronology of the granitic rocks of Turkey and metallic mineral deposits but his true love was archaeometallurgy. In the 1980s and 1990s he worked with German group on ancient mining and metallurgy of Anatolia. He was pioneer of the archaeometallurgical studies in Turkey. Önder Öztunalı has two children. He died at Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty Hospital where he had leukemia treatment on July 21, We miss him and will always remember him.

6 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Önder ÖZTUNALI ( ) 1935 yılında Kırklareli de doğdu. Haydarpaşa Lisesini bitirdikten sonra üniversite öğrenimi İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi İnşaat Fakültesinde başlamış, devlet bursu kazanarak Batı Almanya da jeoloji eğitimine başlamıştır. Heidelberg Üniversitesi nde mineroloji, kimya ve jeoloji ağırlıklı yerbilimleri öğrenimi görmüştür yılında doktorasını üstün başarı ödülü ile tamamlamıştır. Burslusu olduğu MTA Enstitüsü nde yılları arasında görev yapmıştır. MTA da iken Fransa nın Nancy Üniversitesi Laboratuvarlarında araştırmacı olarak çalışmış ve burada Devlet Araştırmacısı ödülünü almıştır yılında İstanbul Üniversitesi ne tam günlü öğretim üyesi olarak atanmıştır. İstanbul Üniversitesi nde 1967 de doçent, 1977 de profesör olmuştur yılları arasında İstanbul Üniversitesi, Yerbilimleri Fakültesi dekanlığı yapmıştır arasında Heidelberg, Mainz, Berlin Teknik ve Hür Berlin üniversitelerinde araştırmacı, öğretim üyesi ve yönetici olarak görev yapmıştır yılları arasında İstanbul Üniversitesi Rektör Yardımcılığı ve Jeoloji Müh. Bölüm Başkanlığı yapmıştır de İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi nin kurucu rektörü olmuştur. Yüzden fazla bilimsel çalışması yayınlanmıştır. Alexander von Humboldt Vakfı ve Berlin Hür Üniversitesi Üstün Başarı ödülleri ve Çuvaşistan Devlet Üniversitesi nin Şeref Doktorası ödülünü almıştır. Öztunalı Türkçe dışında Almanca, Fransızca ve İngilizce dillerini kullanmıştır. Prof. Öztunalı, Türkiye nin metalik maden yatakları ve granitik kayaların jeokimyası ve jeokronolojisi üzerine çalışmış, ancak arkeometalurji onun esas tutkusu olmuştur ve 1990 lı yıllarda Alman çalışma grubu ile birlikte Anadolu nun arkeometalurjisi ve eski madenciliği üzerine çalışmış, olup Türkiye deki arkeometalurjik çalışmaların öncüsü olmuştur. 2 çocuk babası olan Önder Öztunalı 21 Temmuz 2004 te lösemi tedavisi gördüğü Cerrahpaşa Tıp Fakültesi Hastanesi nde hayata gözlerini yummuştur. Onu özleyeceğiz ve daima hatırlayacağız.

7 PROGRAM 1 st November 09:30-10:15 Yücel Yılmaz: Demise of Troy and Its Traces in the Western Culture (Geology-Mythology) 10:30-11:15 Ünsal Yalçın: Mining History of Anatolia SESSION I (Ali Karabulut Session) 11:15-11:35 ICP Analyses from the Cinnabar-Mercury Occurrence at Azogues (Loma Guashon), Ecuador: Availability, Retorting, and Industrial Uses, Brooks, W.E. 11:35-11:55 Mineralogical- chemical investigations on the copper ingots from Haft Tappeh (2th millennium BC), Iran, Emami, M., Zakavi, S., Modabberi, S. 11:55-12:15 New evidence on ancient precious metal mining in the Eastern Rhodopes, Popov, H., Stoychev, R., Georgiev, P., Iliev, S. SESSION II 13:15-13:35 Amalgamation and Small-Scale Gold Mining at Ancient Sardis, Turkey, Brooks, W.E., Öztürk, H., Cansu, Z. 13:35-13:55 Composition of Gold in the Sardis Placer Deposit: What was the Source of King Croesus's Gold, Banks, D.A., Bozkaya, G. 13:55-14:15 Modification of Gold in the Sardis Placer Deposit: Implications for the Source of King Croesus's Gold, Bozkaya, G., Banks, D.A 14:15-14:35 Iridium in Anatolian silver: A method to provenance silver objects, Wood, J.R., Charlton, M.F., Murillo-Barroso, M., Martinón-Torres, M. 14:35-14:55 Precious Metals & the Rise of Philip II of Macedon, Ross, J., Vaxevanopoulos, M., Melfos, V., Voudouris, P. SESSION III 15:10-15:30 Was Göltepe Gold or Tin Processing Site: A Soil Geochemistry Study, Hanilçi, N, Öztürk, H., Altuncu, S. 15:30-15:50 From the history of the familiarization of black metal in Eastern Europe, Terekhova, N.N., Zavyalov,V.I 15:50-16:10 Metallurgy and Metalwork of Underground Chamber Culture of The Kura-Araxes Tribes, Jalilov, B. 16:10-16:30 Neo-Assyrian Iron Smithing at Kinet Höyük (Turkey), Güder, Ü., Gates, M.H., Yalçın, Ü. 16:30-16:50 Preliminary Results on the Mineralogical and Petrographical Properties of Iron Slags from the Tripolis Ancient City, Denizli, SW Turkey, Özkaya,Ö.F., Bozkaya, Ö., Duman, B. 17:00-18:00 Poster Session 19:30-23:00 Symposium Dinner

8 PROGRAM 2 nd November 09:00-09:40 Oktay Belli : Investigations of Ancient Mining in Anatolia SESSION IV 09:40-10:00 Cassiterite (Tin) and Yazganite (Arsenic) Mineralization Related with Erciyes Volcanic Activities near Kültepe in Turkey and Its Implication For the Copper-Arsenic-Tin Ternary alloys, Yazgan, E., Kulakoğlu, F. 10:00-10:20 The Development of West Anatolian Metallurgy until the End of the III. Millennium BC: Resources, Production & Trade Activities, Keskin,H,L. 10:20-10:40 Threats on Slag Heaps of Ancient Turkey: Importance of Their Conservation, Öztürk, H., Hanilçi,N., Kasapçı, C.,Cansu, Z., Demiryürek, E., Dönmez, C. SESSION V 11:00-11:20 Natural Environment of the Neolithic Fikirtepe Settlement, Yalçın, M.N. 11:20-11:40 Bituminous mixtures of Hakemi Use (SE Turkey) from the Hassuna/Samarra Period ( BC): origin of bitumen, Kavak,O., Tekin, H., Connan, J. 11:40-12:00 Mining History of Balya Pb-Zn Deposit, Baştürk, A., Aydoğan, S. 12:00-12:20 Kestanbol Granite Quarry, Stone Trade in Roman period, Güngör, Y., Kasapçı, C., Yılmaz Şahin, S. SESSION VI 13:30-13:50 14 C Isotopic Age Data From Romen Mines In Develi and Yahyali, Kayseri Region, Kartalkanat, A. 13:50-14:10 Ancient Quarries inside the city limits of Smyrna/Izmir, Göncü, H.,Yolaçan, B.,Ersoy, A. 14:10-14:30 Modeling the Changes in the Surface Processes at Arslantepe (Malatya) during the Early Bronze Age-I (ca cal. BP), Arıkan, B. 14:30-14:50 Delice Valley (Corum) Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Survey, Arıkan, B. SESSION VII 15:10-15:30 New Age Findings in Ancient Mining Valley in Bolkar Mountains and First Mining Licence: Yazılıtaş, Niğde, Kartalkanat, A. 15:30-15:50 In Search of Dark Stone Sources of Mesopotamia in Southeastern Iran, Nezafati, N., Pfälzner, P., Soleimani, N.A. 15:50-16:10 Production and Circulation of Metal at the End of the Bronze Age: New Evidence from the Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck, Kuruçayırlı, E., Lehner, J., Hirschfeld, N. 16:10-16:30 Geotechnical Properties of Historical Mortar and Plaster Samples from The Şavşat (Satlel) Castle, Artvin, NE Turkey, Beyaz,T., Aytekin, O. 16:30-17:30 Poster Session

9 ORAL ABSTRACTS KEYNOTES DEMISE OF TROY AND ITS TRACES IN THE WESTERN CULTURE (GEOLOGY-MYTHOLOGY), YILMAZ, Y 1 MINING HISTORY OF ANATOLIA, YALÇIN, Ü. 3 INVESTIGATIONS OF ANCIENT MINING IN ANATOLIA, BELLI, O. 5 SESSION I ICP ANALYSES FROM THE CINNABAR-MERCURY OCCURRENCE AT AZOGUES (LOMA GUASHON), ECUADOR: AVAILABILITY, RETORTING, AND INDUSTRIAL USES, BROOKS, W.E. 7 MINERALOGICAL- CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE COPPER INGOTS FROM HAFT TAPPEH (2TH MILLENNIUM BC), IRAN, EMAMI, M., ZAKAVI, S., MODABBERI, S. 8 NEW EVIDENCE ON ANCIENT PRECIOUS METAL MINING IN THE EASTERN RHODOPES, POPOV, H., STOYCHEV, R., GEORGIEV, P., ILIEV, S 9 SESSION II AMALGAMATION AND SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINING AT ANCIENT SARDIS, TURKEY, BROOKS, W.E., ÖZTÜRK, H., CANSU, Z.10 COMPOSITION OF GOLD IN THE SARDIS PLACER DEPOSIT: WHAT WAS THE SOURCE OF KING CROESUS'S GOLD, BANKS, D.A., BOZKAYA, G MODIFICATION OF GOLD IN THE SARDIS PLACER DEPOSIT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SOURCE OF KING CROESUS'S GOLD, BOZKAYA, G., BANKS, D.A. 12 IRIDIUM IN ANATOLIAN SILVER: A METHOD TO PROVENANCE SILVER OBJECTS, WOOD, J.R., CHARLTON, M.F., MURILLO-BARROSO, M., MARTINÓN-TORRES, M 13 PRECIOUS METALS & THE RISE OF PHILIP II OF MACEDON, ROSS, J., VAXEVANOPOULOS, M., MELFOS, V., VOUDOURIS, P 14

10 SESSION III WAS GÖLTEPE GOLD OR TIN PROCESSING SITE: A SOIL GEOCHEMISTRY STUDY, HANILÇI, N, ÖZTÜRK, H., ALTUNCU, S 15 FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FAMILIARIZATION OF BLACK METAL IN EASTERN EUROPE, TEREKHOVA, N.N., ZAVYALOV,V.I.. 16 METALLURGY AND METALWORK OF UNDERGROUND CHAMBER CULTURE OF THE KURA-ARAXES TRIBES, JALILOV, B. 17 NEO-ASSYRIAN IRON SMITHING AT KINET HÖYÜK (TURKEY), GÜDER, Ü., GATES, M.H., YALÇIN, Ü. 18 PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE MINERALOGICAL AND PETROGRAPHICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON SLAGS FROM THE TRIPOLIS ANCIENT CITY, DENIZLI, SW TURKEY, ÖZKAYA, Ö.F., BOZKAYA, Ö., DUMAN, B..19 SESSION IV CASSITERITE (TIN) AND YAZGANITE (ARSENIC) MINERALIZATION RELATED WITH ERCIYES VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES NEAR KÜLTEPE IN TURKEY AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE COPPER-ARSENIC-TIN TERNARY ALLOYS, YAZGAN, E., KULAKOĞLU, F.. 20 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WEST ANATOLIAN METALLURGY UNTIL THE END OF THE III. MILLENNIUM BC: RESOURCES, PRODUCTION & TRADE ACTIVITIES, KESKIN, H, L.21 THREATS ON SLAG HEAPS OF ANCIENT TURKEY: IMPORTANCE OF THEIR CONSERVATION, ÖZTÜRK, H., HANILÇI,N., KASAPÇI, C.,CANSU, Z., DEMIRYÜREK, E., DÖNMEZ, C 22 SESSION V NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE NEOLITHIC FIKIRTEPE SETTLEMENT, YALÇIN, M.N 23 BITUMINOUS MIXTURES OF HAKEMI USE (SE TURKEY) FROM THE HASSUNA/SAMARRA PERIOD ( BC): ORIGIN OF BITUMEN, KAVAK,O., TEKIN, H., CONNAN, J. 24 MINING HISTORY OF BALYA PB-ZN DEPOSIT, BAŞTÜRK, A., AYDOĞAN, S.. 25 KESTANBOL GRANITE QUARRY, STONE TRADE IN ROMAN PERIOD,

11 GÜNGÖR, Y., KASAPÇI, C., YILMAZ ŞAHIN, S SESSION VI 14 C ISOTOPIC AGE DATA FROM ROMEN MINES IN DEVELI AND YAHYALI, KAYSERI REGION, KARTALKANAT, A 27 ANCIENT QUARRIES INSIDE THE CITY LIMITS OF SMYRNA/IZMIR, GÖNCÜ, H.,YOLAÇAN, B.,ERSOY, A 28 MODELING THE CHANGES IN THE SURFACE PROCESSES AT ARSLANTEPE (MALATYA) DURING THE EARLY BRONZE AGE-I (CA CAL. BP), ARIKAN, B 29 DELICE VALLEY (CORUM) ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY, ARIKAN, B 30 SESSION VII NEW AGE FINDINGS IN ANCIENT MINING VALLEY IN BOLKAR MOUNTAINS AND FIRST MINING LICENCE: YAZILITAŞ, NIĞDE, KARTALKANAT, A 31 IN SEARCH OF DARK STONE SOURCES OF MESOPOTAMIA IN SOUTHEASTERN IRAN, NEZAFATI, N., PFÄLZNER, P., SOLEIMANI, N.A 32 PRODUCTION AND CIRCULATION OF METAL AT THE END OF THE BRONZE AGE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE CAPE GELIDONYA SHIPWRECK, KURUÇAYIRLI, E., LEHNER, J., HIRSCHFELD, N.. 33 GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF HISTORICAL MORTAR AND PLASTER SAMPLES FROM THE ŞAVŞAT (SATLEL) CASTLE, ARTVIN, NE TURKEY, BEYAZ,T., AYTEKIN, O 34

12 POSTER ABSTRACTS MARMORA ASIATICA: PRELIMINARY RESULTS WIELGOSZ-RONDOLINO, D., GÖNCÜOĞLU, M.C., BOJANOWSKI,,M., ERKANOL, D., GŁADKI,M., JARMEK, A 35 AN EXPERIMENTAL MODELING WITH X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY, P-XRF AND SEM-EDX ANALYSES: DAGGER OF DASKYLEION KARATAK, A., AKYOL, A. A 36 CORROSION TYPES AND FORMS OF COPPER ALLOYS IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS IN ANATOLIA ÖZDEMIR,S..37 IRON IN CILICIA: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE ARCHAEOMETALLURGY IN KIZZUWATNA WORK IN PROGRESS GRABER-PESONEN,J THE BITUMINOUS MIXTURES OF KAVUŞAN HÖYÜK (SOUTHEASTERN TURKEY) FROM BC TO 1300 AD: COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS AND ORIGIN OF BITUMEN KAVAK,O., KOZBE, G., CONNAN, J...39 CONTRIBUTION OF GEOLOGICAL METHODS USED IN PRE-HISTORIC ADOBE ARCHITECTURE RESEARCHS NEOI, S., LAÇIN, D.. 40 THE USE OF GEOLOGICAL METHODS AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCHS LAÇIN, D., NEOI, S ARCHAEOGEOPHYSICAL STUDIES ON MINE SLAG FIELDS FROM URARTIANS TO TODAY IN VAN LAKE AND SURROUNDINGS YÜKSEL, F. A., DENIZ, H A MINING ADVENTURE IN THE BOLKAR MOUNTAINS: THE MADENKÖY (NIĞDE) CASE, İŞBİL, D., HANİLÇİ, N., KORAL,H BIOGEOPHYSICAL TREATMENT FOR MONITORING AND DETECTION OF CONTAMINATION EMERGED BY ANCIENT MINING ENVIRONMENT AND METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY KANLI, A. İ.. 44 MIXED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF WATER-BASED NANOFLUIDS IN A LID-DRIVEN CAVITY HEATED BY A CENTRAL SQUARE HEAT SOURCE BENSOUICI, F., BOUDEBOUS,S, AND AZIZI,M.W...45 INVESTIGATION ON HOT WORKING BEHAVIOR OF HSLA STEEL, AZIZI, M.W., DARSOUNI, A...46

13 Demise of Troy And Its Traces in The Western History And Culture (Mythology-Geology) Yücel Yılmaz E. Professor of Geology, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Türkiye ABSTRACT: Antique city of Troy is located in the northern tip of the Anatolian Peninsula close to the Dardanelles sea strait. The city represents one of the oldest settlement in the northern Aegean Region, dating back to 5000 years ago. It survived till 500 BC and then disappeared. During the long history Troy was located by the Aegean Sea, and at the cross road of the trade routes from the sea and the land. As a result of a world-wide trading it became a reach and prosperous city. Presently ruins of Troy is about 6 km far away from the sea shore suggesting that the sea retreated from this location. As the sea retreated Troy gradually lost her identity as a port city and trade centre, and its inhabitants left the city. Troy is always remembered with a wooden horse tale, which symbolises a war that is assumed to have taken place between the Akheans and the Trojans. The war is narrated in a well-known poem called Iliada, written by probably the most-read poet of all time, Homeros. According to the Tale after a 10 years long tiresome war the Akhiens using the wooden horse trick achieved to destroyed Troy. Only two groups of Trojan people enabled to escape from the burning city. According to the chronicles most of the western nations related their origins to these families. They have strong influence on the western history, art and culture. Two geological parameters played significant roles on the demise of Troy. One of them is the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). It is the most important tectonic entity of Anatolia, stretching from eastern Anatolia to the Aegean Sea. NAF generates many big earthquakes. Troy is located about 50 km away from the major branches of NAF. According to the statistical data Troy was affected from a major earthquake in every year interval. Therefore, each one of the nine cities that were unearthed in the place of Troy has been destroyed from an earthquake. The second parameter that has undoubtedly caused the demise of Troy is the Aegean extension. The Aegean Region is one of the most rapidly extending part of the earth crust. This has caused crustal stretching and elongation, which in turn generated fault-bound depressions (grabens) and elevations (horsts). Kazdağ (the historical Ida mountain) is one of the horsts. Erosional materials on the elevated lans are transported by the rivers toward the north where Troy is. They have filled the valley and caused retreat of the sea. As consequence Troy has progressively been left in the location farther away from the sea shore and thus lost her identity as a sea port. Keywords: Troy, geology, mythology 1

14 Truva nın Yokoluşu ve Bunun Batının Tarihi ve Kültüründeki İzleri (Mitoloji-Jeoloji) Yücel Yılmaz E. Jeoloji Profesörü, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye ÖZ: Truva antik kenti Anadolunun kuzey batı ucunda yer almakta olup Çanakkale Boğazına yakın bir konumdadır. Kent, kuzey Ege bölgesindeki en eski yerleşimlerden birisini temsil eder. İlk yerleşim 5000 yıl öncesine tarihlenmekte olup MÖ 500 yıl öncesine kadar varlığını korumuş, daha sonra yok olmuştur. Bu uzun sürede Troy bir kıyı kenti olup ve hem kara hem de deniz ticaret yollarının kesiştiği önemli bir konumdaydı. Çok geniş alanlara erişen bu ticaretin sonucunda kent zenginleşmiş ve refaha kavuşmuştur. Günümüzde Truvanın harabeleri denize yaklaşık 6 km uzaktadır. Bir diğer deyişle deniz bölgeden çekilmiştir. Bunun sonucunda da Truva bir liman ve ticaret kenti konumunu kaybetmiş ve terkedilmiştir. Truva denilince akla bir tahta at mitolojisi gelir. Tahta at bir savaşı sembolize eder. Sözü edilen bu savaş Akhalılarla Truvalılar arasında geçmiştir. Savaş, İliada adlı meşhur şiirde anlatılmaktadır. Şiir, belki de tüm zamanların en çok okunan şairi Homeros tarafından yazılmıştır. Efsaneye göre 10 yıl süren uzun ve yorucu harplerin sonucunda Akhalar Truvayı ele geçiremeyince bir kurnazlığa başvurmuş, bir tahta at yaparak kenti ele geçirmiş ve yerle bir etmiştir. Soykırıma da uğrayan kentten sadece iki aile kaçarak canlarını kurtarabilmiştir. Hala çok değinilen, Avrupanın eski tarih kayıt ve kitaplarına göre batı halklarının çoğunluğu kökenlerini kaçan bu Truvalılara bağlamaktadır. Batı ülkelerinin tarih, kültür, sanat ve edebiyatında bu grupların çok önemli ve kalıcı etkileri olmuştur. Jeolojik iki parametre Truvanın yok olmasında etkin rol oynamıştır. Bunlardan birincisi Kuzey Anadolu Fayı (KAF) dır. KAF Doğu Anadoludan Ege ye kadar uzanan ve ülkeyi bir uçtan bir uca biçerek geçen en önemli tektonik unsur olup büyük depremler üretmektedir. Truva, Marmara bölgesinde KAF ının ana kollarına yaklaşık 50 km uzaklıktadır. İstatistik verilere göre Truva her yıl aralıklarla KAF ın ürettiği büyük depremlerden birisinden etkilenmiştir. Truvada varlığı saptanan 9 antik yerleşimden her birisi bu nedenle depremlerden şiddetle etkilenmiş ve belki de harap olmuştur. Truvanın yok oluşunda kuşkusuz önemli rol oynayan bir diğer jeolojik parametre ise Ege Bölgesinin gerilmesidir. Bu bölge yer kabuğunun en hızlı gerildiği alanlardan birisidir. Gerilme, yerkabuğunun incelip uzamasına yol açmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak ta faylarla sınırlanan yapısal çöküntü alanları (graben) ve onları sınırlayan ince uzun sırtlar olarak beliren yükselim alanları (Horst) oluşmuştur. Kazdağ (tarihi İda Dağı) bu horstlardan birisidir. Bu yükselim alanlarının aşınması sonucu oluşan erozyon gereçleri nehirlerle Kuzeye Truvanın kenarında yer aldığı vadiye taşınmakta ve onu doldurmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak bir zamanlar bu alanları kapsamış olan deniz kuzeye doğru çekilmektedir. Bunun sonucunda Truva giderek denizden uzaklaşmış ve kıyı kenti niteliğini kaybetmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Truva, jeoloji, mitoloji 2

15 Mining History of Anatolia Ünsal Yalçın Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany ABSTRACT: The earliest metal findings in Near East are found in Anatolia, which houses very rich areas in terms of mineral deposits near the surface. The mining that develops in and around Anatolia and spreads to neighboring regions. The earliest metal findings in the Old World including West Asia and Europe are known from Pre Pottery Neolithic Period settlements dating back to the 9th and 8th millennia BC. The earliest sign of mining activity is natural (native) copper, which is annealed and forged by heating. Heating was used to shape the copper. Thus, the Neolithic masters used pyrotechnology to shape the look before the pottery production. Small objects such as copper beads and fishing hooks found in the Pottery Neolithic settlements such as Çayönü Tepesi in Eastern Anatolia, Tell Halula in Northern Syria or Aşıklı Höyük in Cappadocia Region are the first metal finding of human history. When we look at the geological structure of Anatolia, it would be surprising not to understand what was the old mining traditions. The richness of the region in terms of mineral deposits has made it possible for the people who settled here to easily reach the mines throughout history. Some of the ore deposits have native copper. In this context, Derekutuğun Pre- Historic Copper Operations in Çorum Region constitutes the most important native copper resource of the Near East. Besides, there are other ore deposites which includes native copper such as Ergani and Murgul. For this reason, it is not a surprising result that the first people groups that settled in Anatolia have not been able to meet with copper until very soon. Bright minerals were collected and used as paint before the mines were identified. The oldest observations on this subject are found in karst cavities and caverns in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic Ages. Recent multidisciplinary has reduced the uncertainties of mining history. The birth and development of Anatolian mining can be taken into consideration by dividing time into preparatory, initial, development, structuring and industrial stages. The mining, which started with the use of native copper, then develops by smelting minerals containing minerals. At the beginning, the oxidized metal minerals on the surface have collected and smelted in pots. After that, the galleries are opened and the ores in the depths have been reached. Thus, polymetallic ores are made of different contents of copper depending on the smelting and nuna. And other minerals such as gold, silver, lead and iron have added to the mineral exploration that begins with copper; thus alloys have acquired by using arsenic, tin or antimony with copper. The use of tin with copper, ie bronze production, is considered to be an important step in the history of mankind; for mankind begins to use it for the first time in making tunic tools, as well as raw materials such as stone, wood, horns and bones. Keywords: Anatolian Mining, Copper, Pyrtechnology, Mining History, Anatolia, Near East 3

16 Anadolu Madencilik Tarihi Ünsal Yalçın Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Almanya ÖZ: Yakındoğudaki en erken metal buluntular yüzeye yakın maden yatakları açısından oldukça zengin alanları topraklarında barındıran Anadolu da görülür. Anadolu ve yakın çevresinde gelişen madencilik buradan komşu bölgelere yayılır. Batı Asya ve Avrupa yı içine alan Eski Dünya da en erken metal buluntular MÖ 9. ve 8. binyıllara ait Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem yerleşmelerinden bilinir. En erken madencilik faaliyetlerinin göstergesi ısıtarak tavlanmış ve dövülmüş doğal (nabit) bakırdır. Burada bakıra şekil vermek için ısıdan yararlanılmıştır. Böylece Neolitik Dönem ustaları çanak çömlek üretiminden önce bakıra şekil vermek için piroteknolojiyi kullanmışlardır. Doğu Anadolu da Çayönü Tepesi, Kuzey Suriye de Tell Halula veya Kapadokya Bölgesi nde Aşıklı Höyük gibi Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik Çağ yerleşmelerinde ele geçen bakır boncuklar ve olta iğnesi gibi küçük nesneler insanlık tarihinin ilk metal buluntularını oluşturmaktadır. Anadolu nun jeolojik yapısına baktığımızda eski madencilik geleneneğini anlayamamak aslında şaşırtıcı olur. Bölgenin maden yatakları açısından çok zengin oluşu tarih boyunca buraya yerleşen insanların madenlere kolayca ulaşmasını sağlayagelmiştir. Söz konusu yatakların bir kısmında nabit bakır da bulunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda Çorum Bölgesi ndeki Derekutuğun Tarihöncesi Bakır İşletmeleri Yakın Doğu nun en önemli nabit bakır kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Yanısıra Ergani ve Murgul gibi önemli maden kaynakları da nabit bakır içermektedir. Bu nedenle Anadolu ya yerleşen ilk insan gruplarının çok zaman geçmeden bakırla tanışmaları şaşırtıcı bir sonuç sayılmaz. Madenler tanınmadan önce parlak mineraller toplanıp boya olarak kullanılıyordu. Bu konudaki en eski izlere Paleolitik ve Mezolitik Çağlar da karst boşluklarında ve mağaralarda rastlamaktayız. Son zamanlarda yoğunlaşan çok disiplinli araştırmalar madenciliğin geçmişi konusunda bilinmeyenleri azaltmaktadır. Anadolu madenciliğinin doğuşu ve gelişimi zaman dizinsel olarak hazırlık, başlangıç, gelişme, yapılanma ve endüstri aşamalarına ayırılarak ele alınabilinir. Nabit bakırın kullanımıyla başlayan madencilik daha sonra maden içeren minerallerin izabesi ile gelişir. Başlangıçta yüzeyde bulunan oksitli metal mineralleri toplanarak potalarda ergitilir. Daha sonraları ise galeriler açılarak derinlerdeki cevherlere ulaşılır. Böylece polimetalik cevherler ergitileye ve nuna bağlı olarak farklı içerikli bakır elde edilir. Ve bakırla başlayan madencilik serüvenine altın, gümüş, kurşun ve demir gibi diğer metaller eklenir; arsenik, kalay veya antimuan bakırla birlikte kullanılarak alaşımlar elde edilir. Bu gelişme çerçevesinde kalayın bakırla birlikte kullanılması, yani tunç üretimi, insanlık tarihinde önemli adımlardan sayılır; zira insanoğlu taş, ağaç, boynuz ve kemik gibi hammadelerin yanısıra ilk defa tuncu alet yapımında kullanmaya başlar. Anahtar Sözcükler: Anadolu Madenciliği, Bakır, Piroteknoloji, Madencilik Tarihi, Anadolu, Yakın Doğu 4

17 The Investigation of Ancient Mining in Anatolia Oktay Belli E. Professor of İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: Anatolia, which is the starting place of mining in the world, which has a historical background of 8,000 years. I would like to present our main results in the light of our archaeological surface survey on the ancient mining sites of Anatolia which covers a period of 24 years. The studies have been carried out in two stages: (1) Investigation of written documents on mining and (2) archaeological survey of the site. The written documents consist of Hittite, Assyrian, Urartu, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Syriac, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, Venetian, British and Ottoman Archive sources. In order to find out the accuracy of the information about the mining activities of the written documents, archaeological surface survey studies have been carried out in the field. As a result of the work carried out in the field, a large number of silver, lead, copper and iron smelting centers, ancient galleries, slag piles, smelting furnaces and blowers were found. These studies have showed that the tin has not been mined in Anatolia which should be an exogenic matter. Tin was imported not only in the Old Age but also in the Middle Ages and the Ottoman period. During the Ottoman period, tin was brought from the "Tin Islands" by British merchants. After our long term studies we published a book, titled "History of Tin and Bronze in Anatolia" which covers a period of 4000 years. Amasya-Gümüşhacıköy, Malatya, Keban, Gümüşhane and South of Van Lake are the most important silver mines that have been operating in Anatolia since ancient times. The most important lead mines are located in Keban and Gümüşhane. Like Cyprus, Anatolia has rich copper deposits. Kastamonu- Küre, Central and Eastern Black Sea Region, Murgul, Ergani and Siirt Madenköy that were important copper mines, which are stiil operating. Among the most important iron mines operated in the Eastern Anatolia Region are Sivas- Divriği, Bingöl-Kiği, Erzurum, Bitlis, Van-Balaban and Müküs Pürneşe. Bitlis iron ore deposit in the west of Lake Van and Balaban and Pürneşe iron mines located in the south of Lake Van, heavily operated during the period of the Urartu Kingdom (9th-6th centuries BC) which was established a very strong state in Eastern Anatolia, South Caucasus and Northwest Iran. Iron ore mining galleries, smelting centers, blower artifacts and a few thousands of tons of slag piles around the Balaban and Pürneşe that give valuable information about the production. In particular, hundreds of blowing pieces made of ceramic and giving air from the blower to the iron melting furnace indicate that Balaban and Purneşe are the oldest and largest iron smelting centers of Anatolia and the world during that time. Keywords: Anatolia, ancient mining, archaeometallurgy 5

18 Antik Anadolu Madenciliğinin Araştırılması Oktay Belli E. Profesör, İstanbul Universitesi, İstanbul, Türkiye Madenciliğin beşiği olan Anadolu, yıllık bir tarihsel geçmişe sahiptir. Anadolu nun eski madenciliği konusunda yapmış olduğumuz arkeolojik yüzey araştırması, 24 yıllık bir zaman dilimini kapsamaktadır. Çalışmalarımız, iki aşamalı yürütülmüştür: (1) Madencilik konusunda verilen yazılı belgeler (2) Arazide yapılan arkeolojik yüzey araştırması. Yazılı belgeler: Hitit, Assur, Urartu, Ermeni, Arap, Pers, Süryani, Roma, Bizans, Selçuklu, Venedik, İngiliz ve Osmanlı Arşiv kaynaklarından oluşmaktadır. Yazılı belgelerin madencilik faaliyetleri konusunda vermiş olduğu bilgilerin doğruluk derecesini öğrenmek için de, arazide arkeolojik yüzey araştırması çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Arazide yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda, çok sayıda gümüş, kurşun, bakır ve demir ergitme merkezi, eski galeri, cüruf deposu, ergitme ocağı ve üfleç bulunmuştur. Araştırma çalışmalarımız sonucunda, Anadolu da olmayan madenlerin başında kalayın geldiği anlaşılmıştır. Kalay yalnızca Eski Çağ da değil, Orta Çağ ve Osmanlı Devleti döneminde de ithal edilmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti döneminde kalay, İngiliz tacirler tarafından Kalay Adalarından getirilmiştir. Yayınlamış olduğumuz Anadolu da Kalay ve Bronzun Tarihçesi adlı kitap, 4000 yıllık bir zaman dilimini kapsamaktadır. Anadolu da Eski Çağ dan beri işletilen gümüş madenlerinin başında, Amasya-Gümüşhacıköy, Malatya, Keban, Gümüşhane ve Van Gölü nün güneyi gelmektedir. En önemli kurşun madeni, Keban ve Gümüşhane de bulunmaktadır. Kıbrıs gibi, Anadolu da, zengin bakır yataklarına sahiptir. İşletilen bakır madenleri arasında, Kastamonu-Küre, Orta ve Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi, Murgul, Ergani ve Siirt Madenköy bulunmaktadır. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi nde işletilen en önemli demir madenleri arasında, Sivas-Divriği, Bingöl-Kiğı, Erzurum, Bitlis, Van-Balaban ve Müküs Pürneşe gelmektedir. Bitlis ve Van Gölü nün güneyinde bulunan Balaban ve Pürneşe demir madenleri, M.Ö yüzyıllar arasında Doğu Anadolu, Güney Kafkasya ve Kuzeybatı İran bölgelerinde çok güçlü bir devlet kuran Urartu Krallığı döneminde yoğun olarak işletilmiştir. Balaban ve Pürneşe de bulunan demir galerileri, ergitme merkezleri, üfleç parçaları ve binlerce ton ağırlığındaki cüruf deposu, yapılan demir üretimi konusunda bilgi vermektedir. Özellikle, keramikten yapılan ve körükten çıkan havayı demir ergitme ocağına veren yüzlerce üfleç parçası, Balaban ve Pürneşe nin Anadolu ve Dünyanın en eski ve büyük demir ergitme merkezi olduğunu göstermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Anadolu, antik madencilik, arkeometalurji 6

19 ICP Analyses from the Cinnabar-Mercury Occurrence at Azogues (Loma Guashon), Ecuador: Availability, Retorting, and Industrial Uses William E. Brooks 1, 1 Reston, VA, USA ABSTRACT: ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) analyses of the Cretaceous marine sandstones at the Azogues (Loma Guashon), Ecuador cinnabar-mercury occurrence gave ppm Hg. However, this occurrence has been documented previously, for example: 1) a 1799 hand drawn map Plan del Cerro Mineral de Azogue shows numerous adits; 2) during Colonial time, Cuenca founder, Gil Ramirez Davalos was owner of the mercury mines; 3) in the late 1800s, Teodoro Wolf described well-worked adits at Guashon and samples with ½ % Hg; and more recently, 4) the Metallogenic Map of Ecuador shows the mercury occurrence at Azogues. Geological assessment of this occurrence is important to studies of availability and ancient use of cinnabar as a pigment and as a source of mercury for gold amalgamation before the arrival of the Europeans, and possibly later, for silver amalgamation, during Colonial time. Keywords: Mercury, Azogue, Amalgamation, Gold, Ecuador 7

20 Mineralogical- chemical investigations on the copper ingots from Haft Tappeh (2 th millennium BC), Iran Mohammadamin Emami 1, Soheila Zakavi 2, Soroush Modabberi 3 1 Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 2 Haft Tappeh & Chogha Zanbil World Cultural Heritage Site, Khuzestan, Iran 3 University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran ABSTRACT: The ancient site of Haft Tappeh, in south-east Iran and 20 km from the ancient city of Susa, has been occupied since the 3 th millennium BC. Archaeological research and metallurgical artifacts from Haft Tappeh demonstrate that it was a very active pyrometallurgical workshop during the middle Elamite period (2 th millennium BC). The artifacts to be discussed include fragments of copper ingots and slag which were initially excavated by Dr. E. Negahban in August The copper ingots, as products of the smelting process, are potentially powerful objects for investigation of the pyro-technological processes used in ancient world and the techniques that were used for the smelting and alloying process from raw material to the end-product metals. These artifacts were studied first using polarized light microscopy for characterization of the mineralogical and ore constituents. Petrological observation also provides information on the thermodynamics of the process. Slags were analysed by WXRF in order to determine their chemical composition. The aim of our study is to determine the elemental composition 3th millennium BC bronze as well as casting techniques. The ingots are especially high in tin (9-13 wt%). Petrological studies suggest that the slags are related to copper extractive technology based on their CaO + NaO + K2O and the amount of BaO. The amount of CaO varied considerably which is likely due to its fluxing behaviour. Keywords: Archaeometallurgy, Slag, Tin-Bronze, Haft Tappeh, Iran 8

21 New evidence on ancient precious metal mining in the Eastern Rhodopes Hristo Popov 1, Ruslan Stoychev 2, Plamen Georgiev 1, Stanislav Iliev 3 1 National Archaeological Institute with Museum Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 2 Institute of Art Studies Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 3 Regional Museum of History Khaskovo. ABSTRACT: This paper reports the results of recent archeological prospections in the Eastern Rhodope mountains of ancient precious metal mines. The excavations formed part of a long-running research program exploring the remains of ancient mining and metallurgy in the region. Geologically, the area falls within the Eastern Rhodope metallurgical zone, which is characterized mainly by the exploitation of lead-zinc deposits. However, a series of geological surveys has indicated that there is serious potential for the presence of gold as well, as besides the (полиметално-златни, - no word for this in English. Is he referring to the lead and zinc), various signs of the precious metal, as well as gold deposits themselves, have been identified. In several cases, in the region of registered mines, signs of the ancient exploitation of mineral ore were discovered. Such information was gathered from geological reports and archaeological excavations carried out by different teams in recent years. Via archeological field research and by means of a variety of interdisciplinary methods, evidence has been collected on the ancient extraction of metal near the locations of: Stremtsi, Sedefche, Chala, Popsko-Belopoltsi, Plovka, Rozino, Kamilski dol, etc. Our research reveals that some of these ore deposits were the object of interest of ancient miners. Signs of extensive mining activities of both open and underground works covered a wide area, such as ancient mines (shaft and galleries), debris of broken stones and various waste materials such as slag deposits were identified and recorded. Research into the satellite sites and structures of mines settlements, necropolis and roads, revealed important information about the reconstruction of the ancient economy of the region. The Eastern Rhodope Mountains are situated relatively near the north Aegean coast and as a region, it belongs to the hinterland and sphere of influence of important colonies such as Maroneia and Enos. During the second half of the 1st mill. B.C., together with the Odryssian kingdom and the subsequent Hellenistic kingdoms, it was one of the main economic and political centers in the region. Rich with precious metals, the region attracted great interest, and competition for the control of these critical resources was significant. Later, during the Roman Empire as well as during the Byzantine period, exploitation of the regions mineral wealth continued. The extraction of silver and gold played an important role in the regional economy and that of the biggest Roman provincial towns in the region, such as Philipopolis. The results of the archaeological research indicate that the extraction and processing of precious metals held a central place in the employment and economy of the region over an extended period of time in antiquity. The information gathered suggests that the area is eminently suitable for further archaeological research. Keywords: metal mining, Eastern Rhodopes 9

22 Amalgamation and Small-Scale Gold Mining at Ancient Sardis, Turkey William E. Brooks 1, Hüseyin Öztürk 2, Zeynep Cansu 2 1 Reston, VA, USA 2 İstanbul University, İstanbul, Türkiye ABSTRACT: In the ancient world gold was mined mainly from alluvial occurrences using gravity methods combined with the use of mercury (amalgamation), a method that is still used today in small-scale alluvial gold mines worldwide. Cyanide, which was first used in the 1880s, is used in large-scale hardrock mines to recover gold, silver, copper, and other metals from porphyry and disseminated ore deposits. Therefore, amalgamation must be considered, or specifically in the case of Sardis, reconsidered as the technology for ancient alluvial gold mining. The evidence includes: the availability of cinnabar, the ore of mercury; an ancient mercury retort; ancient use of cinnabar as a pigment and mercury for gilding and amalgamation; the very fine-grained alluvial gold at Sardis; and the composition of the end-product gold, a Byzantine coin. These all indicate that amalgamation must be considered as the mining technology that supplied gold to Sardis ancient refineries and craftsmen. Keywords: Gold, Mercury, Amalgamation, Sardis, Turkey 10

23 Composition of Gold in the Sardis Placer Deposit: What was the Source of King Croesus s Gold? David A. Banks 1, Gulcan Bozkaya 2, 1 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK 2 Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey ABSTRACT: Gold extracted from the River Pactolus in the time of King Croesus was believed to come from veins in the Menderes Massif above ancient Sardis. Analysis of the gold by SEM from the same placer shows an outer layer of pure gold resulting from bacterial deposition, a silver-deficient outer rim, and a silver-rich inner portion whose composition is representative of the original gold. This contains c.5 micron inclusions of pyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, cassiterite, ilmenite, Ni-S and Ni-Sb. The gold does not contain any Os-Ir alloy inclusions found in artifacts associated with Sardis. Previous analysis did not recognize the complexity of the gold and how elements were distributed. The outer bacterial layer contains elements from in-situ hydrothermal activity, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Nb, Sn, Sb, Pb etc ranging from 1-100ppm with Ag at a few 1000 s ppm. The Au rich rims of the primary gold grains have a simple composition with Ag at c.10,000 ppm and Cu and Hg, the other common alloy elements, at c. 10 s ppm. The inner area, true gold grain, is an alloy of Au-Ag-Hg-Cu with Ag at c. 15% and Cu and Hg at c s ppm. There are also elements reflecting the composition of mineral inclusions, Sn, Ni, As, Sb, Fe, Mn, Mo and Bi. No Os, but very occassionally miniscule Ir, Pd, Rh was found. Analyses confirms grains were Au with c.15% Ag. Os-Ir alloy grains, present in gold products, are not present in the gold, but these may have accumulated with gold in the placer environment. Analysis of grains, by SEM or EMP, would only show a Ag-deficient gold grains as other elements are largely below detection limits. The composition of gold is more indicative of a magmatic or lateritic source, not epithermal or orogenic (Menderes Massif). Keywords: Croesus, Gold, LA-ICPMS, Composition 11

24 Modification of Gold in the Sardis Placer Deposit: Implications for the Source of King Croesus s Gold Gulcan Bozkaya 1, David A. Banks 2 1 Department of Geological Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey 2 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK ABSTRACT: Sardis was famous as the location where the process of extracting silver from electrum developed, producing coins of a consistent gold value. Previous analyses of gold grains led to a number of interpretations of gold source and the processes employed. As a noble metal gold is thought of as largely inert to normal processs in the environment and therefore analyses were believed to reflect the original gold source. Placer grains, obtained from the current mining site, which was the source of the Sardis gold were examined by SEM. These are very thin, effectively two dimensional, with a porous outer texture. In the spaces, micron sized crystals of calcite, baryte and clays were precipitated from hydrothermal solutions presumably linked to current geothermal activity in the area. Their perfect preservation and small size indicates these were produced once the grains were in the placer deposit. The porous texture arises from precipitation of new gold, with no alloying elements, produced by bacterial processes. Individual bacteria, at a scale of c. 10 nanometers have been preserved in gold and are seen to have formed larger accumulations building up layers of gold on top of the original placer grains. These layers eventually recrystallise into individual gold crystals building up the porous texture. The size of the bacterial gold layer may be up to c. 100 microns. In effect the bacteria are ingesting gold in solution and excreting pure gold therby masking the true composition of the placer grains. The porus texture and the purity of gold led to interpretations that the gold at Sardis contained little silver, that there may have been gold from a silver-rich and silver poor source. The porous texture was thought to show grains in their raw state were processed to remove silver. These interpretations we have shown to be incorrect. Keywords: Croesus, Gold, Texture, Bacteria 12

25 Iridium in Anatolian silver: A method to provenance silver objects. Jonathan R. Wood, Michael F. Charlton, Mercedes Murillo-Barroso & Marcos Martinón- Torres. UCL Institute of Archaeology, UK. ABSTRACT: Trace levels of iridium in ancient silver artefacts can provide information on the sources of silver-bearing ores as well as the technologies used to extract silver. A geographically and chronologically disparate legacy dataset, comprised of Near Eastern objects from the Sasanian and Byzantine Empires (1st Millennium AD) and coins circulating around the Mediterranean in the mid-1st Millennium BC, shows that Ag-Au-Ir log-ratio plots can help identify silver derived from the same mining areas, as well as broadly differentiating between the ore types exploited. Combining trace element and lead isotope analyses through the Pb crustal age of the ore, further delimits interpretations on the compositions and locations of silver ore sources. Furthermore, it is shown that silver artefacts of Near Eastern origin have exceptionally high iridium levels, suggesting a unique silver-bearing ore source, potentially in the Taurus mountain range of southern Anatolia. The wide range of crustal ages identified for ancient Greek coins and Near Eastern objects suggest that the addition of exogenous lead as a silver collector during smelting was common practice in the Near East as early as 475BC. The practice of mixing silver from different sources has also been identified by triangulating the log-ratio subcomposition plots, Pb crustal ages of the ore from which the silver derived and absolute values of trace levels of gold and iridium in silver artefacts. Keywords: provenance, legacy data, trace elements, lead isotope analysis, iridium. 13

26 Precious Metals & the Rise of Philip II of Macedon James Ross 1, Markos Vaxevanopoulos 2, Vasilios Melfos 2 and Panagiotis Voudouris 3 1 University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia 2 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece 3 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece ABSTRACT: In just 23 years Philip of Macedon led his kingdom from a small, threatened entity in northern Greece to leadership of a Greek nation which subsequently conquered the mighty Persian Empire. Whilst the historical record may give precedence to the spectacular accomplishments of his son, Alexander III, it was the political, military and economic achievements of Philip that made them possible. Strategic vision, courage, leadership, political skills and prodigious energy were essential ingredients of Philip s success in transforming a diminished and besieged kingdom into the first European nation state. Plentiful agricultural and forestry resources in Macedonia provided a firm economic foundation for the kingdom he inherited. However, it was Philip s subsequent control and increased exploitation of the abundant precious and base metal resources in northern Greece and the Balkans which provided much of the wealth-generating power to transform his small kingdom into the most powerful in Europe - a kingdom with the wealth, leadership and capacity to change the course of world history. Most of these precious metal resources were located outside the area of <20,000 km 2 that Philip first presided over as Regent in 359 BC. At that time numerous gold, silver and copper deposits were being mined and exploited by the neighbouring Illyrians, Paeonians, Thracians, the Chalcidian League, and the many other Greek colonies. Yet by 348 BC Philip had increased the area of his kingdom four-fold and controlled at least eight mining districts, with many individual mines and significant additional resources of alluvial gold. Macedonia was then the strongest and richest state in south eastern Europe. In only six more years Philip almost doubled the previous area of his kingdom, and gained control over substantial precious metal resources in Illyria. He also exerted increasing influence over the smaller and less wealthy city states of Greece, and established a bimetallic gold and silver currency that dominated northern Greece and much of the Aegean. In the remarkable third and final stage of Philip s rule, from 342 BC until his assassination in 336 BC, he conquered the much larger area of Thrace with its rich mineral resources, unified Greece for the first time, and initiated war on Persia. His achievements within just one generation changed Greece forever and laid the political, military and economic foundation for Alexander s conquest of the Near East. Whilst Philip s exceptional attributes and leadership were the keys to his success, it was the wealth-creating capacity of the many precious metal deposits under his control that largely enabled the pursuit and achievement of his ambitions. Keywords: Philip II; Macedonia, precious metals, Thrace, Illyria. 14

27 Was Göl Tepe (Çamardı-Niğde, Turkey) Tin Or Gold Processing Site: A Soil Geochemistry Study Nurullah Hanilçi 1*, Hüseyin Öztürk 1 and Sinan Altuncu 2 1 İstanbul University, Department of Geological Engineering, 34320, Avcılar- İstanbul 2 Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Department of Geological Engineering, Niğde ABSTRACT: The Anatolia has been one of the first place of bronze usage in the Bronze period. The main disputes among the scientists is the source of tin during that time. There are valuable archaeological findings related to tin mining at Kestel and its processing in Göl Tepe site (i.g. Yener et al. 1989, Yener 2000). Despite these findings, some scientists suggested that the Kestel was mining site for gold (i.g. Muhly et al. 1991) rather than tin. The Göl Tepe is located a kilometre in south of the Celaller village (Çamardı-Niğde). The geological framework of the Celaller region is represented by Palaeozoic aged gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble (Niğde Massif), Upper Cretaceous aged Üçkapılı granite, Palaeocene- Eocene aged limestone-sandstone- clayey limestone- conglomerate, and Quaternary alluvium, respectively. The tin and gold bearing- manganese- quartz- hematite veins cut the metamorphic rocks of Niğde Massif. Palaeocene Eocene sandstone and sandy limestone crop out in and around the Göl Tepe where is the archaeological site for findings related to tin smelting. The tin background of Palaeocene-Eocene aged rocks is lower than 1 ppm. But the tin content of soil on the Göl Tepe range from 7 to 244 ppm (n=48) and these values are at least 95 times higher than the local sandstone and sandy limestone background. Furthermore, the Cu, Au, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, As and Sb enrichment factor of the soil compared to the sandstone is 3, 16.1, 5.2, 2.6, 3.11, 3.5, 20.4 and 28.3, respectively. The soil of Göl Tepe includes between 3 and 50 ppb Au showing at least 16 times enrichment with respect to local rocks. The soil of Göl Tepe showing higher Sn enrichment factor than those of local sandstone and other metals (such as Cu, Au or Pb) indicate that the Sn-bearing material has brought in elsewhere (possibly from Kestel) to the Göl Tepe and could have been smelted there during the Early Bronze Age. Tin and gold association both in the Göl Tepe soil and Kestel mine (manganese- quartz-hematite veins includes up to 249 ppm Sn amd and 1.3 ppm Au) clearly indicates that the tin-bearing raw material should have been transported from Kestel mine to the Göl Tepe hill. Keywords: Early Bronze Age, Tin smelting, Göl Tepe, Niğde References: Yener, K.A., H. Özbal, E. Kaptan, A.N. Pehlivan and M. Goodway 1989; Kestel: an Early Bronze Age source of tin ore in the Taurus Mountains, Turkey.Science 244: Yener, K.A The domestication of metals: the rise of complex metal industries in Anatolia (c B.C.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. Muhly, J.D., F. Begemann, Ö. Öztunali, E. Pemicka, S. Schrnitt-Strecker and G.A. Wagner 1991; The bronze metallurgy of Anatolia and the question of local tin sources. In G.A.Wagner & E. Pemicka (cds.), Archaeometry 90, Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag. 15

28 From the history of the familiarization of black metal in Eastern Europe Nataliya N. Terekhova 1, Vladimir I. Zavyalov 1 1 Institute of archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ABSTRACT: R. Pleiner, in his fundamental publication "Iron in archeology" outlined the probable pathways of iron industry diffusion from the primary center of ferrous metallurgy (Anatolia). We have the ability, based on archaeometallographic data to complement and develop Pleiner s thesis. Archaeometallographic data suggest that even in the earliest stages of the emergence of the black metal artifacts in Eastern Europe (the end of the II millennium BC.), there were two traditions in ironworking. The first "East European" documented by materials from the forest-steepe sites. This tradition is characterized by the use of simple technological methods such as forging items of iron or bloomery steel. Techniques to improve the working qualities of objects (carburizing, heat treatment) were not available. The second technological tradition "Caucasian" is defined by materials of the North Caucasus sites. This tradition is characterized by the use of specific treatment methods like cementation and heat treatment. These methods date back to the experience of Transcaucasian ironworking centers, where carburizing and heat treatment were known no later than the XIIth century BC. Certain traditions represent two different ways of disseminating knowledge of the ferrous industry from the primary center. The first way, "Northeast", passed through Transcaucasia and the North Caucasus. The second "Western" through the Eastern Mediterranean islands to Greece and then to the Balkans, Central and Eastern Europe. This fact requires an explanation of technological differences allocated traditions with the existence of a single source of knowledge of the black metal industry. The fact that the discovery of innovative ways of ferrous metal processing in Asia Minor dating to the end of II millennium BC. But at this time the Western links were broken by the invasion of "Sea Peoples" in XIII-XII centuries BC. Therefore, the spread of innovative technological knowledge did not occur, while the "Northeast" direction remained open. Keywords: iron industry, Eastern Europe, archaeometallography 16

29 Metallurgy of the Underground Chamber Burial Culture of the Kura- Araks Tribes, Azerbaijan Bakhtiyar Jalilov 1 1 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of ANAS Baku, Azerbaijan ABSTRACT: Our research details the metallurgy of artifacts obtained from archaeological excavations in the Early Bronze Age underground chamber graves in northern Azerbaijan. Twenty-six underground chamber graves have been excavated and metal artifacts were found in only 5 graves of the Gabala, Khankendi, and Uzunrama kurgans. These grave items include: a bronze dagger, a bronze spear head, a gold necklace, gold beads, and bronze beads. During the excavation at Uzunrama kurgans, fragments of two crucibles, metal melting pots were found. These prove the presence of an early technology associated with the underground chamber grave culture. If we consider that these ancient people were nomadic and followed seasonal routes, then we can come to the conclusion that they had access to and had knowledge of distant metal sources. However, the absence of metal artifacts in the majority of the graves may be related to other factors. Laboratory analysis [ICP] of the metal artifacts of the Uzunrama kurgans permits interpretation of the metallurgy of the underground chamber grave culture. Analysis of charcoal samples [ 14 C] taken from the underground chamber graves were dated to BC. This archaeometric research is important in understanding the early metallurgy of these unique Azerbaijan] cultures. Keywords: bronze, kurgan, metalurgy, chamber grave 17

30 Neo-Assyrian Iron Smithing at Kinet Höyük (Turkey) Ümit Güder 1, Marie-Henriette Gates 2, Ünsal Yalçın 3 1 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye 2 Bilkent University, Ankara, Türkiye 3 Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Bochum, Germany ABSTRACT: Kinet Höyük (ancient Issos), located on a narrow corridor between the seacoast of the East Mediterranean and the South Taurus mountains, is an archaeological site with 29 excavated occupational levels, starting from Early Bronze Age. The settlements at Kinet Höyük faced many military campaigns and changed hands frequently because of its strategic position with access to shipping routes, and the availability of rich mining and forestry resources. Iron smithing was one of the activities that changed the least during the transformations occurring in the region. Starting from the Neo-Assyrian period (Kinet Period 8, ca BC), iron smithing residues and smithing slags were recovered in all levels. As the subject of this study, strong evidence of iron smithing during the Neo-Assyrian period were revealed especially on the northwestern slope of the mound. It is well understood from residues coming from pits, and from pyrotechnological constructions here that production was not limited to iron smithing. For instance, locally-available basalt was cut and ground to make architectural elements and tools, but it was also found melted, forming a slag-like material. Archaometric analysis (petrography, metallography, SEM-EDS, ICP-MS, and XRD) applied to the Kinet smithing slags, iron objects, tuyeres, smithing hearth linings and basaltic slag give important information about the skills of ancient blacksmiths and the alternative usage of basalt during smithing operations. Keywords: Kinet Höyük, Iron Smithing, Slag, Basalt, Iron Age 18

31 Mineralogical and Petrographic Properties of Iron Slags from the Ancient City of Tripolis, Denizli, SW Turkey Ömer Faruk Özkaya 1, Ömer Bozkaya 1, Bahadır Duman 1 1 Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey ABSTRACT: The ancient city of Tripolis is 40 km northwest of Denizli, and is within the provincial boundaries of the town of Yenicekent, Buldan district. Tripolis, which was one of the eastern border cities of the Lydian region in the Hellenistic period, was established at the intersection of Phrgia and Karia areas, just next to the Maiandros (Çürüksu) River and was considered to have been an important commercial center due to its geographic location. A number of metal objects and slag were excavated during our investigation at Tripolis. The slags are from the Late Antique age (4-6 th centuries) and were excavated from the Arched Building, an important structure of the city. A total of 17 samples were selected from the slags extracted from four different levels of strata within the Tripolis ad Maeandrum Arched Building. These were examined using mineralogical and petrographic methods. The slag samples were initially classified into different groups according to their physical and morphological characteristics. Next, petrographic investigations were made on the thinsections and polished-block sections of the slag samples and their mineral phases were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to these studies, it was determined that the samples mainly contain iron oxides such as wustite, hematite, limonite, and silicates such as fayalite and pyroxene. The mineralogical composition of the slags suggests that the source rocks were of ultramafic origin. The charred wood residues trapped in the samples provide direct information about the type and source of the fuels used during the melting process. Keywords: Denizli, Tripolis, archaemetallurgy, archaeometry, iron slag 19

32 Cassiterite (Tin) and Yazganite (Arsenic) Mineralization Related with Erciyes Volcanic Activities near Kültepe in Turkey and its Implication For the Copper-Arsenic-Tin Ternary alloys. Evren Yazgan 1, Fikri Kulakoğlu 2 1 General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration,Ankara,Türkiye 2 Ankara University,Ankara,Türkiye ABSTRACT: ). On the northeastern part of The Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (CAVP), the Erciyes volcanic roks of Pliocene-Pleistocene-Holocene ages, which were developed in a pull apart basin, formed in response to the intra-plate extensional tectonics. The Erciyes volcanic complex is the larges and one of the youngest stratovolcanoes of the CAVP, which consist of lava flows of basalt, basaltic andesite, trachyandesite, trachyte, dacite and rhyolite with ignimbrites and pyroclastics. Discovery of the arsenic bearing tin mineralization and ancient mines within the Senir Sırtı and Zincidere areas is of fundamental importance to the history of mining and metallurgical industries in Anatolia and the Near East. Furthermore, the archaeological site of Kültepe is located within 26 km to these ore deposits and mining complexes. The archaeological copper metal and alloys excavated from Early Bronze Age contexts contain significant quantities of arsenic and tin. The Hisarcık tin mineralization in the Erciyes volcanic complex occurs as coating material on near-surface extension fracture walls. Mineralogical and petrographic analysis of the Hisarcık ore deposit is consistent with a paragenetic development of minerals bearing cassiterite (SnO2), and yazganite (NaFe³ + 2(Mg,Mn)[AsO4]3.H2O) associated with hematite ( Fe2O3), tridymite (SiO2) and secondary hydrotermal minerals such as orpiment (As2S3) and realgar (AsS). Cassiterite, Yazganite, Hematite and Tridymite are oxide minerals developed in the higher oxygen fugacity and high temperature mineralization conditions. It is hypothesized here that these associated arsenic and tin bearing minerals were first utilized to produce ternary copper-arsenic-tin alloys in Anatolia. The association of arsenic and tin together has thus a great importance for past metal technologies, because many of the first bronze alloys found at Kültepe during the Early Bronze Age contain significant concentrations of tin and arsenic together. These first chemical analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that arsenic and tin bearing ore deposits could have been used to produce ternary bronzes at Kültepe. The heterogeneity of an ore deposit in composition and in their distribution such as Hisacık, are reflected in the metal composition of copper alloys of artifacts. Pottery dating to the Early Bronze Age from the sites of Tekne Kayası and Senir Sırtı at Hisarcık, potentially the specialized production sites, suggests furthermore that utilization of the Hisarcık ores was contemporary with activity at Kültepe. The Early Bronze Age tin production such as Hisarcık have been documented much before Assyrian merchants were involved in the importation of exotic tin into Anatolia. Keywords: Cassiterite, Hisarcık, Kültepe, ternary alloys, yazganite 20

33 The Development of West Anatolian Metallurgy until the End of the III. Millennium BC: Resources, Production & Trade Activities H. Levent Keskin 1 1 Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey ABSTRACT: Ever since the discovery of the famous Trojan treasure by Schliemann in the 1870 s, Western Anatolia has become a prominent study region in a wider Anatolian and Aegean context in terms of metallurgical activities. Although Troia remained as an isolated center for a long time, recent excavations and studies have revealed that Western Anatolia reflects the most developed metalworking technology in Anatolia. A number of sites provide significant data on the metallurgical and metalworking activities started during the Late Chalcolithic Period and continuing into the Early Bronze Age. The distribution of these sites also indicates that well-developed metallurgical activities were not limited to a particular area, but spread throughout the whole region, from the Aegean littoral further to the inland zones. The metallurgical inventory of the region reflects not only the technology, but also the aesthetic level achieved by West Anatolian metalworkers, particularly during the Early Bronze Age. Typological studies of metal artefacts indicate the indigenous character of the region, as well as cultural interactions with neighbouring zones. On the other hand, metallurgical finds related to production activities give further insights on the organization and manufacturing processes of metal production, from raw material exploitation to alloying techniques. Thus, by summarizing both archaeological and archaeometric data, this paper aims to display the unique character of Western Anatolian metallurgy and its development until the end of the III. Millennium BC from a wider perspective, while particularly focusing on production stages and strategies. Keywords: Metallurgy, Metalworking, Western Anatolia, Late Chalcolithic Period, Early Bronze Age 21

34 Threats on Slag Heaps of Ancient Turkey: Importance of Their Conservation Hüseyin Öztürk 1, Nurullah Hanilçi 1, Cem Kasapçı 1, Zeynep Cansu 1, Ercan Demiryürek 2, Cahit Dönmez 2 1 Istanbul University, Geological Engineering Department, Avcılar Campus, İstanbul, Türkiye 2 General Directorate of Mineral Res&Epl., Ankara, Turkey ABSTRACT:Slag heaps give valuable information about the metallurgical technology developed by humans, smelting conditions of ores such as reduction conditions and smelting temperatures, and metal production processes such as sourcing copper from remelting copper prils. Slags are also important because of the abundance of artifacts and waste material mistakenly dropped into the slag heap such as crushing stones, shovels etc. Slags also give geophysical information about the geomagnetic field intensity at the time of their cooling (Ben Yosef et al., 2008, Shaar et al 2011). Also, the geomagnetic signature and carbon isotope data from the stratigraphic section give information on ore processingsmelting rates through time. For example, slag heaps are up to 20 m deep at the Hark deposit, Turkey, and 25 m at Skouriotissa, Cyprus (Ben Yosef et al., 2008),). Metal supply rates can be approached via this valuable data. Unfortunately, this research opportunity can be lost if the slag piles are disturbed or their original position is changed. Archaeomagnetic correlation among the slag deposits can be supported with 14C age data if any wood or charcoal remains. Despite their potential as sources of valuable data, some slag heaps in Turkey may be lost: 1. slag heaps are removed to gain agricultural land by local people, ex. Lahanos Cu slag deposit, Espiye, Giresun 2. slag material may be used on forest roads as stabilizing material, ex. Dereköy Cu slag, Kırklareli and Balya Pb slag, Balıkesir, NW Anatolia 3. slags are used for wall construction in the village by natives, ex. Eseli Cu slag, Aydınlar, Giresun 4. slag deposits may be sold because of metal content, ex. Gümüşhacıköy Cu-Ag slag, Amasya 5. construction on slag heaps, ex. Hornovil Cu slag, Divriği, Sivas 6. slag heap may be cut by modern road construction, ex. Hark Cu slag, Giresun Turkey Aside from their importance in providing archaeometallurgical data, slags are also important as part of the cultural heritage of Turkey. They illuminate the civilization and the metallurgical heritage of ancient man and must be protected. Therefore, an institutional protection and conservation strategy for these slag heaps must be prepared and public awareness projects should be implemented. Keywords: Slag, conservation, Anatolia, Turkey References: Ben- Yosef, E., Tauxe, L., Ron H., Agnon, A,. Avner, A., Najjar, M. and Elevy, T 2008: A new approach for geomagnetic archaeointensity research: insights on ancient metallurgy in the southern Levant. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: Shaar, R,, Ben-Yosef, E., Ron. H., Tauxe,L., Agnon, A. and Kessel, R. 2011: Geomagnetic field intensity. How high can it get? How fast can it change? Constraints from Iron Age copperslag. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 301 (2011):

35 Natural Environment of the Neolithic Fikirtepe Settlement M. Namık Yalçın İstanbul University, Department of Geological Engineering ABSTRACT: The Neolithic Fikirtepe settlement in Istanbul is of particular interest, as this is evidence of the Fikirtepe Culture in this region. Bones of marine and fresh-water fish found during the excavation led to the interpretation of the existence of a fresh-water lagoon near the settlement, which is also located close to the sea. The existence of such a lagoon could not be confirmed, however, only because investigations on the natural environment of this area are limited. In order to determine the natural environment of the Neolithic Fikirtepe settlement, previous studies of the geology of Holocene deposits along the Kurbağalı Dere valley, results of marine geophysical investigations to the south of the Bosporus, and some recent observations have been evaluated from an environmental geoarchaeology perspective. An age model of Holocene deposits within the Kurbağalı Dere valley was created using dating in a borehole by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectrometry. This model was then used both for the determination of depositional history and temporal distribution of foraminifera genera, which can be utilized as environmental indicators. The Neolithic episode in the Istanbul region is dated to BC. These dates coincide with a period when the stream valleys flowing into the Marmara Sea and the shores were occupied by the rising sea subsequent to termination of the last glacial period. Consequently, a drowned coastal morphology was formed. At approximately BC, the rising sea started to occupy the Kurbağalı Dere stream valley and transformed it into a gulf extending to the north of the settlement. Hence, the eastern slope of this gulf was selected by the Neolithic people because of the proximity to fresh water from the stream and accessibility to seafood, which was an important component of their nutrition. However, this paleogeographic reconstruction does not explain the source of large, fresh-water fishes like catfish; the bones of which were found in Fikirtepe excavations. It is problematic that an area wide enough for a lake does not seem to exist in the upper parts of the valley. Furthermore, the geometry of the submarine Holocene deposits to the southwest of the gulf and existence of a delta there, which was formed approximately at BC, do not support the idea of a lagoon, which was created by a sand barrier separating the gulf from the sea. If the fresh-water fishes were not obtained from a distant lake, a close source can be the upper parts of the gulf itself, if the salinity was reduced to a reasonable level by a great discharge of fresh water by the stream. In order to test whether such a transformation happened, data on the foraminifera within the Holocene sediments that were deposited in the gulf are used. In the sedimentary interval representing a period approximately from 6000 BC to 5000 BC, the benthic foraminifer species Ammonia tepida (Cushman), which indicates brackish water, was dominant. Hence, it can be inferred that in this period the water of the gulf was rather brackish. Our research has shown that the Neolithic people of Fikirtepe were living in a unique setting where they can catch fresh-water fish in the upper parts of the gulf close to the downstream of Kurbağalı Dere and catch marine fishes further to the south in the open sea. Key Words: Environmental Geoarchaeology, Fikirtepe, Istanbul, Neolithic 23

36 Bituminous mixtures of Hakemi Use (SE Turkey) from the Hassuna/Samarra Period ( BC): origin of bitumen Orhan Kavak 1, Halil Tekin 2 & Jacques Connan 3 1 Dicle University Faculty of Engineering Department of Mining Engineering Division of General Geology Diyarbakir/Turkey (corresponding author : kavakorhan@gmail.com) 2 Hacettepe University, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey 3 Laboratoire de Biogéochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France ABSCTRACT: Hakemi Use is one of the archaeological sites to be flooded by the Ilisu Dam which will be built on the Upper Tigris River. Salvage excavations were conducted since Hakemi Use belongs to the Pottery Neolithic Period. It reflects the Mesopotamian Hassuna/Samarra culture and is an important reference point for the Neolithic of the Upper Tigris region. Potsherds with bitumen patches, at inside or outside, were selected for analyses using the techniques of petroleum geochemistry and were compared to archaeological bitumen of Kavuşan Höyük (2200 BC-1300 AD). There are oil seeps in the vicinity of the area. The geochemical analysis of 8 samples show classical carbon isotopic and biomarker characteristics of bitumen elsewhere in many archaeological sites of the Near East and the Arabian Gulf. A plot of geochemical parameters for archaeological samples of Kavuşan Höyük, Hakemi Use, and oil seeps from the area reveals diagnostic features. Bitumen from Hakemi Use are generally more biodegraded than those from Kavuşan Höyük with respect to the steranes (altered order: C27<C28<C29). Both Kavuşan Mound and Hakemi Use bitumen belong to the same genetic family and their characteristics are analogous to those of Eruh oil seeps, known by two samples at different locations from the extensive oil-stained conglomerate. Comparison of crude oils from several wells in the vicinity shows that these oil seeps belong to these oils were originated from the Cretaceous carbonates of the Maastrichtian Garzan Formation. To summarize, according to the present state of our knowledge of the area, the Eruh oil seep appears as the most likely source of the Hakemi Use bituminous mixtures present on potsherds from the end of the 6th millennium BC. This bitumen has continued to be used for millennia as documented by its identification in samples from both archaeological sites Kavuşan Höyük (2250 BC and 1300 AD) and the much earlier Hakemi Use. Keywords: Bitümen, Hakemi Use, Neolitik, Organic Geochemistry 24

37 Mining History of Balya Pb-Zn Deposit Ahmet Baştürk 1, Selman Aydoğan 2 1 Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey 2 Eczacıbaşı Esan, Balya, Balıkesir, Turkey ABSTRACT: Although there is no exact information on when the Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Au mining activity in the Balya (Balıkesir) region has started, it is estimated around 500 B.C. This mine was known as Cristian mines during the Roman period in 130 B.C. In 1651, the letter written by the Kütahya State Mutasarrıfi to Balya Kadısı states that the mine is under the rule of the sultan and Bali Bey. In the Ottoman period, the place where the mine is located is known as Koca Gümüş village, which is famous for cannon ball manufacturing. In 1876, French "Riyol" companies were active. This company was granted the right to operate mine waste and slag for 99 years by the Ottoman administration. In 1892, "Societe Anonyme Ottomane de Mines de Balia-Karaadin" company was founded by Riyol to operate the silver mine in Karaadin and Balya region, and the shares were sold to the public. It is believed that the French company operated the Balya ore for about 70 years, produced 4,000,000 tons of ore in the period, produced two flotations in Balya, processed it in an excavation plant and produced about 400,000 tons of metal lead. The estimated 3,000,000-3,500,000 tons of waste material was dumped to old french flotation facility on Hastane Tepe and Mutlu plant located on Kadıköy Road (Esan Arşiv, 2002). During the French company was active, most of the operations were performed on Arı-Orta Mağara and Sarısu Sahası areas. On Hastane Tepe there were two different production sites named as Koca Mağara and Karaca Mağara. Despite the government support, the economic crisis in 1930 and the drop in lead prices put the actively working mining company in a different situation and forced it to a closure in 1939 (Akyol, 1976). Flotation and excrement (jig) wastes generated during the operation were dumped into the forest without procedure. In 1970, "Rasih and Ihsan Madencilik Şirketi" was operated on the site by changing exploration license to operating license. During this period, the economic mineral deposits in the field were processed in the lead-zinc smelter plant of "Mutlu Türker Izabe Company" established in Balya. In 2002, "Esan Eczacıbaşı A.Ş." won the and entitled to operate on old galeries in "58052" numbered area located around Arı Orta Mağara and Sarısu distirict. The licence fort he numered area, where the mining waste from French mining company is deposited, was given to "Dedeman Madencilik A.Ş.". Esan-Eczacıbaşı company, which is actively working on the site, has moved from the level 205 of the surface level to the 300 level where the mine is located by driving a gallery with a gradient of 7% with 6m * 6m gallery section. This cut was then spiraled from the upper elevations to the next elevations in a gallery at a production level of meters. Cutting fillet method is used as a production method and 40 different ore and preparations are being studied at 25 different floors. The quota that you are on is 8,12 meters and you have reached meters. Production trucks are being used as overhead trucks and 5000 tons of material is being towed daily. In the flotation plant, lead and zinc are concentrated from the excavated raw material, respectively. Keywords: Balya, mining history, Pb-Zn 25

38 Kestanbol Granite Quarry: History of Columns in Ancient Period Yıldırım Güngör, Cem Kasapçı, Sabah Yılmaz Şahin İstanbul Üniversity, Dept of Geological Engineering, Avcılar, İstanbul ABSTRACT: Granitic rocks are being used as building and ornamental stone since historical times because of their slowly magmatic crystallization in depth and different colour. These features are reflection of their petrographical, physical and mechanical properties such as mineralogical composition, color, texture and strength. The Kestanbol granite is situated western part of Ezine village, south of Çanakkale, Turkey. These rocks have Early Miocene age, monzonitic-quartz monzonitic and granitic composition, pinkish-grey coloured, medium-coarse grained granular some areas porphyritic textured, high-k-calk-alkaline, I-type granite character. The Kestanbol granite includes mafic magmatic enclaves (MMEs) and cutting by felsic and mafic vein rocks. The Kestanbol granite intruded regionally metamorphosed basement rocks. Volcanic and volcano-clastic sedimentary rocks overlie the pluton, which is bounded in the western and eastern part of the pluton by major faults. Kestanbol antic granite quarries are located in surrounding area of Çığrı Mountain in Koçali village. Major ones are named Troas (Tiikiini Tepe) quarry and Yeditaşlar (Koçali ) quarry. These quarries were probably abandoned while moving out of the columns from the quarries to the port. The Taşlı Tepe, Çamtaşlar, Kayacık and Troas (Tilkiini Tepe) II are actively operated quarries at the present time. Other than those, in nearby Yaylacık Village, İgde Kaya and Ebe Çeşme, there are also ancient columns (Güngör et al., 2012) In this study, Present-day conditions of the quarries and production methods of ancient columns in Kestanbol granite have been investigated and given used of them export destinations and the usage areas. Ketanbol granite quarries belonging to Roman period spread to whole Troas region. Granite columns especially were sent to Near East, Northern Africa and every side of Mediterranean as of 2nd century. They were used in Palmyra, Helicpolis (Baalbek) on the East and in Arles and Tarragona in Smyrna and Ephesus agora, in many cities of Anatolia, in the Roman Empire's magnificent buildings in Rome, Ostia, Ravenna and Aquileia in Italy on the West (Lazzarini,1987). Some researches in the recent period show that these quarries on the Çığrı Mountain have been used Neandria antique city since the archaic era (B.C. 8.century) and the Alexandria Troas at the beginning of the Hellenistic Era. Keywords: Granite columns, Pillar Quarry, Kestanbol, Troas, Roman Period References: Lazzarini L (1987). I Graniti dei Monumenti Italiani e i loro Problemi di Deterioramento. In: Bueca A, Tabasso ML, editors. Materiali lapidei: problemi relativi allo studio del degrado e della conservazione. 1st ed. Rome, Italy: Zecca dello Stato, pp (in Italian). Gungor, Y., Başaran, E., Kasapçı, C., Kestanbol (Çanakkale - NW Turkey) Granite Pillar Quarry. 12.International Multidisplinary Scientific Geoconferance, Porceedings,

39 14 C Isotopic Age Data From Roman Mines In Develi And Yahyali, Kayseri Region, Turkey Ahmet Kartalkanat General Directorate of Mineral Res&Epl., Ankara, Turkey ABSTRACT: Several Pb Zn and Fe ore deposits exist in the region of Develi, Yahali, and Kayseri (SW) Turkey. Because the Zamantı River crosses this region from NE to SW, this broad area is called the Zamantı Pb-Zn Belt. This study is a part of the Ancient Mining in Anatolia project. Mining operations in the region likely began in the Hatti period of the Bronze Age but no archaeological evidence has thus far been presented. These ancient mines are generally referred to as Roman Ores without taking into account when mining actually took place. Samples were collected from an ancient Fe mine for approximately 30 m beginning at the entrance to the adit. One of the samples was coalification of the wood. This coalification of the wood sample was analyzed ( 14 C) in the ETH Zurich Laboratory, Ion Beam Physics Radiocarbon Dating facility. The isotopic age was 790 ±30 years [before present] and indicates that this fragment of a wooden beam used as part of a mine support structure was used between ac, in Byzantium period. Another coalification of the wood sample was taken from the slag from an Fe mine in the Kayaağıl region of Kayseri, Yahyalı, Yenice Village. This sample was analyzed in the same laboratory and its isotopic age was 240 ±30 years before present. This age indicates the Ottoman Empire, between ac. These data indicate that these Pb-Zn and Fe mines were operational during the Byzantium and Ottoman period, maybe with some time gap. Some of these mines are still in production. Keywords: Kayseri, Roman Mines, peace of the coalification, 14 C isotopic age, Byzantium and Ottoman period. 27

40 Ancient Quarries inside the city limits of Smyrna/Izmir Hakan Göncü, Burak Yolaçan, Akın Ersoy Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir, Türkiye ABSTRACT: After the Persian Campaign of Alexander III of Macedon, a new era of urbanism and rebuilding started in most of Anatolia. Among these is Smyrna which was rebuilt on a new spot after the Iron Age city gradually fell to ruin and was deserted. This new city was planned on the slopes of Pagos Hill (Kadifekale) facing the sea with a grid plan. Excavations and research in the city show that the building stone was primarily sourced from quarries inside the city. One of these quarries was on Pagos and building stone for the defensive structures of the Akropolis of the city were sourced from this quarry. Primary building stone of the Akropolis is the local andesite that was sourced from the quarries on the northern and eastern slopes of the Pagos Hill. Another quarry was on the western slope of the Gürçeşme District directly south across from Pagos. These quarries also provided building stone for the defensive structures of the Akropolis. Quarries inside the city also must have provided building stone to the big, public projects of the city such as the Bouleuterion, Theater and various buildings in the Agora. One of these quarries is located in the Asansör District provided andesite whereas other quarries located in Limontepe District provided limestone and conglomerate. Quarries inside the city limit that we believe are essential in understanding the urbanism and building projects in Smyrna will be identified, documented, and studied according to their location, lithology, and will be correlated to the buildings wherever possible. Keywords: Smyrna, quarry, building stone, archaeology, andesite 28

41 Modeling the Changes in the Surface Processes at Arslantepe (Malatya, Turkey) during the Early Bronze Age-I (ca cal. BP) Bülent Arıkan 1 1 Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: The surface processes (i.e., erosion and deposition) constitute an important part of geomorphological research. As processes that are directly affected by human activities such as agricultural and pastoral land use as well as deforestation for production methods, understanding how surface processes change in relation to natural (i.e., climate) and anthropogenic (e.g., land use) factors are important in contextualizing the changes in surface processes both in time and space. Agent-based modeling of land use not only illustrates how ancient production mechanisms evolve but such models also have the power to reconstruct changes in spatio-temporal changes in the dynamics of surface processes in relation with the changes in climatic conditions and varying type and intensity of human land use. Estimating the changes in rates of erosion and deposition is important as these might have impacted the production capacities of ancient societies. Early Bronze Age-I at Arslantepe in eastern Anatolia represents a time period when the paleoclimatic dynamics changed towards more arid conditions while the economy of the site shifted from intensive irrigation farming to site-tethered pastoralism. Concurrently, the social organization moved from hierarchic to heterarchic structure. Extensive geoarchaeological research around the site suggests low rate of sediment deposition for this phase. Under more arid climatic conditions, it is expected that various modes of land use would have different impacts on the surface processes. The results of numerous scenarios tested in agent-based models at Arslantepe during the Early Bronze Age-I show that the rates of erosion and deposition change as patterns of precipitation and the mode of land use change. The results of simulations prove that the shift in economic and social organization alleviated the environmental disturbance that the residents of Arslantepe were faced with at the onset of the Middle Holocene. Keywords: surface processes, Arslantepe, agent-based modeling, land use, social organization 29

42 Delice Valley (Corum, Turkey) Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Survey Bülent Arıkan 1 1 Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: Delice Valley in western Corum, Turkey constitutes an important area for its geomorphology, archaeology, and natural resources. An Oligocene peneplain in geological terms, this ancient lake or marine bed has been eroded by wind and water for millennia. Today, Delice Valley is the textbook example of badlands in geomorphological terms. The major drainage system is Delice River, which has a braided system and may change course depending on geological and hydrological conditions. Significant erosion continues even today due to intensive agriculture and herding. In terms of natural resources, the copper and salt mines of the region stand out. Archaeologically, the region has been investigated since late 19 th century. More intensive and scientific archaeological research has been done since the beginning of 21 st century. Extensive surveys and few excavation projects revealed a unique settlement pattern for the Bronze Age. Additionally, archaeomteric research suggests new pyro-technologies emerging in the Hatti heartland, which is the native culture of northcentral Anatolia before the Hittites. The results of our geoarchaeological research define the Bronze Age settlement patterns while mapping and geologically assessing the copper-bearing outcrops and strata found on either side of the Delice River. These results suggest that the paleoclimatic conditions in Delice Valley were becoming more amenable between Early and Middle Bronze Age, which might have supported intensive settlement activities and increased technological production, and therefore, new methods to use different raw materials. Keywords: geoarchaeology, Delice, settlement pattern, Bronze Age copper sources, paleoclimate 30

43 Turkey and the First Mining License: Yazılıtaş, Niğde Ahmet Kartalkanat General Directorate of Mineral Res&Epl., Ankara ABSTRACT : Samples from ancient mining slag from the Ulukışla (Niğde) and Pozantı (Adana) region were collected for chemical and isotopic ( 14 C) analysis. The Madenköy slags contain 0.8 g/t Au and g/t Ag; the Alihoca-Karagöl slags contain 1.3 g/t Au and 34.7 g/t Ag; the Gümüşköy slags contained 0.9 g/t Au and 67.9 g/t Ag; and the Madenköy-Karagümüş slag contained 1.3 g/t Au and 92.8 g/t Ag. Different sized wooden vessels, wooden mine supports, shovels, and firewood were discovered near the ancient Madenköyü and Yeşelli-Büyük Toyislam mines. Isotopic ( 14 C) analysis of a sample from a large wooden vessel gave a date of 1000±30 years before present (11th century ac); a sample from a small wooden vessel gave 155±30 years before present (19th century ac); and a fragment of a wooden mine support gave 105±30 years before present (19th century ac). Isotopic ( 14 C) analysis of two wooden shovels discovered at Maden köyü-büyük Toyislam gave 125±30 years before present (20 th century ac) and 1000±30 before present (11th century ac); a sample from a wooden mine support gave 600±30 before present (15th century ac); and firewood gave 385±30 years before present (17th century ac). Isotopic ( 14 C) analysis of firewood from the ancient mine at Horozköy- Gavurun Damı gave 270±25 before present (18th century ac); a sample of a wooden mine support gave 205±25 before present (18th-19th century ac); and a fragment from a wooden staircase gave 135±30 years before present (19th Century ac). 14 C dates on charcoal from slag near Karagümüş and Madenköy village gave 835±30 years before present (12th century ac) and 860±30 before present (12th century ac),respectively. According to the isotopic data, mining and related activity took place starting in the Byzantian era and continued to the present Republic with only minor interruptions. The Bolkar Mountains are referred to as the "Muti Mountains" in a inscription from the Neo- Hittite period (800 bc), found in the eastern part of Alihoca Village. Therefore, according to its content, this inscription could be accepted as the "first mining license" and shows active mining in the region since the Neo- Hittite Period. Keywords: Muti (Bolkar) Mountains, Slag, 14 C, mining licence, Yazılıtaş 31

44 In Search of Dark-Stone Sources of Mesopotamia in Southeastern Iran Nima Nezafati 1, Peter Pfälzner 2, and Nader Alidadi Soleimani 3 1 Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran 2 Institut für die Kulturen des Alten Orients, Universität Tübingen 3 Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicraft and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO), Jiroft Headquarter, Iran ABSTRACT: According to the archaeological evidence and the ancient textual references, the ancient Mesopotamians imported a considerable amount of their raw material needs from their neighboring areas including the Iranian Plateau, partly via the sea routes of their Lower Sea (today the Persian Gulf). In an attempt to find the sources of the dark-stone (or the so called diorite ) which was used for production of royal statues and some other prestigious goods of Mesopotamia, especially from the early dynastic III to old Babylonian periods (3 rd Millennium BCE), we surveyed and investigated the geological outcrops to the northeast of the Strait of Hormuz (south of Jiroft and south of Kahnuj). Samples were taken from several locations and were studied using petrographic and geochemical examinations. The results were then compared with the observations on the ancient dark-stone artifacts including the already published papers in this regard. Our research shows that the natural hard rock outcrops, as well as the very large boulders of some seasonal rivers in the study area can be considered as source material for ancient dark stone artifacts. The petrography and geochemistry of the mafic to intermediate rock types found in the study area, along with their various colors and textures, and descriptions from the ancient texts imply that the south of Kahnuj and Jiroft area (in southeastern Iran) could have well been a quarry source for the ancient diorite and gabbro statues and artifact of Mesopotamia. Keywords: Archaeometry, Petrology, Geochemistry, Jiroft, Provenance Studies 32

45 Production and Circulation of Metal at the End of the Bronze Age: New Evidence from the Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck Dr. Emre Kuruçayırlı 1, Dr. Joseph Lehner 2 & Assoc. Prof. Nicolle Hirschfeld 3 1 Institute of Nautical Archaeology Research Center, Bodrum, Türkiye 2 University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA 3 Trinity University, San Antonio, USA Recovered from the sea at Taşlıkburnu (Gelidonya) Cape near Kumluca/Antalya, The Cape Gelidonya Ship dates to around 1200 BC and is one of the only three shipwrecks from the Bronze Age. The vessel hosts one of the earliest and richest assemblages of copper ingots that consists of nearly 30 full oxhide ingots, 25 bun ingots, 20 slab ingots, and more than one thousand smaller ingot fragments, with a total weight of nearly 1250 kg. Initiated in 2016, our research encompasses the archaeometallurgical investigation of the ingots, their typological classification and the establishment of a thorough database of the assemblage, with the aim of shedding new light on the production and circulation patterns of raw metal in the Late Bronze Age. Our archaeometallurgical study involved the compositional analysis of the entire assemblage by means of portable xrf instrument. Furthermore, to obtain more accurate compositional data, nearly 80 samples were subjected to full quantitative analysis by means of ICP-mass spectrometry. These analyses yielded some interesting results, as they demonstrated that at least one of the fragments on board was definitely a pre-alloyed ingot of bronze, which is extremely rare in Bronze Age contexts. Furthermore, the investigation also displayed certain chemical differences between the ingots of the Cape Gelidonya and Uluburun Ships (ca BC), which may be the result of different origins (as previously implied by lead isotope analysis) or by different conditions of copper smelting. By the end of the summer, the metallographic investigation of selected samples will also be completed, which will enable further comparisons with similar assemblages, particularly that of the Uluburun Ship. Finally, recording the observable patterns of breakage and surface working (hammering) on the fragments, our typological study investigates how and why the ingots were broken into smaller fragments. Keywords: Gelidonya, copper, ingot, archaeometry, Uluburun 33

46 Geotechnical Properties of Historical Mortar and Plaster Samples from The Şavşat (Satlel) Castle, Artvin, NE Turkey Turgay Beyaz 1 & Osman Aytekin 2 1 Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey 2 Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey ABSTRACT: Şavşat (Satlel) Castle is in the boundaries of Söğütlü district, 4 km away from Şavşat (Artvin) town center. The castle was built by Bagratian Georgians, who had the sovereignty over the region. The region was ruled by Ottomans approximately between years 1550 and The castle was abandoned to the Russians after Russian-Turkish War. The stones of the castle were dismantled without permission until 1987 to be used in building constructions. Therefore, the castle was damaged greatly. It is registered by Turkey Repuclic Culture and Tourism Ministry as an immovable cultural property to be protected. Archaeological excavations have been conducted since Excavations uncovered many historical artifacts like glazed and unglazed pots, storage cruse, stone dumb-bells at varying sizes, pipes, a piece of marble inscription, gold and silver coins from Ottoman period. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the relations between mineralogical - textural characteristics and geomechanical properties of mortar and plaster samples. Optic microscopically data have shown mortar samples are formed of mostly fine gravel coarse sand and plaster samples are formed of fine sand coarse silt sized edged bazalt particles. According to the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, binding particles which are determined to be calcites are coarse crystalline (>10 m, sparitic) in mortar samples and fine crystalline (<4 m, micritic) textured. The difference between them shows that there is a difference in the carbonate cement shuffling techniques in the preparation of the plaster and mortar. Using the Proceq ultrasonic test device s 54 khz and 250 khz transducers, the Vp and Vs velocities of mortar and plaster samples. Average velocity of mortar samples are calculated as Vp= 3180 m/s and Vs= 1480 m/s. Average velocity of plaster samples are calculated as: Vp= 2720 m/s and Vs= 1210 m/s. Unit volumes of mortar and plaster samples are calculated as 19.2 kn/m 3 and 18.8 kn/m 3. Mortars geomechanical properties are higher than plaster and it is compatible with the seismic velocities. It is assumption that, the difference is due to both particle components, carbonate cements size and properties. Key words: Texture, mortar, geotechnic, mineralogy, Şavşat (Satlel) castle 34

47 Marmora Asiatica: Preliminary results Dagmara Wielgosz-Rondolino 1, M. Cemal Göncüoğlu 2 Marcin Bojanowski 3, Demir Erkanol 4, Marcin Gładki 5, Agnieszka Jarmek 4 1 Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. 2 METU, Dept. Geological Eng. Ankara 3 Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of Geological Sciences Warsaw, Poland. 4 MTA Ankara, Turkey 5 PAST Research and Analysis of Heritage, Warsaw, Poland-Norway. ABSTRACT: The research project Marmora Asiatica" aims to develop an extensive database of petrographic and geochemical characteristics of white and grey crystalline marbles from several quarries of Asia Minor. This data base will be a GIS-based internet application accessible to all scholars. A joint Polish-Turkish archaeology-geology research team has carried out three field seasons: concerning the quarries of Iscehisar (ancient Dokimeion) and Göktepe in 2014, of Altintas and Aphrodisias (2015), and finally in 2016 the Marmara Island (ancient Prokonnesos). The major approach was to locate and document ancient quarries in the investigated areas as well as to collect marble samples to provide mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the marbles for the database. For this we used published research results as well as the satellite images. The mapping of the quarries was done with a total station and GPS-equipment, although the most important and useful for this kind of documentation was a 3-D scanner. This helped us to estimate the volume of stone extracted and to make an accurate three-dimensional model of the quarries. This method was extremely important for the geological and archaeological documentation as especially in Dokimeion and Prokonnesos the critical evidence for ancient quarries, was obliterated by intensive modern exploitation. A large number of samples were collected in the quarries and studied by petrographic and geochemical analyses including the standard microscopic examination of thin section, XRD, the determination of radiogenic Sr, and C and O stable isotopes for a correlation with corresponding data from material with known/assumed sources from Anatolia. In this paper the preliminary results of our survays will be presented and briefly discussed to evaluate a method for reliable fingerprinting of Western Anatolia. Keywords: Marmora Asiatica, archaeology-geology 35

48 The Iron Dagger of Daskyleion: Experimental Modeling with X-Ray Radiography, p-xrf and SEM-EDX Analyses Atalay Karatak 1, Ali Akın Akyol 2 1 Gazi University, Institute of Fine Arts, Program of Conservation of Cultural Properties, Ankara, TURKEY. 2 Gazi University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Conservation & Restoration of Cultural Properties, Historical Material Research and Conservation Laboratory (MAKLAB), Ankara, TURKEY. ABSTRACT: Daskyleion is an archaeological center on the southeast coast of Lake Manyas, Turkey. This site also includes Hisartepe and its immediate surroundings near the village of Ergili. The earliest traces of settlement in Daskyleion, which had an important position near the ancient sites of Mysia and Hellespontos, extends to the 8th century. Daskyleion is one of the four satrapy centers that the Persians set up in Anatolia and is frequently referenced in ancient literature for its rich cultural remains. Archaeometric studies on ancient metal objects in Turkey are very few. Therefore, it is especially important that Anatolian metal production centers are researched along with their production technologies, sources, and artifacts. In this context, an iron dagger found in situ as a grave offering was recovered fom Rock Cut Tomb II, which was excavated in This was during the third season of excavations in the Necropolis region of the Daskyleion Archaeological site. A model of how the dagger looks, its composite structure, production methods, and period of use are suggested by p-xrf and SEM-EDX analyses, and X-Ray Radiography images of the preserved iron dagger with its sheath. Keywords: Ancient Iron, Daskyleion, Dagger, X-Ray Radiography, p-xrf. 36

49 Corrosion Types and Forms of Copper Alloys in the Archaeological Objects in Anatolia Serap Özdemir 1 1 Gazi University, Institute of Fine Arts, Program of Conservation of Cultural Properties, Ankara, Türkiye ABSTRACT: Metals are found in mineral ores in nature, often undergoing oxidation and these metal ores are generally compound. When they are refined and made into objects, they are reduced to metallic form, which is less stable in chemical terms. As a result of corrosion, the physical properties, chemical properties, crystal structure, hardness and density of the metal may change. Copper and its alloys are associated with corrosion by copper ore, and they tend to come together and return to their ore status to find their own balance. By the reduction phenomenon, the thermodynamic direction becomes unbalanced and balances themselves. They try to combine with non-metallic elements in order to balance with chemical compounds over time. At the end of the return to the metal ore, the object is deteriorated. The chemical content of the corrosion forms depends on the substances entering the reaction in the environment. These products generally accumulate in an amorphous form without crystallization. These crystals have a tendency to form larger masses as they slowly form, while the faster ones are smaller particles as they form a transparent structure. The later ones have a more common and more transparent structure. Corrosion type metal alloy feature of copper alloys; It depends on the shape of the object, the environmental conditions and the time. At the same time, if the corrosion product formed as a result of the corrosion reaction is soluble in the surrounding environment, if the active corrosion process is not dissolved in the surrounding environment and if it adheres to the metal surface, it is called the passivation process. In this work, detailed information on the formation mechanisms, forms and appearances of copper alloys exposed to corrosion will be evaluated on archaeological objects. The study will focus on the knowledge of the types of deterioration seen in archaeological metal objects belonging to different regions and periods of Anatolia, the restoration approaches to be realized and the methods to be applied. Keywords: Copper Alloys, Corrosion, Active Corrosion, Passive Corrosion, Corrosion Forms 37

50 Iron in Cilicia: an interdisciplinary research project on the archaeometallurgy in Kizzuwatna work in progress Joëlle Graber-Pesonen 1 1 Universität Bern, Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Abteilung Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Bern, Switzerland ABSTRACT: The poster presented shall give an overview of the PhD-project Iron in Cilicia funded by the Swiss National Foundation (SNF). Iron is one of the most important commodities in the world. The development of technologies for processing of iron is considered as one of the most important steps in the history of mankind. The beginning of this technology is found in the Near East but still is a topic of controversial discussions; crucial questions e. g. about the mono- or polycentric origin as well as the social and technological circumstances could not be answered conclusively yet. This desideratum is due to the circumstances of especially poor preservation status of iron artifacts, which made it difficult to carry out archaeometallurgical studies. However, refined possibilities enable better scientific analysis. Due to a famous letter (KBo I.14) Kizzuwatna, the ancient region of Cilicia, was regarded as the earliest production area of utilitarian iron even before the beginning of the Iron Age, a theory that is believed not without controversy today. The aim of the thesis is a detailed study on the development of early iron metallurgy in Cilicia based on archaeological and philological methods supplemented by scientific analysis of the objects. Using archaeological methods such as typologies and distribution maps it will be possible to check this assumption. Moreover, the textual evidence of the Hittite Empire as well as the Old Assyrian texts from Kültepe will come under scrutiny. The objective is to analyze the factors of production and economy for both the cause and the impact of the adaption of iron technology on the one hand and the social conditions and consequences of this technological change. Additionally, objects from different sites in Cilicia are sampled and analyzed to answer different questions e. g. steel production, quality of the material, and possible provenience. Keywords: Anatolia, iron technology, steel production, archaeometallurgy, socio-economic changes 38

51 The bituminous mixtures of Kavuşan Höyük (Southeastern Turkey) from BC to 1300 AD: composition of materials and origin of bitumen Orhan Kavak 1, Gulriz Kozbe 2 & Jacques Connan 3 1 Dicle University Faculty of Engineering Department of Mining Engineering Division of General Geology Diyarbakir/Turkey (corresponding author : kavakorhan@gmail.com) 2 Batman University, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sanat Tarihi Bölümü, Batman, Turkey 3 Laboratoire de Biogéochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg Cedex 02, France ABSCTRACT: Kavuşan Höyük is one of the rescue excavation site, carried out by us in the Upper Tigris region, within the province of Diyarbakir in Southeastern Turkey. The occupational history spans the Late Chalcolithic through the Middle Age (c.3500 BC AD). The Late Bronze and Middle Bronze Ages are the most significant periods of occupation on the mound. Potsherds with bitumen-like material were unearthed from successive occupation periods: belonging to Medieval (12th -14th AD), Post-Assyrian ( BC), New Assyrian (10th century-612 BC), Middle Assyrian / Mitannian (15th-13th century BC) and Late third millennium/first half of the second millennium BC periods. The bitumen were studied using the techniques of petroleum geochemistry and were compared both to the unaltered crude oils produced from oil fields in the area and to oil seepages available for analysis. The geochemical study of 20 samples (19 layers from the potsherds and one mortar from the brick floor) at the 2005 and 2006 excavation works showed classical gross compositions of bituminous mixtures analyzed at other places within various archaeological sites of the Near East and the Gulf. The crude oils, oil seeps and archaeological bitumen reveals diagnostic features between δ13c15+sat ( / PDB) and δ13c15+aro ( / PDB). Kavuşan Höyük samples are close to the Eruh oil seeps and match the trend defined by the crude oils of Bati Raman, Garzan and Magrip as well. These crude oils, clustering in the Family 2C defined by Zumberge et al., originate from Cretaceous carbonates and are reservoired at depth in limestones from the Maastrichtian Garzan Formation. Molecular ratios on terpanes as well as isotopic data on asphaltenes confirm the Eruh oil seeps as genetically related to the Kavuşan archaeological bitumen. Boğazköy and Yeşilli oil seeps are definitely not the source. To summarize, according to the present state of our knowledge in the area which relies on the present day analyzed oil seeps the Eruh oil seep which is dominated by bituminous sands and bituminous conglomerates, appears to be the most likely bitumen source of the Kavuşan bituminous mixtures, between BC and 1300 AD, i.e. almost over three millennia. This source has apparently been used until the beginning of the 6th millennium BC for the analyses of bituminous mixtures from Hakemi Use (Hassuna, BC) also show a good match between these bitumen and the Eruh oil seep. Keywords: Bitümen, Kavuşan Höyük, Neolitik, Organic Geochemistry 39

52 Contributions of Geological Methods Used in Pre-historic Adobe Architecture Researches Sina Neoi 1, Davut Laçin 2 1 Archeologist, Consevator/Restorator, İstanbul, Turkey 2 İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: Identification of the contents of archaeological remains through various analysis methods is of importance both in terms of protection-repair and correct interpretation of archaeological studies, and enables us to reach more detailed information with the help of interdisciplinary studies. Therefore, the Archaeometry Discipline is able to reach detailed and reliable results. In recent years, interdisciplinary studies have become an indispensable part of archaeological studies. It is very important to determine the content of the mudbrick, because the mudbrick is affected by environmental conditions (snow, rain and wind etc.) very quickly. With the help of geological methods, the construction technology of the materials in the material content also provides information about mortar mixtures, used material such as additives and fillings, and social and cultural activities of people. In adobe researches; Examination of aggregates remaining after acid treatment under microscope, evaluation of thick and thin sections, XRD and SEM-EDS analysis are widely used. Under Stereo and Polarizing Microscope; The evaluation of the thick and thin sections is the result, the minerals and their distributions in the samples can be defined. Also, according to their qualities (quartz, feldspar, brick fracture, shell and ash), they are evaluated with their approximate ratios of grain (rounded, low angle, polygonal) and very valuable information about the content of the material can be obtained. With SEM-EDX, the form, dimensions, location of the material and crystal structure of the minerals contained in the adobe and mortar can be determined. Determination of the binder (clay etc.) and contribution (brick dust etc.) in the adobes is of great importance. These can be identified with the help of XRD. With the help of XRD, petrographic analyzes can be used to determine the size (clay and silt-size materials) and properties that cannot be determined. Determination of the organic and inorganic substances found in the mud composition prepared for making mud brick is reached with valuable information. For example, detected phosphorus indicates the use of animal feces. Shavings and straw-like additives used as organic binders; I am helped to have knowledge about production technology and prehistoric people related to agriculture. Moreover, thanks to the comparison with the geological features of the archaeological excavation geography, valuable information can be obtained about where the raw material is procured, how it is used and the construction technology. Keywords: Adobe, Archeology, Geology Interdisciplinary, Glume 40

53 The Use of Geological Methods and Its Importance in Archaeological Researches Davut Laçin 1, Sina Neoi 2 1 İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey 2 Archeologist, Consevator/Restorator, İstanbul, Turkey ABSTRACT: In scientific researchs, the new approach and understanding of today's world of science is interdisciplinary studies. In this approach; scientists working in various disciplines try to solve a scientific problem by combining their viewpoints, methods and studies of their own ecoles and other ecoles. Archaeometry is also one of the branches of science most widely used in the interdisciplinary approach. Disciplines such as pedology, geology, material science and physics take an important place among the most commonly used science branches in archaeometric studies. Archaeometry; soil, geology, geomorphology, pedology, biology, physics, chemistry, ceramic technology, medicine etc. is a scientific discipline that collects under the same roof an interdisciplinary approach to the natural and scientific branches of science and researches archeological problems. For this reason, those who work in natural and natural sciences, archaeologists are greatly contributing to the science of archaeometry. In order to understand how, when, where and by whom antique artifacts are made and why, archaeologists need the help of experts from a variety of basic disciplines. One of these basic fields of science is undoubtedly geological science. Some analytical methods used in geological studies and commonly applied to the solution of archaeological problems can be counted as: (SEM / EDS), Major elemental oxide analysis, X- ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Atomic absorption spectrometry and FTIR analysis, Nuclear bombardment, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Emission spectrometry, Magnetic dating, Neutron Activation method, Petrography microscope, Geochemical prospecting, Heavy mineral analysis, Paleoecology (Old climate science), Thermoluminescence, Archaeometric aging, Stable isotope studies, Remote sensing imaging, etc.), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Radar imaging, Wet chemical analysis, Glow loss analysis, Organic matter content determination (protein, oil, phosphorus etc.). In this study, some geological analysis methods which are used and can be used in researching and resolving archaeological structures will be examined. Keywords: Archeology, Geology, Paleoecology 41

54 Archaeogeophysıcal Studies On Mine Slag Fields From Urartıans To Today In Van Lake And Surroundings Fethi Ahmet Yüksel, Hazel Deniz Istanbul University, Faculty of Engineering, Geophysical Engineering Department, Avcılar- Istanbul ABSTRACT: In the first half of the first millenium BC, The Urartu Kingdom which was prevailing in Eastern Anatolia,Transcaucasia and Northwest regions of Iran, was one of the biggest miner societies in Anatolia and Mediterranian as well.the real boundaries of the Urartu extended to the Kura Basin in the north east and to the Urmia Lake platoon in Iran in the east. The presence of rich iron deposits in the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolian Regions (Malatya-Elazığ-Tunceli-Bingöl,Divriği-Erzincan-Erzurum,Bitlis-Siirt-Van-Hakkari Regions) are known for more than three thousand years. Several iron melting centers belong to Urartians have been discovered in the south and southwest of the Van Lake. These iron melting centers was located in the areas where rich iron ore deposits occur. 92 smelting centers were found in the researches conducted in and around Van Lake.86% of these melting centers are located on the edges of the brooks and the streams. Water and wood charcoal are needed to melt down the metal. Archaeometallurgists have calculated that eight tons of charcoal was needed to melt a ton of iron mine. Slags which occured by melting the ores are damaged due to the effect of floods and stream deposits. So they became hard to determine because of covering material of cm soil and vegetation. Slag locations close to present-day settlements have been destroyed by people for various reasons. Slag regions named as Bilgi, Madenköy, Şıhşerefin Stream, Şeytan Stream, Kadınok Stream, Taşlık District, Harnikan Water and Melting Centers named as Balaban and Pürneşe are launched by Oktay Belli in surface investigations around the Van Lake in the 1990s for the first time. The reserves of the mine slags are not yet known. Approximately a %28 of these slag deposits, which create elevations in the form of artificial hills in the vicinity of the mine melting centers has showed that that their melting process lasted for many years, and of a %7 highlighted the melting function was made more than a few seasons. Determination of the locations and reserves of mine-smelting slag fields covered with soil and vegetation and locations of the melting furnaces, which are located under a few meters of soil, and whose location is unknown, can be determined by archaeogeophysical studies. Keywords: slag, Van lake, archaeogeophysics 42

55 A Mining Adventure in The Bolkar Mountains: The Madenköy (Niğde) Case Duygu İşbil 1, Hayrettin Koral 1, Nurullah Hanilçi 1, Ercan Çetin 2 1 Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey 2 Gümüştaş Mining and Trade Inc., Niğde, Turkey ABSTRACT: The Bolkar Mountains, located in the Central Taurus Mountains, southern Anatolia, have been home to various civilizations for centuries because of its key geographic location and geological features. The region comprises high mountains and functions as a gateway between central Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean which increases its strategic importance. Geological structure of the Bolkar Mountains is also a contributing factor. In the area where there are units from the Paleozoic to Quaternary, a wide variety of geological structures are observed. Mineral deposits were formed under the control of these geological structures. Mines (especially copper, gold, silver, tin, lead, iron) are known to have played a key role in the development of civilizations. In this context, it is known that mining activities were carried out in the Bolkar region by the Hittite, Byzantine and Romans during historical times due to its geological features and strategic position (Hannebert, 1888). Presently in the region, over tons of slags are estimated to have remained from these periods and are widely observed around Madenköy and Gümüşköy. The area, due to its mining activities during historical periods, has attracted attention of scientists, and many studies were carried out on the origin of mineral deposits in the region. There are important studies dealing with history of mining activities (e.g., Kaptan 1983, Yener ve Toydemir 1993, Kartalkanat 2014) and old mining materials which were compiled from the region such as tunnel support systems, melted cinders etc. indicate mining activities in Madenköy and near districts between the 8th century B.C. and 19th century A.D (Kartalkanat, 2014). It is thought that in the region dominated by the Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans in the recent past mining activities appear to have been carried out by using geological parameters such as the iron cap, magmatic intrusion, skarn zone or a fault that must have discovered either by trial-error and or by coincidence. The Madenköy area, located in the NE Bolkar Mountains, is an important example of antique mining, which has extended up to the present through years. The mining production technics and mining products used by the civilizations lived in this region shed light into progress of mining geology through history. Keywords: Antique mining, Madenköy, Central Taurids References: Hannebert, H., 1888, Bolkardağ madeni hakkında rapor. MTA Report N: 357, Ankara (unpublished). Kaptan, E., 1983, Tin and ancient underground tin mining in Anatolia, Geological Engineering, N:40, Yener, K.A., and Toydemir, A., 1993, Byzantine Silver Mines: An Archaeo-Metallurgy Project in Turkey, in Ecclesiastical Silver Plate in Sixth-Century Byzantium, ed. S. A. Boyd and M. M. Mango (Washington, D.C., 1993), ; Edmondson, Mining, 101 n Kartalkanat, A., 2014, New Age Findings in Ancient Mining Valley in Bolkar Mountains and First Mining Licence: Yazılıtaş, Niğde, Geological Bulletin of Turkey, V: 57, N: 2. 43

56 Biogeophysical Treatment for Monitoring and Detection of Contamination Emerged by Ancient Mining Environment and Metallurgical Industry Ali Ismet Kanli İstanbul University, İstanbul, Türkiye. ABSTRACT: Biogeophysics, the use of time-lapse geophysical methods, has recently evolved as an approach to remotely monitor biogeochemical transformations. Whether for hydrogeophysical or biogeophysical applications, the main advantage of using geophysical data is that geophysical methods provide spatially extensive information about the subsurface in a minimally invasive manner. Some recent biogeophysical research that illustrates the potential of geophysical methods for providing information about biogeochemical changes associated with natural plume evolution or remediation treatments. Understanding how hydrological and biogeochemical properties change over space and time in response to remedial treatments is hindered by our ability to monitor these processes with sufficient resolution and over field relevant scales. There will be discussed some case studies emerged by ancient mining environment and metallurgical industry needed to be monitored and detected. Keywords: Biogeophysical Treatment, Mining Environment, Contamination. 44

57 Mixed convection heat transfer of water-based nanofluids in a lid-driven cavity heated by a central square heat source Fatima-zohra Bensouici 1, Saadoun Boudebous 2 and Mw Azizi 2 1 Faculté de Génie des Procédés Pharmaceutiques, Université de Constantine 3, UV N05, Ali Mendjeli Nouvelle Ville, Khroub, Constantine 25000, Algérie 2 Centre universitaire de Mila Algérie ABSTRACT: A numerical investigation is performed to analyze the laminar two dimensional mixed convection flows of water-based nanofluids confined in a lid driven square enclosure with a centred square heat source. All the walls are cooled at constant temperature Tc, and the top wall slides rightward at constant speed. The simulations considered four types of nanofluids (Cu, Ag, Al2O3, and TiO2)-Water. The governing equations were solved using a finite volume approach by the SIMPLER algorithm. Comparisons with previously published work are performed and found to be in good agreement. A parametric study is conducted and a set of graphical results is presented and discussed to illustrate the effects on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the Richardson number, the size of the heat source, solid volume fraction and nature of nanofluid. For all the simulations the Reynolds number is fixed to Re = 100. It is found that, for all the studied heat source sizes, the heat transfer and fluid flow mechanisms are strongly dependent on the Richardson number. Furthermore, it is shown that, the mean Nusselt number increases with an increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles. In addition Cu-water and Ag-water nanofluids yield the best heat transfer enhancement in comparison with the other nanofluids. Finally, the results show that for a given nanofluid, the heat source size is an important parameter affecting the flow and temperature fields Keywords: Nanofluid, mixed convection, lid-driven cavity, numerical simulation, heat transfer enhancement. 45

58 Investigation on Hot Working Behavior of HSLA Steel Mohamed Walid Azizi 1, Abderrezak Darsouni 2 1 University Centre Abdelhafid Boussouf- Mila, Department of Science Technique, Algeria. 2 Badji Mokhtar University, Department of metallurgy, Annaba, Algeria. ABSTRACT: The research concerned the characterization of the hot working behavior of high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel is investigated by means of uniaxial compression tests under isothermal hot working conditions at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1050 C for three different strain rate. The flow stress data are analysed in terms of strain rate and temperature sensitivities. A constitutive equation that relates not only the dependence of the flow stress on strain, strain rate and temperature. These measurements results and the rheological parameters calculated a global scale were used to critical estimations of the viscosity coefficient of mixture and the strains rates in the two-phase region by self consistent mechanical model can be considered like obedient to mixture of two phases viscoplastic by power-law. The usual strain rate sensitivity and activation energy value of HSLA steel are obtained by fitting experimental data. The observations were performed in order to describe the behavior of the material under hot forming operation in terms of material damage and micro-structural modification. Keywords: Hot working, Flow stress, viscosity, Activation energy, HSLA steel 46

59 KARABULUT FAMILY, in memory of Geological Engineer, MSc ALİ KARABULUT ( )