FN-AR[-87.9 Particip ant Journal Vol.) No.5 UNITEI) STATES A;ENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL, )EVELOPMENT Ankara, Turkey Dec.1,1962 SY.is --.-. T'p
Th Big JUmp Turkey was the first country to,"of Fo rward itwas not unlike Korea. Turks who were amongst the first to join the United States to fight for peace, were again the first to join the "Atoms for Peace" program. "This weapon," had said former United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower ten years ago, "must be put into the hands of those who will S -. ;know how to strip it of its military oil,, ri STurkey.. casting peace... of man death, The message Atomic United United and this shall adapt it to the arts of miraculous inventiveness not be dedicated to his but consecrated to his life." world responded to this by organizing the International Energy Commission under Nations supervision, while the States cooperating with this new Agency extended assistance to friendly countries which were interested in participating in this new peace venture of unparalleled magnitude. With foresight and imagination joined the International Atomic Energy Commission at the very inception this organization in 1957 and became the first country to sign the mutual. agreement with the United States to establish a Nuclear Research and Training Center. The Turkish Atomic Energy ACommission started -its activities in A4 1957. This central coordinating body, attached to the Prime Ministry, administers T1urkey's efforts to make the new science of nuclear energy serve the benefits of the country. This Comn- Necat Aybers is checking the uranium load of the Cekmece Atomic Reactor (TR-1). The water in the pool prevents excess radiation and beat in the surroundino arpa
join the International Atomic Energy Commission in 1957 mission has already made valuable contributions in this field by securing nuclear facilities and training qualified personnel through U.S.A.I.D. and IAEA assistance. Today Turkey assumes a respected place among the countries of the world in this field of pioneering science. Nuclear scientists throughout Turkey are working to secure the benefits of radiation and atomic power in the fields of agriculture, medicine, science and industry. Among its accomplishments in the "Atoms for Peace" field Turkey proudly counts the (ekmec Nuclear Research and Train;ng Center, in istanbul, with its atomic reactor and laboratories; eight isotope laboratories in Ankara, istanbul and Aegean Universities and hospitals where scientists are conducting research and training programs; the new Radio Biological institute of the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine; and the Faculty 6f Science of the Ankara University Nuclear Research and Training Institute, presently under construction by the Turkish Atomic Energy Commission. This institution, when completed, will house the Critical Six Reactor Laboratories, the Ilealth Physics Laboratories and the Nuclear Electronics Workshop of the Faculty of Science. It was evident at the very inception of the "Atoms for Peace" program that such a highly scientific project which required advanced research and operation of technically intricate equipment could not be carried out without a qualified and a trained staff of technicians and scientists to run it. To meet this requirement for nuclear scientists and engineers in the countries which had joined the "Atoms for Peace" program, the United States Atomic Energy Commission, in 1955, established the International School of Nuclear Science and Engineering at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago. Universities throughout the United States equipped with facilities for nuclear research and training opened their doors for this purpose. Today, 40 Turkish scientists have benefitted from this program under the U.S.A.I.D. Participant Training Program. These men have received training in three major areas: 1- Reactor Construction and operation. 2- Basic research study in nuclear science. 3- Training in isotope applications. These 40 scientists are now back in Turkey. These participants are taking" an active part in exploring the numerous applications of the atom. Few people have even heard of them. But these silent pioneers of science do not seek acknowledgement. What they do seek is advancement in the field of the peaceful use of the atom in their country. And, the following stories show how far they have gone in the realization of their goal. 3
Sh Sekr ece and raining g Ceenter Ihe first independent atomic re- I search center in Turkey with its first Atomic Reactor (TR-1) and subordinate facilities, surrounded by Laboratories (Nuclear Engineering, Radio-Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, Agriculture, and Metallurgy Laboratories) is the ekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center in istanbul. This nuclear establishment which started operations this year, as its name purports, has the dual function of research and training, The heart of the Center is its Atomic Reactor-open pool type, 1 Megawatt thermal, 907 enriched uranium U-235. Full scale research operations 4 have not begun yet. At present the scientists and others are engaged in caliberating the equipment, loading the fuel (uranium) at different stages, measuring and testing the physical characteristics of the Reactor. It will be some time before the Reactor reaches "critical" stage and all the laboratories are constructed and equipped. Eventually the (ekmece Reactor will be a main neutron and isotope source for the nuclear establishments throughout Turkey. Though it will not produce very powerful sources of neutrons or isotopes it will serve the research purposes of the scientists who are working on application of isotopes in agriculture and eventual use of atomic power in industry. Though emphasis is placed on research, the Center will albo have as its important activity training functions. Already a special training session was sponsored by the Center this summer for physics students of University of istanbul and the nuclear engineering students of Technical University of Istanbul. The Turkish scientists who have proved capable of competing with the best scientific minds of the world, given the proper research conditions, will now have an opportunity to carry on serious and uninterrupted experimental research. They no longer have to be frustrated due to the lack of essential facilities when they return from s:ndies abroad. Through extensive and pure research, the Qekmece Center has the potentials to raise Turkish scientific standards to a point where it will be able to hold its own in the competitive scientific world.
Participants' role at Cekmece The key personnel and scientists of the Qekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center are ten participants including its Director General, Dr. Said Akpinar. As the administrative and scientific chief of the establishment, Dr. Akpinar is responsible for the operation of the entire Center including its research and training activities, Under his able direction the (ekmece Center is attracting some of the best scientific minds in Turkey. -.national, tconference, Nin "n )r,sail Akpinar is preparingthe budget for next year. Dr. Akpinar who himself is considered as one of Turkey's foremost scientists in the field of nuclear science has an impressive academic background. After six years of study in Germany, first at the University of Frankfurt then at the University of Goettingen, he earned a Ph.D. degree in physics in 1940. Before going to the United States as a participant in 1958, he had already been there in 1949 to attend a folur-month seminar at Massachusetts Institute of Technblogy. Thus, on his second trip to the United States where he stayed for two years, Dr. Akpinar was not a stranger to American ways. This time as Assistant Professor of Physics and as the member of the Advisory Board of the Turkish Atomic Energy Commission, Dr. Akpinar concentrated his efforts to do research work in reactor physics at Argonne. A new method for determining the age of neutrons was the principle fruit of his 27 months of experiments at Argonne. This work on "Pulsed Neutron Techniques was reported to the Inter- Symposium on Pulsed Neutron Techniques held at the University of California in Berkeley in 1958. At this Dr. Akpinar gave a talk on pulse neutron measurements. His work on "D-D neutron age measurements graphite or in water using pulsed eutron source technique" appeared in the American Nuclear Society Journal. It is believed that Dr. Akpinar's experiments will have considerable practical significance since in a building reactor the matter of age of neutrons isvery important. Upon his return from the United States in 1960, Dr. Akpinar was sent on an "inspection trip" to European Nuclear Laboratories in England, Sweden, Germany and France. This trip which served to compare United States and European systems was a very valuable trip for Dr. Akpinar's present work. It was sponsored by the Turkish Atomic Energy, iu.s.a.i.d. and European Productivity Agency. 5
our UNU a 1RDEN 7i7 67 5 126 6 56 66 4 will be possible to build smaller nuclear... 65 - reactors at less cost and space. In addition to his achievements in research work, Mr. Aybers also compiled a creditable academic record and HAVUZ I rcompleted two research papers at 21 2 University of -towards California in Berkeley a Masters degree, taking courses in nuclear physics, reactor Necat Aybers is explaining the chart on fuel (uranium) positions in the Reactor to one of his assistants. theory,engincering mathematics, nuclear and reactor material and reactor engineering and design, etc. The person at the head of the Reactor responsible for its operation and maintenance is Necat Aybars. Under his able supervision the Reactor at present is being caliberated and tested for future operations and the control room is operating accordingly. Mr. Aybers went to the United States in 1958 with an academic backtwo years of ground consisting of study of mechanical engineering at University of Liege and a Masters Degree in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering from the Technical University of Istanbul. Prior experience in the United States consisted of training in heating and air ccnditioning at Trane Corporation of La Crosse, Wisconsin as well as a working experience with the American Standard Research Laboratory in Louiseville, Kentucky. It was while working at Argonne from 1959 to 1960 in the heat engineering section of the Reactor Engineering Division that Mr. Aybers evolved his theories on "the water carry-over" in boiling water reactor and "steam carryunder" in boiling water reactors. If the first theory of Mr. Aybers holds up, it Working for Mr. Aybers w;,h the Reactor are five more participants-the supervisor of the control room and its three operators, and the head of the Health Physics Department. Supervising the Reactor Control Room which is considered the electronic brain of the Reactor, automatically recording results of experiments and signaling danger signs, is Dr. Ayhan Cilesiz. As a participant from 1957 to 1958, Dr. Qilesiz received training in nuclear science and engineering at Argonne National Laboratory followed by work in experimental reactor physics as Research Associate. Here in addition to independent research he participated in the preparation of a paper on "Pedagogical Application of An Argonaut Reactor." The three Reactor Operators in the Control Room are Galip Baran, Ayhan Pekun and Recep Sevdik. All three have completed a twelve month program in reactor operations at the NuclearReactor Facility of Pennsylvania State University (1960-1961). The major portion of their program consisted of full-time on - the- job training in actual operation of the 6
Pennsylvania State Reactor (PSR) harmful effects of radiation can be which according to Mr. Baran was extremely dangerous if uncontrolled. somewhat different from the one they The person responsible for the proare operating now. tection of the research workers and other Part of their training also included employees, subject to harmful radiation auditing of various formal courses as exposure emitted by the radioisotopes special students without academic produced in the Reactor and radiation credit. These courses included mathe- emitted by the Reactor itself, is Dr. matics, physics, reactor analysis and Selihattin G6ksel, trained in France and radiological safety. the United States. They also participated, as special Dr. G6ksel is highly qualified students again, in a six-week ASEE-AEC in executing the responsibilities of Summer Institute program on nuclear his important post. Prior to United energy for the Technical Institute States studies, Dr. G6ksel received Instructors held at the University. training in France in radiation physics, One month of this one year's use of radioisotopes and application comprehensive program included touring of radioisotopes in cancer. States In 1957 Dr. Gksel went to the the eastern half of the United operation of United States underu.s.a.i.d. auspices to visit and observe the to begin a program of research and other reactor facilities, study in the fields of Health Physics and Radiation Biology. He completed his Masters Degree and Ph.D. degree as well as considerable research work 4 flqy at the University of Rochester in <K January of this year. Part of his program PA was financed by the United States VAtomic Energy Commission. Dr. G6ksel published several significant research papers including Air, Harsh. is a"the ch~ecking the proper func- Toxicity of Strontium-90 in the tioning of the Reactor recorded through Monkey Skeleton," "Consideration of electronic signals in the control room, Relationship of Total Radiation Dose," ''the brain" of the reactor. Mr. Sevdik is recording the results, and "Dose Rate, Dose-Time Product and Biological Injury", in addition to his academic work. While in the United States he also He Pysics participated in the Fifth Annual Meeting Department of the Radiation Research Society in Rochester, New York in 1957 and In a large nuclear establishment attended the Third Annual Meeting of such as this one where the basic the Health Physics Society in Berkeley, research tool is the nuclear Reactor, the California in 1958. 7
Research Department Research being one of its main functions, the Cekmece Center is constructing numerous laboratories and other research facilities for extensive and serious experimental work. Its Chemical Research Laboratory, equipped with sonic of the latest equipment and instruments is in the process of being completed. This laboratory which will use isotopes and radioactive products produced in the Reactor in both pure and applied chemical rrsearch, claims two very distinguished scientists-dr. Talat Erben and Dr. Fnvare Baysal, both trained in the United States as participants. Dr. Tal.t Erben is very enthusiastic about his 19 months of lectures and research work at Argonne National Laboratory where he was trained in nuclear science and engineering and conducted research in Radio-Chemistry as Research Associate. The seven months course at Argonne Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering was devoted to an introduction to nuclear science with special emphasis on atomic reactors and demonstration of experimental methods peculiar to this field. His experience as Resident Research Associate at Argonne was spent in the radio chemistry section of the Chemistry Division determining the ratio of yields of isometric fission products. Results of his experiments were reported to the Gorden Conference of the American Inst;tute of Physics. Two of his papers were published in the Journal of Chemical Physics, December 1956 and January 1957. 8 Prior to United States training Dr. Erben had spent two years in Canada from 1953 to 1955. At that time he studied high polymer chemistry on a fellowship granted by the National Research Council of Canada in Ottowa. About America and Americans, Dr. Erben says, "In my opinion and from my experiences the characteristics of Americans can be summarized as friendly, frank and cooperative." Another distinguished research chemist at Cekmece is Dr. Envare Ay e Baysal with a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Ankara and four years of advanced training in the United States (1957-1961). The first three years of her program was financed by U.S.A.I.D. and the remaining by academic organizations such as Harvard University. " / "..-",, Dr. Ayse Envare Baysal is conducting preliminary research in preparationfor the experimental radiolosis work to begin of otganic on compounds after the completion of the Chemistry Laboratory, According tw the report submitted: by her project manager, Dr. Baysal has, made a significant contribution to scientific research during this period in the United States where she conducted post-doctoral research in nuclear chemistry in some of the foremost
national laboratories and institutions of learning-the University of Rochester, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Argonne, and Harvard University. One of the scientific papers prepared at the University of Rochester was published in the June 15, 1961 issue of the Journal of Physical Chemistry and research work that she did at Brookhaven National Laboratory on the disproportion of ethylbenzene under the influence of hydrogen bromide appeared in the Journal of Organic Chemistry. In the Theoretical Physics Division of the Research Department is participant Kaya lmre who after seven years of academic and practical training in -.he United States has returned to serve his country-to fulfill his obligation in sharing the knowledge and rich experience gained aboard with his fellow countrymen who have not had an opportunity to go to foreign universities. After intensive 4-year academic work and preparation of the required thesis on "calculation of Transport Parometer in Ionized Gas," Dr. Imre was awarded a Ph.D. degree from the University of Michigan Department of Nuclear Engineering. Participants lea lead - nuclear activities at nand Dr. imre Kaya is conducting research on plasma physics. Wile the nuclear facilities of the r ekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center in Istanbul are for the benefit of all Turkish nuclear scientists, those in Ankara find it difficult impracticable to take full advantage of them. All the trained professors, doctors and scientists in the Ankara area cannot leave their professional academic posts to take up new resi 9
dences in Istanbul for this purpose. Neutron Physics, Recognizing this need for a nuclear establishment in Ankara in order that Research, the talent there may be utilized to its and Sub-Critical fullest extent, the Turkish Atomic Energy Commission, in cooperation Assembly with the University of Ankara and other educational concerns, is helping Among the people who are actively to set up a nuclear center in the Ankara involved in setting up the new Nuclear Faculty of Science grounds for the Center in Ankara is Professor of benefit of all the scientists in the area. Experimental and Reactor Physics, The equipment and other necessary Dr. Fahri Domanig. As early as 1956, facilities for the Center have arrived Dr. Domaniq was aware of the importance and are b,?ing temporarily housed in of Turkey's participation in the "atoms the Science Faculty buildings until for peace program". At that time, the construction at the new site is convinced that research facilities are completed. With most of its scientific indispensable if scientific standards personnel provided by the Science are to be improved and if Turkey is to Faculty, the Ankara Nuclear Center make a significant contribution in the will consist of a Neutron Physics and field of atomic energy, Dr. Domaniq Research Laboratory with Subcritical personally contacted the United States Assembly, Radioactive Fall-Out Labora- Atomic Energy Commission. He sought tory, Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, help for his project to set up a sub- Nuclear Electronics Shop and a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory. critical assembly at Ankara Univerbity Finding his plans extremely important, Pro lessor Dr. fuel (uranium). Fabri Domaniq is loading the Subcritical Assembly with 41 0.$..... S, t 7) 4;
the United States AEC provided Dr. Domaniq with one hundred thousand dollars worth of uranium and the necessary equipment to set up a Sub-Critical Assembly at Ankara University. Since that time Dr. Domaniq has contributed an invaluable service to Turkey's atomic energy program. Today, as the member of the Turkish Atomic Energy Commission's Technical Consultant Board, he is again actively engaged in organizing and planning the scientific and technical activities of the Commission. He also served the (ekmece Nuclear Center as Experimental Physicist directing its research projects. lowever, Dr. Domanig's main area of activity is supervising the Neutron Physics and Research Laboratory and the Sub-Critical Assembly which he has set up. According to Dr. Doinani courses in neutron and reactor physics have been given for several years at the Physics Department of the Science Faculty, though the laboratory for research and training has been equipped with all the necessary equipment only recently. This year the Assembly is being used for the Reactor Physics experiments in connection with the Reactor Physics Courses. Dr. Domaniq has several of his own projects underway. With academic background in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Dr. Domani9 is, indeed, highly qualified to carry out his difficult responsibilities. He has a Ph.D. degree from the University of Gotengen (Germany), granted in 1941 after six years of study there. In 1954 as Associate Professor of Physics at Ankara University Dr. Domaniq was sent to London for research in microwave physics. ence, as a participant from 1956-1959, consisted of five months of basic training in nuclear science and engineering at the State College of North Carolina, followed by another five months of study at Argonne National Laboratory. For a special course in reactor physics four months were spent at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Upon completion of 14 months of advanced training, Dr. Domaniq was appointed as Research Associate at Brookhaven National Laboratory where he carried on experimental research on Neutron Physics. The result of his work there was the publication of two of his papers entitled "Slow-Neutron Resonances in EU 1 5 1 and EU 15 3 "pand "Dependence o! the In I1 6 Activation Ratio on Neutron Energy." There are two more participants in the Department of Physics who with background training in nuclear science are participating in the new project. Dr. Enis Erdek who is occupied in conducting courses in experimental and classical physics is also helping in setting up the new center. In the meantime he is preparing experimental projects to be carried out using the Sub-Critical Assembly as an extension of his research work in France and the United States. Dr. Erdik's first introduction to nuclear science was in France at Lyon Institute of Atomic Physics in 1952. The result of his experiments there was the publication of a paper on "Study of Alfa Radioactivity of Laboratory Atmosphere for Nuclear Emulsion." 11
Sby ' - 1 I /, r As a participant, Dr. Erdik spent 15 Amns monthsatat rtcipa Brookhaven Dr.aErdiosenal National Laboratory where he received advanced training traiing in n Experimental Exerienta Reactor Reator Physics. During this period he prepared two research papers. His work on "Single Rod Fast Effects and Related Measuremients" was published by the United States Atomic Energy Commission. The Journal of Reactor Science and Technology published another research paper prepared in collaboration with a colleague entitled "Experimental Determination of Fast Fission Factors in Light Water-Moderated, Slightly Enriched Uranium Rod Lattices." The highlight of Dr. Erdik's United States experience was his participation in the Radiation Conference sponsored the United States AEC in Chicago. The head of the Experimental Physics Department, Professor Rauf Nasulio,u, is an Argonne trained Nuclear Physicist. In addition to administrative and teaching responsibilities, Dr. Nasuhoklu is working on a project on "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance" at the new laboratoiy that Professor Rauf Nasuho lu (left) and is being set up with IAEA help. Professor Fnis Erdik (right) are examinins the characteristicsof thellelmoltz As one of the first grokps of coils for determinig of magnetic participants trained under the atomic moment in the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory. energy program, Dr. Nasuho lu spent two years (1955-1957) at Argonne National Laboratory. After receiving 10 nonths of basic training at the Institute of Nuclear Science r m and Engineering, he served the i i g 1 o t s o i r g a rmiig1 otso i rga as Research Associate in its Neutron asirsearhisoct Physics Division. (Le/f_)4, Dr. Cemil $envar is getting ready to release the steel rod which controls the 10 0 curie Cobalt-60 source in order to irradiate chemicals that were placed inside the machine. (The entire equipment including the cobalt source [or the Radiation Chemistry Laboratory was1 providedby U.S.A.I.D.) SRigbt) r. Clght envar is countinga radioactivity content of0 water and rain samples from Istanbul and Ankara areas at the Radioactive Fall-Out Laboratory. 12.,,..,,i '4, ",, F
physics resulted in the publication of several papers in leading American scientific magazines. The Physical Review published his work entitled "Mass Distribution in Fission of u235 by Resonance Neutrons:' and his experiment on "Transmission Measurements with Cold Neutron in Hydrogenous Liquids" appeared in The Journal of Chemical Physics. Radiation Chemistry and Radioactive Fallout Laboratories In charge of both of these laboratories is Docent Dr. Cemil envar with a background training both in the United Kingdom and the United States. According to Dr. envar the project to establish a Radiation Chemistry Laboratory for the Department of Physical Chemistry was initiated in 1958 with U.S.A.I.D. help. This year MOWall the equipment provided by U.S.A.I.D. has arrived and the laboratory has started functioning in its temporary location. Two Assistants of the Department, under Dr. envar's supervision, have constructed a triple -distilled water system in order to obtain the right kind of water for radiation chemistry and dosimetry work which is under way. Graduate students have begun actual experimental work in the Laboratory in connection with the seminar work conducted by Dr. 5envar. Another project, for the Department to establish a Radioactive Fall-Out Laboratory, was initiated in 1960 with CENTO assistance. This laboratory, also under Dr. envar's direction, has started several projects. Samples of air, water, rain, snow, vegetables, and soil from Ankara and Istanbul areas have been collected and are being measured for gross Beta activities. Despite lack of some equipment, milk samples have been ashed and chemical operations started in order to isolate and count Sr-90 centant. One... I J @.-M
of the immediate projects that Dr. $envar is planning, is to investigate the absorption of radioactive species from air and water by various absorbents such as active carbon, sand, soil, clay and various ion-exchange systems. While occupied with laboratory work, Dr. $envar also conducts seminars and holds classes in physical chemistry with emphasis on nuclear subjects. Dr.,envar's two-year United States training was spent at Pennsylvania State College receiving basic training in nuclear science and then at Argonne National Laboratory as Research Assistant. In this capacity Dr. *envar conducted research in radiation chemistry. The result of this effort was the presentation of his report to the Second International Conference for Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy held in Geneva in 1958 entitled "Decomposition of Aqueous Solutions by Alpha Particles." As the member of the Turkish Atomic Energy Commission's Technical Consultant Board, Dr.,envar has influence over other activities of nuclear science in Turkey, besides his contributions to the development of this science at the University. Dcpartnmcnt of Zoology Another participant who was sent to the United States under the U.S.A.I.D. "Atomic Energy" program is Professor Selahattin Okay, the head of the Zoology Department of the Ankara University Faculty of Science. Professor Dr. Selabattin Okay is taking out one of his experimental African locusts for isotope injection. With a grant from NATOProfessor Okay has an interesting project under way. He is experimenting on the nutritional requirements of African locusts through use of radioisotopesapplication of isotopes into an insect either through direct injection or through feeding makes it possible to measure the speed and time element involved in transformation of carbohydrates into fat. "Without isotopes," said Professor Okay, "accurate detection of this process would be impossible.." Although his administrative duties take up quite a lot of time, Dr. Okay also has teaching responsibilities conducting several courses in physiology. Fluent both in English and French, Dr. Okay's academic background consists of a B.S. degree from the University of Lyon in 1938, a Ph.D. from the University of!stanbul, and one year's work at Harvard Departmenttof Zoology conducting research on insect pigment formation in 1952. As a participant, Dr. Okay spent one year in the United States in 1958 to study isotope application. After a few months' training at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, Dr. Okay spent eleven months at the University of Wisconsin Department of Entomology to do post-doctoral research. His experiments here involved the use of radioisotopes to study nutrition and metabolism of grasshoppers. 14
Atomc Enrav Ai pending on student interest and ability. Research has been conducted on neutron transport theory, advanced quantum mechanics, an theory of elementary particles. At present there are assistants working toward their Ph.D.'s carrying out research on "Time and Energy Dependent on Neutron Distribution." These graduates are working under excellent supervision with professors who have had expericnce counselling Ph.D. candidates inamerican universities. EProfessor Erdal i6n, the head of the Department, has had many years of at academic experience in the United States. After receiving a Bachelor of M.E.T.U. Science degree from the Ankara Univer- Department of Theoretical Physics e Department of Theoretical Physics of the Middle East Technical University in Ankara is distinguished by the services of two of Turkey's eminent ProfessorDr. Erdal Inonu scientists-professor Erdal in6nui and Professor Feza GUrsey. Headed by Professor Erdal in~iu and under tile able direction of Professor Feza Giirsey the students of this department receive thorough training in basic problems of theoretical physics through courses, lectures and seminars. Once the students achieve this solid background with overall knowledge in this field, they are directed in carrying out advanced research under various L branches of Theoretical physics de- ProfessorDr. Feza Girsey 15
sity Faculty of Science, Dr. ln6nii spent four years in che United States attending the California Institute of Technology (1947-1951) where he received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physic.. While serving as Assistant Professor at the Ankara University Faculty of Science teaching courses in theoretical physics, Dr. inonii was sent to the United States again to receive advanced training in reactor physics under U.S.A.I.D. auspices (1957-1960). After several months of training in elements of nuclear reactor theory at tile Berkeley Radiation Laboratory of the University of California, Dr. ln6nui continued work in the same field at Princeton University, Plainer Laboratory of Physics. lere he had an opportunity to do intensive research on reactor theory a:jd dispersion theory. The period between 1959-1960 was spent at Oak P idge National Laboratory, Neutron Physics Division, working on research problems in reactor theory, transport theory, group theory and nuclear statistical theory. According to Dr. in6nii the net result of his work during this period was to establish a firm groundwork in mathematical theories underlying the complex mechanisms of nuclear reactors with enough background to direct independent research in current aspects of transport theory. Research worker receives world recognition Dr. Feza Giirsey spent approximately four and a half years in the United States under U.S.A.I.D. sponsorship, though part of his program was financed by sources other than U.S.A.I.D., such as the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton and Columbia University. During his program in the United States Dr. Giirsey wrote a number of significant papers which have received recognition not only in the United States but in Europe and many other countries abroad. His works are referred to and are analyzed by the greatest physicists of our time either in their lectures or quoted in their writings. This important work was done mainly at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, the Institute for advanced Study of Princeton and Columbia University. The work that made him distinguished in the scientific world was )r. Gursey's research on the "Symmetry Properties of Baryons". lie published many other papers which are of great interest in the scientific world. The great success of Dr. Girsey in the United States to a certain extent may be attributed to his academic background. lie has a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematical Physics from the University of Istanbul and a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from the University of London followed by advanced work at the University of Cambridge. The "Final Evaluation Report" of Dr. Giirsey submitted to U.S.A.I.D. upon completion of his training program in the United States is considered as one of the most valuable and comprehensive documents in the fi!es of the Training Office. Dr. Giirsey in this report devotes some time discussing other aspects of his program which are con 16
sidered valuable, under the heading of "Scientific Criticism and Scientific Judgement." Besides the universities that Dr. Grsey was directly connected with, he had an opportunity to see and observe the educational methods of man) others. lie was invited as one of the guest lecturers from all over the country, including the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, RIAS and Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, tilerockefeller Center, New York 1'niversity, Ma-,achusetts Institute of l'cchnoloyv and Brandeis in Boston, and the U'niversities of Stanford, Syracuse and Rochester, Yale, Brown, Cornell and Princeton. incoming new equipment takes up quite a lot of his time, Dr. ;aplakoklu has a project under way called "Radiometric Measurements" which determines plant uptake through application of isotopes into selected crops. His knowledge in this field was acquired in tie United States from 1955 to 1957 as a U.S.A.I.D. participant. Tile American training in this field consisted of 10 months basic training in nuclear science and engineering at Argonne National Laboratory, followed by another 18 months there devoted to concentrated research in neutron physics. His research efforts resulted in publication of several papers. One on Radioisotope Laboratory, Department of Physics At the head of the Department of Physics of the Middle East Technical University is Dr. Adnan aplakoglu who in addition to his very heavy administrative and teaching responsibilities, is in charge of the Physics l)epartment, Radioisotope laboratory which he has just finished setting,lp. This laboratory, financed mainly by NATo is the joint project of METU and the Soil Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture. Its main aim is "to improve crop quality." At the same time the new isotope laboratory will serve to train students in application of isotopes in agriculture through on-the-job training and research, Even though caliberating the -.. -, - - Professor Dr. Adnan 5aplakoilu is measuring the beta activities produced in plants after application of isotopes. "Total Neutron Crossection Measurement of Niobium" was published in the Physical Review. Another work on "Total Fission Crossection" in "Journal of Nuclear Science and Engineering" and one on "Absolute Fission Crossection"appeared in the publication on the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. 17
N '. ) \ * I'm, ' %or Ofr. I /,ati'c, 13 ) al i, coilrtiu, i,ico to, * ii his ex/)tirime i (l't'pjc(l srjlollioil. 11 ad joisotope La1boratory of the -icheiistry Department Another isotope laboratory at N1r T ; is established under the direction of Professor Bahattin Baysal with the help provided by the International Atomic Energy (ommission. leaded by )r. Baysal, the Departfient of Chemistrv is active in conductinv radioisotope courses for physicists, chemists and engineers and carry'ing out research in isotope applications. Several assistants and 15 graduate students are working for their ]'h.l).'s on subjects related to nuclear radiation and processing chemistry. - ~. Dr. Baysal's two-year United States training and experience from 1957 to 1959 in nuclear and radio chemistry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Brookhaven National Laboratory resulted in the publication of five papers: "Kinetics of Electron Transfer Reactions", published in '"Proceedings of International Congress on Catalysts 1960"; "Radiation Induced Polymervatic Reactions was published in the Journil of Polyner Icience and presented personally at the International Polymer Symposium held in Moscow in 1960"; "Ion Exchange Studies" was presented to the International Conference on the I'. accful 1'ss (.f.\ toli c Fnery in 19;Q and appearcd in the publication of its proceedings. last Julyv, Dr. llayal was invited to attend the (iorden Research Conference held in Mcriden, New Eanipshire to present a paper on his previous research on "Padiation Induced Polymerization." Dr. Baysal is happy to have the opportunity to continue his intensive research work in the new Chemistry Isotope Laboratory. Much of his present research activities are an extension of his work in the United States on electron transfer reactions and ion exchange studies. Dr. Baysal also has teaching responsibilities conducting courses in Physical Chemistry to undergraduates and Polymic Chemistry to graduate students. The Chemistry l)epartment of Dr. Baysal claims two more distinguished educators as participants-professor Vedat Eniistiin and Professor Dr. PRait Tolun. Both have started projects 18
Professor Dr. Rauf Nasuhoilu is demonstratingq the controlling of the phase sensitive detector built by the assistants at the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory. iv 7 II 19
working with radioisotopes and raw materials of atomic energy in the Department of Chemistry Radioisotope Laboratory. Professor Vedat Eniistiin who conducts courses in Thermodynamics, has just returned from a second trip to the United States having completed another research work in collaboration with Professor John Turkovich of Princeton University. This work, to be published, is on experimental verification of the theory of stability of colloidal systems and is entitled "Coagulation of Colloidal Gold." The first trip of Dr. Eniistiin, sponsored by U.S.A.I.D., from 1958 to 1959, to do post-doctoral research in nuclear chemistry at Frick Chemical Laboratory of Princeton University, resulted in the publication of a paper which is believed to have created a stir in the scientific world, This paperentitled "The Solubility of Fine Particles of Strontium Sulphate'" was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society and varified a theory originally propounded by the famous American mathematical physicist, the late Josiah W. Gibbs, that "If you decrease the size of the crystal, you increase the solubility of a substance beyond the normal." The incidental product of this research which is particularly interesting to laymen, is the establishment of the fact that no added hazard is caused by fall-out from nuclear explosions through the size of the particles. During his United States stay Dr. Enidstan also had a chance to take some courses in addition to conducting research. He attended a course in monitoring techniques held at the Atomic Energy Commission's Health and Safety laboratory in New York. There he studied the methods used in measuring the fall-out activities in vaiious samples of water, milk, vegetables, etc. For the purpose of investigating the handling of radioisotopes in various nuclear establishments, he made brief visits to Brookhaven, Oak Ridge and Argonne National Laboratories. Dr. Ra~it Tolun,who is responsible for conducting courses in Industrial Chemistry at METU,had a year's training experience in the United States. His program consisted of research work on uranium extraction and beneficiation of raw materials at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and field observation tours to study uranium deposits and extraction. He also had an opportunity to study in the laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commission's Raw Materials Development Branch and the Bureau of Ninas. During this experience he learned about laboratory testing of uranium ores and observed different mineral beneficiation tests and extraction investigations of nickel, cobalt etc. Through AEC's field program in Colorado, Utah and California,Dr. Tolun studied uranium deposits, extraction plants, tungston mine, gilsonite refining plant, beryl mines and underground lead-zinc, and flotation plant. Dr. Tolun and "all the other participants at the Middle East Technical University staff are very satisfied with the way the U.S.A.I.D. training program was arranged and conducted and are grateful for the opportunity to have been able to participate in the program. 20
The I stoe SbUniversity aboratory of Ege U niversity ifn izm r T o participants, Professor Remzi Geldiay, Hydrobiologist, and Professor Yusuf Vardar, Plant Physiologist, are among the responsible persons who have initiated the setting up of an Isotope Laboratory at Ege University in Izmir. Through the efforts of such dedicated members of the Faculty of Science and Medicine, radioisotopes and related equipment were obtained last year through CENTO and NATO assistance. At present special quarters in the are being arranged to house the Radioisotope Laboratory. Professor Remzi Geldiay received fourteen months' training (1958-1959) in uses of radioisotopes and radio biology at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the University of Washington. During this period he completed basic research on fresh water biology and re'action of freshwater fish to radioactive isotopes. Prior to United States training Dr. Geldiay had studied biology in Windermere, Fngland,for 18 months. In Turkey, Dr. Geldiay hopes to promote the establishment of hatchery laboratories where breeding of selective fish will help Turkish fisheries to improve the quality and quantity of fish. Dr. Yusuf Vardar conducted postdoctoral research on plant physiology and uses of radioisotopes at the University of Wisconsin and at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. His experimental work was to study the growth and development process in plant physiology through use of isotopes. 21
A letter from Professor Dr. Atif $engun _ Professor Dr. M. Ati/ 5engun T hanks to the exchange program of ICA I had the opportunity to visit the USA. After being granted a leave of absence by the Department of General Zoology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, I left for the United States where I had the chance to gain more experience and knowledge in my particular field. "The thirteen months I spent in the United States were very enterprising. I participated in the course regarding the usage of radioisotope materials at Oak Ridge. Following this course I went to the University of California where I worked on chromosome physiology (which is considered a very important phase of modern biology) by means of using radioisotope and otorodiography techniques. "During this part of my stay in the United States, I was fortunate to have a chance to increase my knowledge about bacteria and cell culture at the Department of Genetics. I also had the chance to collaborate with Dr. Kaufmann and Dr. Gray in this field and in this department, and several articles were published as a result of our joint efforts. The participant program thus gave me the opportunity of collaborating with some eminent personalities and of seeing on the spot how these worldrenowned institutes in the United States operate. "When I returned to Turkey, I did my best to get the most out of my experiences in the United States. I also completed my research in three different fields. These can be considered as the continuation of my efforts in the United States. "The above mentioned facts show very clearly how successful and helpful the training programs of ICA are and have been. In fact, it seems to me that this organization which is now called AID, could even be more helpful if the relations of the participants with AID could and would continue after their return to Turkey." 22
Medical use of radioisotopes and what it means to Turkey by Doctor Reha Uzel As a U.S.A.I.D. participant, Dr. Uzel spent about half of his time in the United States at the New England Deaconess lospital in lioston (October 1957 to August 1958) where he received thorough practicaltraining treating cancer patients, etc., a,,d the remainder at the Memorial Center for Cancer and Allied Diseases in Ne, York. Purinyr ti'is period Dr. Uzel was engaged in several fruitful research, projects, w'rote learned treatises about them and finally passed the Nuclear Medicine foard examination in Washington D.C., receiving a diploma qualifying him as a specialist in the field of nuclear science. of adioactive isotopes M edial us "..l.occupies an important area among t - other peace l uses of atomic energy. - Being a radiologist mainly interested in radiotherapy, I naturally felt vreat interest in the possibilities of cancer treatment with radioactive ma!erial. During the early years, like imyself, many other physicians followed kx thle progress made by the scientists of the very few countries who had access to atomic energy. At the beginning, enthusiasm to V treat cancer by radioactive material Dr. Reha Uzel is treating a patient for " -throat cancer under a Cobalt-60 source. 23
was great. Almost all available isotopes, which at the time were limited in number, were tried in the effort to treat cancer. First favorable reports came on the treatment of thyroid cancer by radioactive iodine. As it usually is, the first reports were very encouraging. Through advancement in reactor technic, artificial radioisotopes became available to more scientists, thus, the number of trials, and as a result, the number of reports increased a great deal. In the "Cumulative Index Medicus" 7800 article references can be found dealing with thyroid and radioiodine between the years of 1945-1955. Gradually, the enthusiasm subsided, although clinical trials to control cancer by isotopes still continued but in a more realistic manner. Many of the problems of the earlier era are now solved. Numerous wellestablished radioisotope methods are now being routinely used in medical practice both in cancer therapy and as diagnostic tools. It is now clearly understood that radioisotopes alone are not the magic remedy to cure all cancer. On the other hand, in well selected cases isotopes are being used to obtain palliation and even cure. Thanks to U.S.A.I.D., I had the opportunity to participate in such activities at two of the great centers in the United States. America was not new to me since I had completed my specialty training there. A U.S.A.I.D. grant made it possible to extend training in clinical radiotherapy into clinical and basic studies on medical applications of radioisotopes. I especially worked on cancer research and cancer therapy by radioactive materials. Many other Turkish physicians studied diagnostic and medical research aspects of radioisotopes abroad, some of whom were supported by IJ.S.A.I.D. At present, there are two centers active in the medical applications of radioisotopes. One is Tedavi Klini~i at llaseki lospital in Istanbul. Their main objective is to specialize in diagnostic uses of radioisotopes and some therapeutic applications, such as treatment of hyperthyroidism by radioiodine (1131). The other is the Institute of Radiology at Gureba lospital, in Istanbul. The Institute of Radiology, being the only major cancer center in Turkey, the radioisotope work there is mainly directed into the field of cancer therapy and research. Artificial radioisotopes to be used in cancer therapy have to be brought from abroad. The (ekmece reactor is not yet able to produce isotopes for medical use. We hope to obtain some of our isotopes from Qekmece in the near future. Isotopes are being used for treatment of thyroid cancer, some blood diseases such as leukemia, malignant effusions, and as small sources to be implanted into malignant tissue. A major contribution in the field of cancer radiotherapy is the availability of large cobalt 60 sources. These sources-so called bombs-are being used in the treatment of deep seated cancers, and universally accepted as the suc'essor of supervoltage x-ray therapy. Two such cobalt units have already arrived in Turkey, one of which is supplied by the University of Istanbul and the other by T.S.A.I.D. A new 24
building to house these 2000 Curie units is almost completed near the Institute of Radiology at Gureba Hospital grounds. The Institute is also a teaching unit of the Medical Faculty of Istanbul. Employed as an assistant professor in the Institute, it gives me great pleasure to teach modem cancer therapy to young medical students. Nuclear medicine comes to Ankara Medical School Jt is a pleasure to witness here the 1. application of the new science of nuclear medicine to the age old problems of preserving life," said U.S.A.I.D. Director, Stuart H. Van Dyke, delivering a speech in Turkish (his first) at the opening ceremony of the Ankara luniversit, Radio Biological Institute on was honored by the presence of both President Cemal Gfirsel and Prime Minister ismet in6nii, as well as dignitaries from various Turkish medical and educational professions and officials Prime Minister ismet In6nii congratulates speech in "excellent Turkish" at the A.I.D. Director,Stuart II. Van Dyke on his opening o/the Radio.BiologicalInstitute. 25