ÜLKEMİZ KOŞULLARINDA UZAKTAN ALGILAMADA GÖRÜNTÜ İŞLEMEYİ KISITLAYAN ETMENLER THE FACTORS RESTRICTING THE IMAGE PROCESSING IN REMOTE SENSING IN OUR COUNTRY S CONDITIONS Rüştü Ilgar, Şevki Babacan Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Orta Öğretim Sosyal Alanlar Bölümü, Coğrafya Eğitimi Anabilimdalı Çanakkale sevkibabacan@hotmail.com ÖZET Uzaktan algılamada image proceeding işlemi oldukça önemlidir. Ham uydu görüntülerinin georeferansının alınması yada referans koordinatlar sipariş verilirken sağlanması koşulu ile koordinatlandırılmış ve yönlendirilmiş uydu görüntüsü temini ile görüntü elde edilmektedir. Minimum koordinatlandırılmış görüntü siparişi 100 km 2 olması bir başka gerekliliktir. Görüntü koordinatlandırılmasında olası hatalar var olan mekana ait bir çok farklılıkları ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Örneğin yapılan basit bir koordinat hatası sonucu 2 uydu görüntüsünün çakıştırılma ile deniz kıyı kenar çizgisinde çok büyük farklılıklar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bir başka olasılık ta 2 farklı görüntünün birinin geo referansı alınmış olması diğerinin de ham image görüntüsü baz alınarak mukayeseye gidilmesi işlemidir. Eğer farklılıkları gözlemlemek amacıyla iki farklı uydu görüntüsü çalışılacaksa görüntülerin farklı bantlarda olması, ışık spektrumu değişkenliği, farklı uyduların aynı mekana ait görüntüleri arasında çok dikkatli çalışılması gerekmektedir. Image proceeding yazılımlarının diğer paket programlara göre operasyonlarının daha güç olması bir başka güçlüktür. Sürekli yeni versiyonlar ile kendilerini yenilemesi ve basit kullanımlara ulaşması gözlemlenmektedir. Bu hızlı değişimin lisanslı son kullanıcılara ücretsiz yararlandırılması daha da yararlı olacaktır. Siparişi verilen mekana özgü uydu görüntüsü temini anında reel time aynı mekanda inceleme yapılarak, aynı mekana özgü eşdeğer konuca çalışma yürütülmelidir. Uydu görüntülerinin PC lerde kapladığı boyut bir başka sorundur. Kayıpsız ve koordinatlarını aynen koruyacak wavelet tabanlı bir görüntü sıkıştırıcısı, görüntüleyicisinin dosya formatlarının temini gerekmektedir. Veri tabanı dosyasının çok geniş spektrum içermesi değerlendirme sürecinde datum, zon ve UTM seçim güçlükleri mevcuttur. Ayrıca uydu görüntülerin Landsat harici Hint ve Rus uydu alternatiflerinin de değerlendirilmesi maliyet analizini kolaylaştıracaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uzaktan Algılama, Görüntü Işleme, CBS Problemleri, Eğitim, Coğrafya ABSTRACT The process of image proceeding in remote sensing is quite important. Viewing can be provided through providing satellite viewing directed and coordinated as long as unprocessed satellite viewing of georeference is received or obtained when the reference coordinates are ordered. It is another necessity that minimum coordinated viewing order must be 100 km2. Possible errors in the viewing coordination cause many differentials in the present space, for example, a simple coordinate error causes great differentials on the coastline as a result of two satellite views interwoven into each other. Another possibility is the process that while georeference of two different views is taken, the other is compared basing on unprocessed image viewing. If two different satellite views will be studied for the purpose of observing the differentials, it is necessary to study very carefully with views belong to the same space from different satellites. Light spectrum variability s and existence of the views on different bands. It is another difficulty that the operation of image proceeding software is more difficult than other package programs. It is observed that it innovates itself with new versions and gives way to easier usage. It will be more beneficial to allow the current licensed users to make free use of that rapid change. An equivalent study specified for the same space can be carried out. Another problem is the space the satellite views occupy in the PC s. A wavelet based view zipper to protect the coordinates without corruption and lost necessitates securing the file formats of the viewer. In the process of assessing that the database file involves very large spectrum, there are datum, zone and UTM choice difficulties. Considering Indian and Russian satellites alternatives except Landsat view simplify the cost analysis. Key Words: Remote Sensing, Image Proceeding, GIS Problem, Education, Geography
Image processing in remote sensing is quite important. View can be provided through providing satellite viewing directed and coordinated as long as unprocessed satellite viewing of georeference is received or obtained when the reference coordinates are ordered. It is another necessity that minimum coordinated viewing order must be 100 km 2. But now satellites have brought the prices down, the space has got smaller. For Example, you can elicitphotos of he same place paying 100 $ The problem of the distribution of the histograms belonging to the place in the satellite view quite important. Land, flora and forest, marsh lands vary in types. In the present views, accuracy of the areas which include marshes, lands and forest is quite good. If studies will be carried out on differences of the same area, the process must be more different. For example, main principle of the studies in the marshes is the attitude of the light in the water, its reflection, its abroption, its breaking in the water, benefitting from its reflection (Ilgar,R., 2002a). For that purpose, one need to make the desired area clear with appropriate changes on the view tapes. Shape 1: Atikhisar Dam, Clarified with Çanakkale RGB change 2
By, national and international standardization bodies, through the Turkish Standards Institute (TSE), the British Standards Institute (BSI), the Committee Européen de Normalisation (CEN) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) (ISO, 1994). In the UK, the development of the National Street Gazetteer (NSG) has shown the relevance of this work. In a wider context, the emergence of the National Geospatial Database (NGD) will need to be vested in a solid foundation of standards (Ilgar, R., 2003 a). Tablo 1 CBS de uygulanan standartlar Acronym ANSI CEN DGIWG FGDC GSDI IHO ISO OASİS OGC OMA W3C WS-I Organization American National Standarts Institute European Committee for Standardization Digital Geographic Information Working Group Federal Geographic Data Committee Global Spatail Data Infrastructure International Hydrographic Organization International Organization for Standardization Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards Open GIS Consotium Open Mobile Alliance World Wide Web Consortium Web Services Interoperability Organization ( Standards and Interoperability, 2003) If the main source of the many observed problems special for the place in the current geography teaching is the perspective of the distance phenomena and concepts from systematic approach (Ilgar, R., 2003 b). Such factors are necessary in this education: Problems Caused by The Weather Reel Time Flight Terrain Generation 3
Path Creation Environment Video Capture 3D Object Placement (Bridge, road...) Vector Layers The National Transfer Standard (NTF), a BSI certified standard, is widely used by Ordnance Survey for the supply of its data. However, although most GIS are able to read NTF format, few are able to output in this. Hence, although a BSI standard, its use tends to be largely confined to an OS supply format. OS now augment this by offering data in DXF format (BSI, 1992). Possible errors in the viewing coordination cause many differentials in the present space, for example, a simple coordinate error causes great differentials on the coastline as a result of two satellite views interwoven into each other. Another possibility is the process that while georeference of two different views is taken, the other is compared basing on unprocessed image viewing. For example, you cannot proceed with Aster satellite view, below belonging to Gelibolu. Shape 2: View of Gelibolu from Aster Satellite 4
If two different satellite views will be studied for the purpose of observing the differentials, it is necessary to study very carefully with views belong to the same space from different satellites. Light spectrum variabilities and existence of the views on different bands. It is another difficulty that the operation of image processing software is more difficult than other package programs.it is observed that it innovates itself with new versions and gives way to easier usage. It will be more beneficial to allow the current licensed users to make free use of that rapid change. An equivalent study specified for the same space can be carried out. For example, in mobile communication ( Dynamic Server ) 3D analyst and digital mapping can be performed. However, the database of the writes working for solution in programs is generally as follows; Veri tabanı (Data Base ) Oracle Microsoft SQl sever İnformix IBM DB2 (Geographic Information: A Public Sector Success Story, 2004) OS Map Production Center in England has grown four times larger with 210 formal institute and foundations, beside private map production unites. Private sector and OS have created 450 million earth shapes and data. Moreover, it created two million private map and one hundred thousand copies. 28.000 commentaries, articles, maps and meetings visited by 12.000 people are the signs showing the magnitude of the interest (Geographic Information: A Public Sector Success Story, 2004). Whereas, the activity of the General Map Commandership and some of its severe rules are some of the handicaps against the development in that term. Another problem is the space the satellite views occupy in the PCs. A wavelet based view zipper to protect the coordinates without corruption and lost necessitates securing the file formats of the viewer. 5
For example, a software developed to sort out that problem can be zipped 50 times more. That is, a view of 15 GB can be reduced to 650 MB by zipping. You can zip without loss of view using MrSID and Terrabyte, which are such kind of softwarees and you can open it in seconds. It can zip 24 (full color) bit scanned maps and every kind of documents with a proportion of 70:1 without loss and you can monitor in a few seconds through any geography information system software (ArcView, ArcGıs, Mapinfo Intergraph, Autocad, Smallworld etc.) or remote sensing software (Erdas Imagine, PCI, ENVI etc.) without view loss and with a perfect protection of the coordinates. Images in the format of MrSID, TIFF, JPEG, GEOTIFF, BIL, BIP, LAN, BSQ, USGS, DOQ, SUNRASTER etc. can be zipped In the process of assessing that the database file involves very large spectrum, there are datum, zone and UTM choice difficulties. For example, Landsat satellite band spaces: Table 2 The band and space TM: view Band 1: 0.45-0.52 µm Band 2: 0.52-0.60 µm Band 3: 0.63-0.69 µm Band 4: 0.76-0.90 µm Band 5: 1.55-1.75 µm Band 6: 10.4-12.5 µm Band 7: 2.08-2.35 µm 6
Considering Indian and Russian satellites alternatives except Landsat view simplify the cost analysis. But it should be determined well that for which aim the view of the satellite which will function in this subject will be used. Table 3 Desired map scales and solution of the current necessary satellite data. MAXİMUM GEOMETRİC VİEWİNG SOLUTİON GENERAL MAP SCALE 1m (IKONOS PAN) 1 : 5.000 2 m (KVR, KFA-3000) 1 : 10.000 4 m (IKONOS MS) 1 : 25.000 5 m (KFA-1000) 1 : 25.000 5.8 m (IRS-1c PAN) 1 : 25.000 10 m (SPOT-PAN, KFA-1000 MS) 1 : 50.000 20 m (SPOT-MS, KATE 2000) 1 : 75.000 25 m (ERS-1) 1 : 100.000 30 m (Landsat TM) 1 : 200.000 80 m (Landsat MSS) 1 : 250.000 120 m (Landsat TM, band 6) 1 : 400.000 160 m (RESURS-MSU-SK) 1 : 500.000 1 km (NOAA) 1 : 3.000.000 For example, while Çanakkale airport can be defined with the view of Landsat 7, it is rather impossible to do the transport system. Shape 3: View of Çanakkale airport from Landsat 7 7
The IDRISI supported are "NAD27" and "NAD83". NAD27 datums will use the Clarke 1866 (E000) ellipsoid and NAD83, the North American 1983 (D122) for PCI. If another datum is specified, the major and minor s-axis entries are used to indicate the ellipsoid instead and a default "E999" shown in PCI. In same time 50 datum for Turkey. For example, Federal Office of Swedish Topography used the view of 100 cm IKONOKS and 70 cm QUICKBIRD while it was creating data transport system of Geneve. IKONOKS situated 95% of it in rural roads but IKONOKS has obtained negative results in their view. (Tecnical Session: Remote Sensing Eases mapping Applications 2004). 8
REFERENCES BSI. BS7567: Electronic transfer of geographic information (NTF), Parts 1, 2 & 3. British Standards Institution, London, UK, 1992 Geographic Information: A Public Sector Ssuccess Story 2004, GEO: Connexion, July\August: 2004, Journalist of The Year MagazineVolume:3, Issue:7,Geo Connexxion ISSN: 1476-8941, UK Ilgar R., 2002 a Evaluation Of Turbidity On Canakkale Strait (Dardanelles) Sea Ecosystem, CIS Days 02, 30-31 October, University of Fatih, Istanbul, 2002 Ilgar R., 2003 a Electronic Versiyon & Proseding Environment And Geographical Information Systems, The IJCI Proceedings (ISSN 1304-2386), Volume:1, July 2003, International XII. Turkish Symposium of Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks (TAINN 2003) http://icis.comu.edu.tr/proceedings/ijci/tainn03/tainn03.htm Ilgar R., 2003 b GIS education and its importance in Geography and Ecology in Turkey, The First Education Congress of Social Sciences, May 15-17, 2003, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir. ISO. ISO 10303-11, Industrial Automation Systems And Integration - Product Data Representation And Exchange. Part 11: Description methods: the EXPRESS language reference manual, International Organization for Standardization., Geneva, 1994 LANDSAT7 SENSOR =ETM+ 2001-10-17-T05:20:09 LOC =181/0320000 http://glcfapp.umiacs.umd.edu:8080/esdi/index.jsp Standards and Interoperability, ESRI, Summer 2003, New York Street, Redlands, Canada, p.3 Tecnical Session: Remote Sensing Eases mapping Applications 2004, Published daily on Isprs 2004, XX th Congress ınternational Society for Photogrammetry and remote Sensing, Istanbul, 22 July 2004, page 6, Number 7 9