Animal Health Prod and Hyg (2013) 2(2) : 198-202 Research Article Investigation of Relation among Type of Dwelling, Presence of Pets-Flowers and Number of People of House Dust Mites Osman Selçuk Aldemir 1, Feyzullah Güçlü 2 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University,Aydın, Turkey. 2 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selçuk University,Konya, Turkey. ABSTRACT Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and species of house dust mites (HDM). Also, in this epidemiological and identical study was carried out to investigate the correlation of the type and conditions of dwelling, presence or absence of pets or flowers inside the house, number of people sharing to the same houses with occur located in house dust mites having medical importance in various saci-economical habitats. Material and Method: In order to isolate house dust mites, a new technique which has less time and labour than others techniques was employed. A number of 280 house dust samples from different saci-economical habitats in Konya Province (Region) were investigated. Results and Conclusion: A total of 512 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were detected consisting of 379 male ( 74.02 %) and 133 female (25.98 %) from 124 house (44.28 %). A very high rate of house dust mites was found in August. But on January, February and March were not found parasite. It was shown that 55.26 % house dust mites obtained from detached houses, 42.56 % house dust mites obtained from flats, 49.33 % house with central heating system and 22.64 % house with primitive heating system, 37.19 % in concrete house, 48.29 % in Brichet house and 66.66 % in Wooden house were determined. Five samples (7,14 %) in 70 samples obtained from carpets; 119 samples (56.66 %) in 20 samples obtained from bedroom were positive for mites. Also 9.67 % in the family of 2 people and 33.06 % in the family of 6 people and up were detected to house dust mites. Consequently, in this study has been determined to relation among the number of people, presence of pets-flowers, type of dwelling with house dust mites Keywords: House dust mites, Diagnose, Prevalence. Ev Tozu Akarlarının Yaygınlığının Mesken Tipi, Kişi Sayısı, Evcil Hayvan ve Çiçek Varlığı ile Bağlantılarının Araştırılması ÖZET Özbilgi/Amaç: Medikal öneme sahip olan ev tozu akarlarının günlük yaşantımızı geçirdiğimiz yaşanılan ortamlarda bulunan kişi sayısı, evcil hayvan varlığı, çiçek varlığı, konut tipi, konutun ısıtma şekli gibi kriterler göz önüne alınarak, görülme sıklıklarının ve türlerinin araştırılması çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Materyal ve Metot: Ev tozu akarlarını izole etmek amacıyla, diğer yöntemlere oranla daha az zaman ve emek sarf edilen yeni ve tarafımızca modifiye edilmiş bir teknik kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla; farklı sosyo- ekonomik koşullara sahip 280 evden alınan toz örnekleri incelenmiştir. Bulgular ve Sonuç: Toplanan 280 evin 124 ünde (% 44,28) 379 u (% 74,02) erkek ve 133 ü (% 25,98) dişi olmak üzere toplam 512 adet Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus türü ev tozu akarı tespit edilmiştir. Akarların mevsimsel insidansına göre dağılımına bakıldığında; Ocak, Şubat ve Mart aylarında hiçbir parazite rastlanılmazken, Ağustos ayında ise parazitlere en yüksek oranda rastlanılmıştır. Konutların yapı şekline göre akar görülme sıklığına bakıldığında ise; betonarme evlerde % 37.19, ahşap evlerde % 66.66 görülürken apartman dairelerinde % 42.16 ve müstakil evlerde %55.26 oranlarında olduğu saptanmıştır. Konutların ısıtma sistemine göre akar varlığı değerlendirildiğinde; merkezi ısıtma sistemi ile % 49.33 oranında görülürken, soba gibi ilkel ısıtma sistemleri ile ısıtılan evlerde % 22.64 oranlarında akar saptanmıştır. Konutların beş ayrı yerinden örnekler alınmıştır. Bu örneklerin alınış yerlerine göre akar görülme oranlarına göre; halıdan alınan örneklerin % 7,14 sinde, yataktan alınan örneklerin % 56.66 sında akarlar saptanmıştır. Ayrıca aynı evde yaşayan kişi sayısına göre akar görülme oranına bakıldığında 2 kişilik bir aile de % 9.67 oranında akar saptanırken, 6 kişi ve yukarısı bir ailede ise % 33.06 oranında ev tozu akarı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma ile; günlük yaşantımızı geçirdiğimiz yaşanılan ortamlarda bulunan kişi sayısı, evcil hayvan varlığı, çiçek varlığı, konut tipi, konutun ısıtma şekli gibi kriterlerlerle ev tozu akarlarının görülme sıklığı arasında manidar bir sonuç elde edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ev tozu akarları (House Dust Mites), Teşhis, Prevalans Correspondence to: Osman Selcuk Aldemir, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, 09016-Işıklı, Aydın, Turkey. Email: oselcuk9@hotmail.com
199 Figure 1. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Şekil 1. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Introduction There are significant increases in allergic diseases nowadays. Allergens have been found in respiratory tract and skin and the reason of allergy could be explained many factors including house dust (Aygan, 2001; August, 1984; Barnetson et al., 1987; Zee et al., 1988). Allergic diseases are called as a structure which is IgE and it could be formed by this antibodies. IgE producing is important by the environmental factors IgE antibodies are synthesized as a response from specific antigenic stimulation from B lymphocyte and plasma cells. IgE molecules present on surface mast and basophile cells. Mast and basophile cells is made sensible by IgE molecules eventually, Ca can passed these cells easily. When the Ca molecules was in side the cells, histamine and heparin are secreted from the cells. Mucosal oedema, contracted of muscles, increasing of mucosal secretion and capillary permeability, thus decreasing of blood pressure is caused by free histamine. Moreover acute dermatitis can be seen when antigens of house dust mites passed through to the skin (Budak, 1992; Fonseca et al., 2003; Smith et al., 2001; Woodford, 1981) The major of two allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma have been occurred by pollens, molds, bird feathers, animal hairy, cotton, wood, silk, textile fibers and house dusts (Budak, 1992; Mitchell et al., 1986; Murray et al., 1980; Van Bronsiljk, 1981). This severe itching and burning in noise, continues sneeze and cough were based on from aeroallergens while the houses being cleaned by vacuumcleaner in houses. The result of the activity of the children who are sensitive to house dust allergy, the dust might be resprated and the symptoms of the allergy may be severe (Budak, 1992; Gürbüz and Mutluay, 1978; Korgaard, 1982). It was reported that the activities of the children in their house mixed the dust to respiratored air and allergic children could be affected by dusts, and also the severity of the allergy was depended on mixed dusts amounts. Removing of dusts from respratoried air reduced the severity of allergic symptoms. House dusts have approx 0.01 to 150 micrometer diameter and originated from live and dead many matters which are divided into small solid particles. These dusts are heterogen forms, and contain certain allergens. The allergens in house dusts are found two forms such as organic and inorganic allergens (Budak, 1992; Noris et al., 1988; Stewart and Robinson, 2003). The inorganic allergens have been occurred by using of furniture, due to their cellulose fibre which damaged physically and chemically(august, 1984; Gondo et al., 1996; Murray et al., 1980). The most common genus of mites found in house dust in North America and Europe is Dermatophagoides of which there are two species, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae are classified as;( Arlian et al., 1982; Budak, 1989; Budak, 1984; Downs et al., 2001) Phylum : Artropoda Subphylum : Chelicerata Class: Arachnoidea Order : Acarina Suborder : Acaridida Family :Pyroglyphidae Genus:Dermatophagoides
200 Table 1. Occurrence and Percentages of mites according to the types of dwelling, construction and heating. Tablo 1. Konutun türüne ve ısıtma şekline gore ev tozu akarlarının görülme oranları. Type of accommodation Number of the houses Number of the houses with examination mites % Flats 242 103 42.56 Detached houses 38 21 55.26 Concrete house 121 45 37.19 Brichet house 147 71 48.29 Wooden house 12 8 66.66 Central heating 227 112 49.33 Primitive heating 53 12 22.64 Species : Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus posterior idiosoma of the male. Males were more sclerotized with enlarged legs I and III. The male aedeagus was located Species Table 2. : Dermatophagoides Number of mites according farinae to the monthly distribution. between the apodemes of leg IV. The female had a well-defined Tablo 2. Ev tozu akarlarının aylara göre bağlı dağılımı. genital opening anterior to the bursa copulatrix located near There are significant increases in allergic diseases Number in of the middle the anus. Figure Number 1. of Total Dermatophagoides of Turkey. House Months dust mites are responsible Dermatophagoides from substantial Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus part of allergic diseases. So this study pteronyssinus has been planned to It was shown pteronyssinus that 55.26 % house dust mites obtained from determine January the prevalence and species of house 0 dust mites in detached houses, 0 42.56 % house dust mites obtained 0 from flats Konya February (Turkey) March 0 0 were determined. 0 Also according to heating 0 system of houses were determined 0 to 49.33 % house with central 0 heating system Material April and Method May 30 37 and 22.64 % house 9 with primitive heating system. 39 The rate of House dust mites 13 were determined 37.19 % 50 in concrete house, In June this study, a total of 280 house dust 42 samples were investigated January in one year. For this purpose, 53 this study was carried August out to investigate monthly distribution 74 of house dust September mites, the correlation of the type and 60 conditions of 48.29 % in Brichet 14 house and 66.66 % in Wooden 56 house. The occurrence and 20 percentages of mites in investigated 73 samples were summarized 27 in the Table 1 according 101 to the types of accommodation, 22 constriction and heating system. 82 accommodation, October presence or absence of pets or 40 flowers inside 14 54 the November house, number of people sharing to the same 33 house with Five samples (7,14 11 %) in 70 samples obtained 44 from carpets; 119 occurs December located in house dust mites having medical 10 importance samples (56.663%) in 20 samples obtained from 13 bedroom were in Total various saci-economical habitats using a new 379 technique. positive for mites. 133 The interaction of numbers 512 mites with their occurrences were summarized in figure 2. It was shown that 9.67 % in the family of 2 people and 33.06 % in the family of 6 people and up were detected to house dust mites. Also in the presence of pets in houses of which mites the houses in which were found 29.16 % while in the presence of flowers, the corresponding value was 36.77 %. After cleaning of houses by vacuum-cleaner with water pool, ten ml of samples (water with dust) were collected into centrifugal tubes which as a small bubble clustered from surface of water pool and the samples were brought to laboratory for identification of species. The samples were centrifuged for five minutes at 2000 rpm. The sediment were transferred from centrifugal tubes into petri dish and examined under a stereo microscope. The mites in the positive samples were collected by pastor pipette and placed, following that, they were dropped in Hoyer s medium (made from 50 ml distilled water, 30 g crystalline gum Arabic, 200 g chloral hydrate and 20 ml glycerine). Sclerotized mites were first cleared by placing them for one day in lacto phenol (50 parts lactic acid, 25 parts phenol crystals, and 25 parts distilled water). After washing in several changes of water to remove all traces of lacto phenol, the specimens were orientated in a drop of mounting medium on a slide and covered with a cover glass. Mounted specimens were then baked in a 50 C incubator for five days and then identified by light microscopy. Results House dust mites were collected from April to October. A very high rate of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was found in August. A very low rate of these parasites was October. But on January, February and March were not found parasite. It was summarized the incidence of mites according to the monthly distribution in table 2. In this study, a number of 280 house dust samples from different saci-economical habitats were investigated by using a new modified technique. At the end of the study, a total of 512 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were identified consisting of 379 male ( 74.02 %) and 133 female (25.98 %) from 124 house (44.28 %). Both male and female adult house dust mites were globular in shape, creamy white and had striated cuticle. The female measured approximately 400-430 µm in length and 300-330 µm in width. The male was approximately 390-420 µm long and 220-245 µm wide. A pair of suckers was on the ventral Figure 2. Interaction of number of mites with their occurrences. Şekil 2. Aynı evde yaşayan kişi sayısına bağlı olarak ev tozu akarlarının görülme oranları.
Flats 242 103 42.56 Detached houses 38 21 55.26 Concrete house 121 45 37.19 Brichet house 147 71 48.29 Wooden house 12 8 66.66 Central heating 227 112 49.33 Aldemir Primitive Güçlü heating 53 Presence 12 of Pets-Flowers and Number of People 22.64 of House Dust Mites 201 Table 2. Number of mites according to the monthly distribution. Tablo 2. Ev tozu akarlarının aylara göre bağlı dağılımı. Number of Number of Total Dermatophagoides Months Dermatophagoides Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus pteronyssinus pteronyssinus January 0 0 0 February 0 0 0 March 0 0 0 April 30 9 39 May 37 13 50 June 42 14 56 January 53 20 73 August 74 27 101 September 60 22 82 October 40 14 54 November 33 11 44 December 10 3 13 Total 379 133 512 Discussion House dust mites inhabit areas and items of the house,as well as the workplace, that comply with their survival requirements, such as carpets, curtains, mattresses,pillows, soft toys, books, and other pieces of upholstered furniture. Common house dust mites such as Blomia tropicalis (Bt) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp)are inevitably found in every household, predominantly in areas of the world with high relative humidity and warm temperatures(gürbüz and Mutluay, 1978; Mitchell, 1985). House dust mites 23-94.5 % in Europe, 16.9-77.5% in North America, 47-100% in South America and 26.4-88.1% in Far East(Mora et al., 2003; Mosbech et al., 1988). Nowadays, a lot of techniques are used in the diagnosis of house dust mites(august, 1984; Barnetson et al., 1987; Hirschmann, 1986; Pauli, 2000). However in the present study a new modified technique was choosen for considered to have less time and labour by vacuum-cleaner with water pool. In this study, in 124 ( 44.28 %) of the 280 sample of house dusts, D. pteronyssinus were detected. In the some studies (Arlian et al., 1982; Murray et al., 1980; Sidenius et al., 2002) according to monthly distribution of house dust mites have been reported that the highest level is July and October. Conversely, some researchers (Gondo et al., 1996; Mitchell and Wilkins, 1985; Roberts, 1984) have expressed that the density of house dust mites increased in the autumn (May and October). Similarly, Budak (1989) in September and October, Aygan (2001) in October and November, the highest density of house dust mites have reported. In this study, the highest rate of house dust mites was found in August. A very low rate of these parasites was October. But on January, February and March were not found parasite.previous studies reported that house dusts were seen detached houses rather than apartments 4, 5. On the contrary more mites were seen in apartments than detached houses. In parallel with the result of Budak (1989), house-dust mites were seen to preferably live in Brigit made houses rather than concrete buildings. House-dust mites were also reported not to survive longer than 11 days in the conditions of 26-27ºC and 70-75% relative humidity 22. Mites found in the houses can reflect the ecological biotopes. Thus, especially in bedrooms and things located in the bedrooms are the places where mites normally copulate, fed, lay eggs etc(mosbech et al., 1988; Murray et al., 1980). In another study (Murray et al., 1980), sampling from such places revealed that, 13000 mites/gr dusts were determined. In this study mites detected from 124 housed end 56.66 % were from bedroom while 7,14% from carpets from the other rooms of the houses. This, bedroom and pillows, blankets sheet ete) could be said to be appropriate environments for mite life. If the numbers of the people in the house increases, the hygiene inside houses may not be obtained regularly. So it was shown that incidence of house dust mites was a relationship with the numbers of people. Consequently, in this study has been determined to relation among the number of people, presence of pets-flowers, type of dwelling with house dust mites. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is show with a high percentage (seen 44.28% of the samples). In order to kill mites by acarisid makes virtually no sense. Because, this could also lead to killing of natural enemies of mites to invade environment(arlian et al., 1982; Hirschmann, 1986; Mitchell, et al., 1986; Pauli, 2000). In addition, killing of mites would not the resolution since faeces of them contains some allergic glicoproteins with a 24.000 Dalton MW. Inhalation of these substances needs to be prevented(lind, et al., 1987; Mosbech et al., 1988; Murray et al., 1980; Platts- Mills, 1983; Roberts, 1984; Saraçlar, 1989). To remove of the mites by vacuum cleaner with water system inside the houses is presently seen the most effective way. 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