ABILITY : YETENEK MODALS a- Present ability -- can V0 = be able to V0 Marathon runners can run for hours. b- Future ability will be able to V0 shall be able to V0 After he takes this course, he shall/will be able to learn German well. c- Past ability could V0 = was/were able to Vo When I was young, I could /was able to climb any tree in the forest. (Geçmişteki yetenek) *** Geçmişte belli bir anda bir seferliğine yaptığımız eylemlerde could kullanılmaz, onun yerine was/were able to kullanılır. I was able accomplish the task on time yesterday. (managed to) Görevi zamanında bitirmeyi başarabildim. I could accomplish the task on time yesterday. (kullanılmaz. POSSIBILITY: OLASILIK General Possibility :(May, might, could) The contract may be signed at the end of the week. Haftasonunda kontrat imzalanabilir. We might go on holiday next month. Gelecek ay tatile gidebiliriz. They could reach an agreement after these negotiations. Bu müzakerelerin ardından bir anlaşmaya varabilirler. He can still be at work. Hala işte olabilir. (güçlü bir ihtimalle) Be likely to : possibly It is likely that Sue will give up working. Sue is likely to give up working. Be unlikely to : possibly not This dispute is unlikely to be settled for a long time. Bu uyuşmazlık uzunca bir süre çözümlenemeyebilir. Be bound to : highly likely If you have problems at home, It s bound to affect your work. (kuvvetle muhtemeldir.) May /might well : may/might/could He might well find the course difficult ( kurs ona zor gelebilir.) May/might as well : bari. yapalım. There are no buses at this time. We might as well walk home. ( eve yürüyelim bari) Olasılık ifade etmez. (I have no idea, I don t know, Perhaps, maybe, I m not sure, Probably/ possibly) öncelikle olasılık yapıları düşünülmeli. 2003 mayıs kpds REQUESTS: RİCA Can / could you? Can /could you pass the salt please? Will/ would you? Will/would you listen to me? Would you mind if + subject +V2? Would you mind if I smoked in here? Eylemi karşı taraf değil konuşmacı ya da bir başkası yapacaktır. Would you mind+ Ving..? Would you mind waiting for a few seconds? Eylemi gerçekleştirecek kişi karşı taraftır) PERMISSIONS : İZİNLER İzin isterken ya da alırken may, might, can, could yapılarını kullanırız. May I go out with my friends tonight? All right! You can go out, but don t be late.
OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY: ZORUNLULUK VE GEREKLİLİK Must, have to, has to, have got to, has got to, need to Must +Vo Have /has to+vo Have got to+vo Has got to+vo Need to+ Vo I must return these books soon. (içten gelen zorunluluk) She has to find a new job ( dıştan gelen zorunluluk) They ve got to sell their caravan. I need to go now. Geçmişte must, have to ve have got to yapıları had to olarak kullanılır. She had to find a new job after she was dismissed. ABSENCE OF NECESSITY/OBLIGATION: GEREKLİLİĞİN / ZORUNLULUĞUN ORTADAN KALKMASI YOU NEEDN T WAIT FOR ME UNTIL I AM BACK. DON T HAVE TO DON T NEED TO PAST My husband ordered pizza for dinner, so I DIDN T NEED TO cook anything. Birşey pişirmeme gerek kalmadı. DIDN T HAVE TO ADVICE: Should+Vo You should try to make more of an effort. Had better +Vo You had better talk to her again. Must +Vo (strong advice) You must see a doctor soon! 2006 mayıs kpds malı -san iyi olur Mutlaka yap Shouldn t +Vo You shouldn t eat junk food. Had better not You had better not keep her waiting. Mustn t +Vo You mustn t eat anything for 5 hours after the operation. mamalı Yapmasan iyi olur Sakın yapma DEDUCTION: ÇIKARIM Positive deduction: He has been working all day. He must be tired. Negative deduction: He has just eaten 3 hamburgers. He can t be hungry. (Can t yapısı daha fazla kullanılır.) They mustn t be at home. Look! Their lights are off.
HABITUAL ACTIVITIES: ALIŞKANLIKLAR Be used to + Ving / Noun phrase = alışkın olmak Be accustomed to+ Ving / Noun phrase= alışkın olmak Get used to+ Ving / Noun phrase= alışmak Get accustomed to+ Ving / Noun phrase= alışmak She is used to getting up early. I am accustomed to typing fast. I hope I will get used to working at night. She got accustomed to living in İstanbul at last, but It was really difficult. HABITUAL ACTIVITIES IN THE PAST Used to / would or past simple They both used to smoke too much, but now they don t She would take us to the cinema at weekends when we were children. She wore a brace on her teeth when she was a child. (çocukken diş teli takıyordu) Geçmişteki durumlar( state verbs) için would kullanamayız.would sadece eylem bildiren filler ile kullanılır. Bunun yerine used to ve past simple kullanırız. She used to be very shy when she was young. They used to have a big farm in Tekirdağ. PREFERENCES: TERCİH Would rather + Vo I would rather/sooner stay at home than go out. (Dışarı çıkmaktansa evde kalmayı tercih ederim) Would sooner + Vo I would rather be sleeping at home than (be) working here now. (Şimdi burada çalışıyor olmaktansa evde uyuyor olmayı tercih ederim. ( İçinde bulunulan durumdan memnuniyetsizlik varsa be+ ving kullanılır. ***Would sooner, would rather kadar sık kullanılmaz. Olumsuz kullanım I would rather not speak German at home. Evde Almanca konuşmamayı tercih ediyorum. Geçmişte kullanım I would rather have listened to him carefully. Now, I can t answer the questions. (onu dikkatli dinlemiş olmayı tercih ederdim.) Yapı eğer başka biri için tercih ifade etmek üzere kullanılacaksa ardından bir subject kullanılır ve gerçek zamanın bir derece geçmiş hali getirilir. Yani present tensler için past simple, past tensler için ise past perfect kullanılır. I would rather she didn t smoke, but she smokes heavily. Bana kalsa sigara içmemeli ama çok içiyor. I would rather John had accepted the offer, but he refused to work for that company. (Keşke John teklifi kabul etmiş olsaydı, ama o şirkette çalışmayı reddetti.) Would prefer TO + Vo I would prefer to stay at home rather than (to) go out. Geçmiş Kullanım I would prefer to have listened to him carefully. Now, I can t answer the questions. Olumsuz kullanım I would prefer not to speak German at home. Yapı eğer başka biri için tercih ifade etmek üzere kullanılacaksa ardından Object ve devamında present e gönderme yapmak için to Vo, past a gönderme yapmak için to have V3 şeklinde getirilir. I would prefer her not to smoke. Sue would prefer them to have accepted her offer, but they refused to work for Sue. PREFER I prefer tea to coffee.(iki isim arasında tercih yaparken de kullanılır)
I prefer drinking a cup of tea to eating a sandwich. Graham prefers to drink a cup of coffee rather than to eat a sandwich. PROHIBITION: YASAKLAMA Mustn t Be not allowed to Be forbidden to Be banned to Be prohibited to You mustn t smoke here. You aren t allowed to enter this room. It is a staff only room It is forbidden to take photos i It is prohibited to write in ink on exam papers. Tam olarak yasaklama anlamı vermese de mamalısın anlamı veren yapılar şunlardır. Be not supposed to Be not to Shouldn t Ought not to Had better not BE TO Görevlendirmede bulunurken, gereklilik, beklenti ifade ederken be to yapısını kullanıyoruz. Recruits are to have a haircut when they arrive. You are to collect the documents as soon as possible. The film is to start at 7 pm. WAS TO /WERE TO DO : yapacaktım ve yaptım. Why were you at the post office yesterday? I was to post mail to my friends. WAS /WERE TO HAVE DONE : yapacaktım ama yapamadım The prime minister was to have announced the final decision yesterday, but it was delayed. BE SUPPOSED TO: Beklenti anlamının yanı sıra belirli bir program dahilinde olacak olan eylemlerin başlangıç ve bitiş zamanları ile ilgili beklentileri ifade ederken kullanılır.(should ve ought to yapılarına yakın bir anlam taşımaktadır. Sarah is supposed to finalize the Project by Monday. (bitirmeli) The show is supposed to finish at 2 a.m. (bitmesi lazım) PAST: Was /were supposed to : Yapman gerekirdi ama yapmadın You were supposed to attend the meeting yesterday. Where were you? Dün toplantıya katılman gerekiyordu. Neredeydin? PROGRESSIVE MODALS Modal yapıların kendilerinden sonra Be Ving yapısı kullanıldığında genelde konuşma anına göndermede bulunurlar. May be Ving Might be Ving Could be Ving Konuşma anı ile ilgili düşük olasılıklı tahmin A: Do you know where James is? B: I don t know, but he might /may/could be sleeping at home. A: Is she working on the project now? B: I don t know. She may/might not be working on it now. (Şu anda proje üzerinde çalışmıyor olabilir.) Must be Ving Can t be Ving Konuşma anı ile ilgili güçlü tahmin A: Do you know where James is? B: He is in his room. He must be sleeping. (Uyuyor olmalı)
A: Jane s lights are off. B: Then, she can t be studying /mustn t be studying. (Çalışıyor olamaz) PERFECT MODALS MODAL + HAVE + V3 Modal yapılar, kendilerinden sonra have +V3 yapısı alarak geçmişe göndermede bulunurlar. Nadir olarak bazen geleceğe de gönderme yapabilirler. 1- Should / Ought to have V3: Past advice, Past regret, Past criticism Geçmişte yapılan bir eylemden pişmanlık söz konusu ise, ya da yapılan eylemi eleştiriyor ve öğüt veriyorsak bu yapıyı kullanırız. Kathy couldn t pass her final exam. She should have studied more. (ought to have) I shouldn t have told her anything. She told everything to my mother. (oughtn t to have) Present advice Should Ought to Had better Must Past advice/criticism/regret Should have V3/ Shouldn t have V3 Ought to have V3/ Ought not to have V3 2- May/might/could have +V3 : Past possibility Geçmişteki düşük olasılığı ifade etmek istediğimizde bu yapıları kullanıyoruz. A: Why didn t Elena come to the meeting yesterday? B: I don t know. She may/might/could have forgotten about it. Bu yapılar kimi zaman geleceğe de göndermede bulunabilirler. We could have finished this task by this time tomorrow. ( bitirmiş olabiliriz) English representatives might have arrived in İstanbul by Tuesday. (varmış olabilirler) ( Future perfect yapı yerine ) 2004 Kasım KPDS **** or ****
3- Could have V3: Missed opportunity in the past (kaçırılmış fırsat) Could have V3 yapısı, past possibility anlamı dışında geçmişte kaçırılmış fırsatlardan bahsederken de kullanılabilir. Bu yapıyla aynı anlama gelen might have V3 ve would have V3 yapılarını da kullanabiliriz. If you had come to the city two days earlier, you could have seen her. (görebilirdin) might have seen (görebilirdin, görme ihtimalin olurdu) would have seen (görürdün) 4- Couldn t have V3: mezdim /mazdım Geçmişte kaçırılmış fırsatlardan bahsederken could have+v3 kullanırız. Olumsuz durumda ise Couldn t have+ v3 kullanırız. Yapamazdım ama yaptım gibi bir anlam içerir. If you hadn t helped me, I couldn t have passed the exam. (Sayesinde yapabildim vurgusu var) 5- Must have V3 : Deduction in the past : Mış olmalı Geçmişe yönelik kuvvetli tahminde ya da çıkarımda bulunuyorsak Must have V3 yapısı kullanılır. Olumsuz çıkarım için de mustn t have V3 kullanırız. It was a difficult exam, and Joe passed it. He must have studied a lot. A: She didn t say hello. B: She mustn t have noticed you then. (seni fark etmemiş olmalı) 6- Can t /couldn t have +V3: Negative deduction in the past Geçmişe yönelik kuvvetli ve olumsuz bir çıkarımda bulunmak için Can t have/couldn t have +V3 yapılarını kullanabiliriz. The plane took off 30 minutes ago. It can t have landed yet. She can t have killed her friend. You couldn t have seen him at the cinema yesterday because he is abroad. 7- Needn t have +V3: Absence of necessity in the past: Gerek yoktu ama yaptın.
Aslında gerek yoktu ama yine de eylem gerçekleşti anlamı vermek için bu yapı kullanılır. We needn t have hurried indeed. The meeting started 30 minutes late. Aslında acele etmemize gerek yoktu. You needn t have bought any bread. I had already bought some. (Ekmek almana gerek yoktu ama almışsın. ) ****** needn t have done ---) yapmama gerek yoktu ama yaptım ******didn t have to/ need to do----) yapmama gerek yoktu, yapmadım. Örnek soru: Sally worked all the weekend to finish the Project in time, but actually she so. A- couldn t have done B- wouldn t have done C- doesn t have to do D- may not do E- needn t have done Herhangi bir soruda eylemin gerçekleşmediğini anlarsak sırasıyla aşağıdaki yapılara bakmamız gerekir. UNREAL YAPILAR 1- Should have v3 ----------- meliydi ama yapmadı 2- Ought to have v3 --------- 3- Could have v3 ------------ 4- Was/were going to v0---- 5- Was/were supposed to v0-- 6- Was/were to have v3------- 7- Would have v3--------------