1. THE ENGLISH VERB TENSES MODAL VERBS & SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS PASSIVE VOICE CONDITIONALS AND WISH CLAUSES...

Transkript

1

2

3 İÇİNKİLR 1. TH NGLISH VR TNSS MOL VRS & SIMILR XPRSSIONS PSSIV VOI ONITIONLS N WISH LUSS JTIVS N VRS JTIVS LUSS (RLTIV LUSS) NOUN LUSS VRIL LUSS GRUN N INFINITIVS NOUNS, PRONOUNS N QUNTIFIRS OKUM PRÇLRI VP NHTRI

4

5 TH NGLISH VR TNSS TH NGLISH VR TNSS (İNGİLİZ ZMNLR) TNSS IN NGLISH PRSNT TNS PST TNS PRSNT TIM FUTUR TIM PST TIM Verb will/be going to + Verb Past Form of the Verb SIMPL go will go / am/is/are going to go went am/is/are + Verb + ing will be + Verb + ing was/were + Verb + ing PROGRSSIV am/is/are going will be going was / were going have/has + V3 will have + V3 had + V3 PRFT have / has gone will have gone had gone PRFT PROGRSSIV have/has been + Verb + ing have/has been going will have been + V+ ing will have been going had been + Verb + ing had been going was/were going to + Verb was/were going to go (FUTUR IN TH PST) Would +Verb 5

6 TH NGLISH VR TNSS TH SIMPL PRSNT TNS (GNİŞ ZMN) ) aily Routines / Habits Günlük ve düzenli gerçekleştirilen eylemlerde ya da alışkanlıklarda bu zaman kullanılır. He always eats a sandwich for lunch. I study for two hours everyday. ) General statements Genel geçer doğrular ve süreklilik bildiren durumlarda Simple Present yapısı kullanılır. Regular exercise is necessary for good health. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. u yapıda kullanılan zaman ifadeleri ir işi ya da rutini ne sıklıkla yaptığımızı belirtmek için bu yapı ile birlikte sıklık bildiren zaman zarfları kullanırız. % always generally often frequently sometimes occasionally rarely never iğer ifadeler: at times, from time to time, all the time, generally; every hour, every morning, every afternoon, every evening, every night, every day, every week, every weekend, every month, every summer, every year We often come into the city centre on Saturdays. She wakes up at six every morning. He is always on time for work. Rarely, seldom, hardly, never gibi ifadeler kendi içlerinde olumsuz bir anlam taşıdıkları için olumlu cümle yapısında kullanılırlar. ncak cümleye kattıkları anlam olumsuzdur. He rarely calls his father, who lives in another city. (abasını nadiren arar.) Marry hardly consumes meat. (Nadiren tüketir.) George never watches TV. (Hiç izlemez.) 6

7 TH NGLISH VR TNSS ŞİMİKİ ZMN (TH PRSNT PROGRSSIV (ONTINUOUS) TNS) ) ctions taking place at the moment of speaking. Konuşma anında gerçekleşen olayları anlatırken bu tense yapısı kullanılır. Marry is listening to pop music in her room now. The teacher is presently lecturing in the classroom. u durumlarda Şimdiki Zaman kipinde aşağıdaki zaman ifadeleri sıklıkla kullanılır: (right) now / at the moment /presently /at present ynı zamanda Look!, Listen!, Watch!, gibi ifadeler de Şimdiki Zaman kipini kullanmamızı gerektirir. Look! It s snowing. Listen! The baby is crying. ) Temporary situations. Konuşma anında olmayan fakat o günlerde, o sıralarda gerçekleşen eylemlerden bahsederken Present ontinuous yapısı kullanılır. She is writing her research paper this week. Workers are not working this month. We are taking five lessons this term. u durumlarda Şimdiki Zaman kipinde aşağıdaki zaman ifadeleri sıklıkla kullanılır: this + period (week, month, year etc.) / nowadays / these days / currently / for the time being The Present Progressive or the Simple Present? KULLNIM FRKLRI Kalıcı bir durumdan bahsederken Simple Present yapısı kullanılır. Ken lives with his brother. Tim works in a bank. Geçici olan durumlarda Present Progressive (ontinuous) yapısı kullanılır. Ken is staying with his relatives nowadays. Since my bed is broken, I m sleeping on a sofa these days. YPISL FRK azı fiiller bir eylem değil; bir eylemin sonucu oluşan durumu (state) bildirirler. I know him. (state) He s playing the guitar. (action, movement) 7

8 TH NGLISH VR TNSS VRS OF PRPTION See Hear Feel Taste Smell I don t see anything there! o you hear that noise upstairs? This chicken tastes delicious! The flowers smell gorgeous! VRS OF MOTIONL STT admire adore appreciate care desire detest fear forgive hate like love mind regret want wish I love you. Sam likes doing the Tango. People in the modern age fear the earthquake. VRS OF POSSSSION have own possess lison has a big house and a Jaguar. ) ompleted action in the past TH SIMPL PST TNS (GÇMİŞ ZMN) Geçmişte olmuş bitmiş, günümüze etkisi kalmamış eylemleri anlatmak için Simple Past kullanılır. u tür bir anlatımda olayın geçtiği zaman bellidir. (efinite Time) I didn t want to go to the seaside yesterday, because it was rainy. He started his teaching profession at a secondary school last year. George came to Turkey a year ago. u yapıda zamanı aşağıdaki ifadelerle belirtmemiz mümkündür: yesterday last night last week last winter three hours ago from 1960 to 1970 between 1990 and 1995 at the time at that time uring the 1970s in 1980 in prehistoric times 8

9 TH NGLISH VR TNSS ) ction happening one after another Geçmişte birbiri ardına oluşan olaylardan bahsederken Simple Past kullanılır. They played football for two hours and then they went to the cinema. (ahsedilen iki olay arasında çok büyük bir zaman farkı yoktur, olaylar birbirini takip etmektedir.) içim: u yapıda düzenli fiiller (regular verbs) aşağıdaki gibi çekimlenir: ase Form Simple Past play play+ played select select+ selected stop stop+ stopped ban ban+ banned study study+ studied supply supply+ supplied ncak çoğu fiil düzensizdir (irregular). u fiillerin kapsamlı listesi aşağıdadır. u listeyi öğrenmeniz ileride karşılaşacağınız testlerde fiillerin biçimlerini hatırlamanız açısından önemlidir. arise: ortaya çıkmak arose arisen awake: uyanmak awoke awoken am / is / are: olmak was, were been bear: katlanmak bore borne beat: yenmek/dövmek beat beaten become: olmak became become begin: başlamak began begun bend: eğilmek bent bent bet: iddiaya girmek bet bet bind: bağlamak bound bound bite: ısırmak bit bitten bleed: kanamak bled bled blow: üflemek /esmek blew blown break: kırmak broke broken breed: yetiştirmek bred bred bring: getirmek brought brought build: inşa etmek built built burn: yakmak burned, burnt burned, burnt buy: satın almak bought bought catch: yakalamak caught caught choose: seçmek chose chosen come: gelmek came come cost: mal olmak cost cost cut: kesmek cut cut deal: uğraşmak dealt dealt dig: kazmak dug dug dive: dalmak dived, dove dived do: yapmak did done drag: sürüklemek dragged dragged 9

10 TH NGLISH VR TNSS draw: çizmek drew drawn dream: hayal etmek dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt drink: içmek drank drunk drive: sürmek (araba) drove driven drown: boğulmak drowned drowned eat: yemek ate eaten fall: düşmek fell fallen feed: beslemek fed fed feel: hissetmek felt felt fight: dövüşmek fought fought find: bulmak found found fit: uymak fit fit flee:kaçmak fled fled fly: uçmak flew flown forbid: yasaklamak forbade forbidden forget: unutmak forgot forgotten, forgot forgive: affetmek forgave forgiven freeze: donmak froze frozen get: almak / ulaşmak got gotten, got give: vermek gave given go: gitmek went gone grind: öğütmek ground ground grow: büyütmek grew grown hang: asmak hung hung have: sahip olmak had had hang: asmak /ölüm hanged hanged hear / işitmek heard heard hide: saklanmak/mak hid hidden hold: tutmak held held hurt: incitmek hurt hurt keep: muhafaza etmek kept kept kneel: diz çökmek knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled knit: örmek knit, knitted knit, knitted know: bilmek knew known lay (put): sermek laid laid lead: öncülük etmek led led leap: sıçramak leapt, leaped leapt, leaped learn:öğrenmek learnt, learned learnt, learned leave. ayrılmak left left lend: ödünç vermek lent lent let: izin vermek let let lie: uzanmak, yaslanmak lay lain light: aydınlatmak lighted, lit lighted, lit lose: kaybetmek lost lost make: yapmak made made mean: anlamına gelmek meant meant meet: buluşmak/ tanış. met met mislead: yanlış yönlendir misled misled pay: ödemek paid paid prove: ispat etmek proved proved, proven put: koymak put put quit: vazgeçmek quit quit 10

11 TH NGLISH VR TNSS read: okumak read read ride: sürmek (motor/at) rode ridden ring: çalmak (zil) rang rung rise: yükselmek rose risen run: koşmak ran run saw: kesmek (testere) sawed sawn say: söylemek said said see: görmek saw seen seek: aramak sought sought sell: satmak sold sold send: göndermek sent sent set: belirlemek set set shake: sarsmak shook shaken shed: saçmak shed shed shine: parlamak shone shone shoot: ateş etmek shot shot show: göstermek showed shown shrink: çekmek shrank shrunk, shrunken shut: kapatmak shut shut sing: şarkı söylemek sang sung sink: batmak sank sunk sit: oturmak sat sat slay: katletmek slew slain sleep: uyumak slept slept slide: kaymak slid slid speak: konuşmak spoke spoken spend: harcamak spent spent spin: dönmek spun spun spread: yayılmak spread spread stand: ayakta durmak stood stood steal: çalmak stole stolen stick: yapıştırmak stuck stuck sting: sokmak (arı) stung stung stink: kokmak stank stunk strike: vurmak /grev yap struck struck, stricken strive: çabalamak strove striven swear: yemin etmek swore sworn sweep: süpürmek swept swept swim: yüzmek swam swum swing: sallanmak swung swung take: almak (avuca) took taken teach: öğretmek taught taught tear: yırtmak tore torn tell: anlatmak /söylemek told told think: düşünmek thought thought throw: fırlatmak threw thrown wake: uyanmak woke woken wear: giymek (taşımak) wore worn understand:anlamak understood understood win: kazanmak (maç) won won wind: sarmak wound wound write: yazmak wrote written 11

12 TH NGLISH VR TNSS ) ctions in progress at a definite time in the past TH PST PROGRSSIV (ONTINUOUS) TNS Geçmişte belli bir noktada geçici sürede devam etmekte olan eylemlerden bahsederken Past Progressive (ontinuous) kullanılır. I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. She was doing the washing up at 10:00 yesterday. u örnekte geçmişte geçici süre devam etmiş olayı aktarmak için the Past Progressive kullanılmıştır. ) ctions interrupted in the past Geçmiş zamanda devam eden bir olayı başka bir olay böldüğünde bu zaman yapısı kullanılır. ölme eylemini ifade eden kısım ise Simple Past Tense ile ifade edilir. u tür cümlelerde while, when, as, just as gibi bağlaçlar kullanılabilir. Last week, while Jenny and Patrick were driving home, a thief broke into their house. When the teacher came to the class, the students were shouting and running. TH PRSNT PRFT TNS ) ompleted actions with no definite time Olayın kesin zamanı verilmeden geçmişte ya da yakın geçmişte tamamlanmış olayı anlatırken bu tense yapısı kullanılır. urada, olayın kendisi ya da sonucu olayın olma zamanından daha önemlidir. I have visited Washington before. She has written three books so far. Helen has talked to several doctors about her problem. We have had five quizzes so far this semester. Present Perfect yapısını aşağıdaki zaman ifadeleriyle kullanırız: up to now, up until now recently, lately, ever, so far so far + this week / year / time / semester / term / summer in the last two years, in the past five days during the last fifteen days over the last years, over the past ten days during the course of history, to date during the past two months The world has changed in the last fifty years. They have visited London over the past few years for their conferences. Recently, I have met into an old friend of mine. 12

13 TH NGLISH VR TNSS ) ctions happening repeatedly Şimdiye kadar tekrarlandığını ifade eden veya rakamsal ifade içeren yapılarda Present Perfect kullanılır. I have gone to İstanbul several times. ) ctions starting in the past and still continuing now Geçmişte başlamış ve şu ana kadar devam eden olay ya da durumları anlatırken bu zaman ifadesi kullanılır. We have been married for 30 years. I have lived in İzmir for 10 years. u kullanımda bu yapı ile beraber for + period of time and since + starting point in time / Simple Past kullanılabilir. We have lived in this city since <<<>>> We have lived in this city for 15 years. He has been engaged in politics since <<<>>> He has been engaged in politics for 12 years now. Other Key Words Yet: (henüz, hala) James cannot come out with us because he hasn t completed his homework yet. Have you cleaned your room yet? lready: (zaten, çoktan) We have already done our homework. Just: (henüz, hala, şimdi) I have just finished exercising. You know I m trying to lose weight. ver: (hiç) Have you ever been abroad? ll my life, in my life, all the week, all the year, etc. She has studied all morning, and so she is so tired. 13

14 TH NGLISH VR TNSS TH PRSNT PRFT PROGRSSIV (ONTINUOUS) TNS ) ctions that began in the past and still continue Geçmişte başlayıp hala devam etmekte olan olayları anlatırken bu zaman ifadesi kullanılır. Jason has been working on his graduation thesis all day long. She has been sleeping for 5 hours. TH PRSNT PRFT ya da TH PRSNT PRFT PROGRSSIV? nlam ve Kullanım Farkı: (Steven ve lark telefonla konuşuyorlar.) Steven : Haven t you finished painting your flat yet? lark : No. I ve been painting since this morning, but I have only painted two rooms. u iki zaman yapısını ayıran temel nokta bu örnekte açıkça görülmektedir. The Present Perfect Simple tamamlanmış eylemi anlatırken, The Present Perfect Progressive ise devam etmekte olan eyleme odaklanır. una ek olarak, The Present Perfect Progressive Tense i miktar bildirmek için kullanamayız. I have been reading Tolstoy s War and Peace, but I have finished reading only 80 pages so far. (NOT I have been reading only 80 pages.) ynı zamanda durum bildiren fiiller de (state verbs) The Present Perfect Progressive Tense ile kullanılamazlar. u fiilleri The Present Perfect Simple ile kullanabiliriz. I have known him since my childhood. We have never understood the importance of health in life. TH PRSNT PRFT ya da TH SIMPL PST? nlam ve Kullanım Farkı: yrıntılar önemli olduğunda, bir olayı aktarırken ve kesin zaman detaylarını verirken The Simple Past Tense kullanılır. Öte yandan, deneyim veya sonuçları ifade ederken de The Present Perfect Tense kullanılır. PRSNT PRFT Öncelikle işin yapılıp yapılmadığını ya da hangi işin yapıldığını öğrenmek için kullanılır. SIMPL PST Geçmişte belli bir zaman belirtilir. I have cleaned my room. I cleaned my room 2 hours ago. 14

15 TH NGLISH VR TNSS TH PST PRFT TNS ) ctions happening before another action. Geçmişte anlatılan bir eylemden daha önce meydana gelen olayı anlatırken Past Perfect Tense kullanılır. When he came home, I had already finished my homework. I gave my son the present. I had bought it the week before. NOT: Geçmişte olmuş bir olayı ve zamanını iletirken kullanmamız gereken yapı The Simple Past Tense tir. The Past Perfect Tense i ise The Simple Past Tense kullandığımız cümleden daha önce gerçekleşmiş durumlar ve olaylar için kullanılır. KY WORS: efore (önce) efore he arrived at the station, the bus had left. fter (sonra) fter the bus had left, he arrived at the station. y (e kadar) / y the time (diğinde, dığında) y 2000, my father had retired. y the time you came, I had finished my homework. 15

16 TH NGLISH VR TNSS TH PST PRFT PROGRSSIV (ONTINUOUS) TNS ) ctions that continued until another past action. Geçmişte gerçekleşen iki eylemden daha önce başlayıp bir süre devam edip tamamlanan ya da ikinci eyleme kadar devam eden olayları anlatmak için Past Perfect Progressive kullanılır. George and Sally had been dating for almost two years when they decided to get married. PST PRFT ya da PST PRFT PROGRSSIV? PST PRFT PST PRFT PROGRSSIV Geçmişte bahsedilmiş belirli zamandan önce Geçmişte bahsedilmiş belirli zamandan önce ylemin bitmiş olduğunu göstermek için Geçmişte bahsedilmiş belirli zamana kadar geçen süreye odaklanma Jason had done his project carefully before he submitted it. Jason had been doing his project for two weeks when he submitted it. urada eylemin bittiğini The Past Perfect Tense kullanarak belirtiyoruz. urada ise olayın süresi önemlidir ve sürece odaklanılmıştır. u durumda da The Past Perfect Progressive Tense kullanılır. FUTUR TIM İngilizcede gelecek zamanı ifade etmek için birkaç yapı kullanılabilir. 1) Will ) Predictions and xpectations Gelecekle ilgili yapılan tahminleri ifade etmek için ya da beklentileri anlatmak için will yapısını kullanırız. One day, I will be a MTU student, and move to nkara. I hope she will pass all her exams. ) ecisions at the time of the speaking Konuşma anında geleceğe yönelik alınan kararlarda will yapısı kullanılır. I m afraid we are lost. I will stop and ask the way. 2. GOING TO ) Planned actions and Intentions Gelecekle ilgili yapılan planları ifade etmek için be going to yapısı kullanılır. I have bought a new camera. I m going to take pictures during my trip. 16

17 TH NGLISH VR TNSS She has made reservations for her summer holiday. She is going to spend her holiday in ntalya. ) Predictions based on clues Kanıtlardan yola çıkarak yapılan tahminlerde be going to yapısı kullanılır. She is pregnant. She is going to have a baby. WILL ya da GOING TO USG WILL GOING TO PRITION (THMİN) PLNN TION (ÖNN YPILMIŞ PLN) It will be rainy tomorrow in nkara. It is going to be rainy because there are black clouds in the sky. I have bought the paints of all colours because I m going to paint a picture of the valley. ) ctions in progress at a definite time in the future FUTUR PROGRSSIV (ONTINUOUS) Gelecekte belirli bir zamanda devam edecek olan eylemler için Future ontinuous kullanılır. ümle çevirisi düşünüldüğünde ise bu yapının Türkçesi yor olacağım şeklindedir. on t call me at 8:00. I will be watching the match on TV. This time next year, I will be living in Paris. FUTUR PRFT ) ctions happen before a definite time in the future Gelecekte bahsedilen zamana kadar tamamlanmış olacak olan ifadeler için Future Perfect yapısı kullanılır. ümle çevirisi düşünüldüğünde bu yapının cümleye kattığı anlam mış olacak şeklindedir. u yapı daha çok y+pointed time in the future: y 2050, by the end of this term ya da y the time+present simple/ present perfect+future Perfect kalıplarıyla kullanılır. The workers will have finished their work by next Tuesday. y the time we get to the airport, the plane will have taken off. 17

18 TH NGLISH VR TNSS Zaman Uyumu Time greement and Time lauses Time clause yani zaman cümleciklerini oluştururken before, after, as soon as, once, until, by the time, when, while, just as etc. gibi zarfları kullanırız. İngilizcedeki zaman cümlecikleri (time clauses) ve ana cümle arasında bir zaman uyumu gereklidir. u zaman uyumunun ille de aynı zaman yapısı olmasına (yani simple present + simple present) gerek yoktur; verilmek istenen anlama göre farklı zaman yapıları da kullanılabilir. ncak, dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli nokta şudur: zaman cümlecikleri ile cümle kurulduğunda izlenecek yol aynı zaman dilimi içerisinde kalmaktır. Yani, present bir zaman cümleciğiyle başlayan cümle past ya da past perfect bir ana cümle ile devam etmez. orrect: When she goes shopping, she prefers big supermarkets. Present Present Incorrect: When she goes shopping, I saw her. Present Past Note: Sadece since bir istisna oluşturur. Çünkü since Present Perfect Tense ile Simple Past Tense i yan yana getiren tek bağlaçtır. She has worked in this company since she came to London. (Present Perfect + since + Simple Past) Note: when, while, as soon as gibi zaman bağlaçları ile başlayan time clause içerisinde will, be going to, will be doing, gibi gelecek zaman yapıları kullanılmaz. unun yerine Present Simple, Present Progressive ya da Present Perfect gibi yapılar kullanılır. orrect: s soon as we arrive at home, we will have dinner. Incorrect: s soon as we will arrive at home, we will have dinner. 18

19 TH NGLISH VR TNSS ST 1 1. The policeman him because he his car in a nonparking area. ) has fined / was parking ) fines / parked ) fined / had parked ) would fine / park ) will fine / would park 6. Jason in hospital for ten days when his heart. ) has been / had collapsed ) had been / collapsed ) was / has collapsed ) is / will collapse ) will be / was collapsing 2. Jessica me that I the exam, but I am determined to prove her wrong. ) has told / will never pass ) were telling / never pass ) told / have never passed ) will tell / had never passed ) are telling / never passed 7. y the time the veterinarian his farm, most of the animals. ) reached / had died ) reaches / have died ) will have reached / die ) had reached / die ) have reached / will die 3. Mary s father is a strict person. I that he her go to the party next Saturday. ) won t think / lets ) wouldn t think / let ) hadn t thought / has let ) didn t think / is letting ) don t think / will let 8. very time I you on the phone, somebody me that you re not at home. ) called / had told ) had called / is telling ) have called / will tell ) will call / have told ) call / tells 4. vidence that boys later than girls. ) had suggested / talked ) suggested / have talked ) suggests / talk ) has suggested / had talked ) will suggest / will talk 9. She for a promotion for 3 years, but her boss her anything yet. ) am waiting / isn t telling ) waited / didn t tell ) had been waiting / wasn t telling ) had waited / hadn t told ) has been waiting / hasn t told 5. People mobile phones as an accessory since they out. ) used / have come ) had used / had come ) use / will come ) have used / came ) will use / come He went to the party before 9.00 p.m., but to his surprise the house full of people and everyone crazily. ) was / was dancing ) is / is dancing ) had been / will dance ) have been / has been dancing ) will be / will be dancing

20 TH NGLISH VR TNSS 11. He plays the guitar very well because he since he 10 years old. ) studied / was ) were studying / had been ) has been studying / was ) are studying / has been ) had studied / will be 16. We the necessary corrections in the documents after the committee the project. ) will make / has approved ) have made / approved ) are making / had approved ) make / will approve ) have been making/ approves 12. When the jury her guilty of the crime, she to cry. ) had found / had started ) found / started ) was finding / will start ) is finding / was starting ) has found / has started 17. I don t think I the party tonight because I all day. ) am going to attend / worked ) have attended / had worked ) will attend / have been working ) had attended / am working ) attend / was working 13. The birds as I to take a nap. ) sang / have tried ) were singing / was trying ) had sung / will try ) sing / had tried ) have been singing / try 18. Tom a flu. So, he at work now. ) caught / wasn t ) had caught / hadn t been ) catches / won t be ) is going to catch / hasn t been ) has caught / isn t 14. My classmate has told me that she me until 7.00, but she so far. ) called / won t phone ) had called / hadn t phoned ) is going to call / didn t phone ) will call / hasn t phoned ) call / didn t phone 19. When the term, she six exams. ) had ended / will take ) has ended / took ) will end / has taken ) ended / had taken ) ends / was taking 15. When my brother at home, I studying for an hour. ) will arrive / waited ) arrived / had been waiting ) arrives / have been waiting ) had arrived / will wait ) has been arriving/ have waited 20. Thieves the two invaluable pictures by the time security guards at the museum. ) are stealing / are arriving ) had stolen / arrived ) steal / arrive ) stole / will have arrived ) have stolen / have arrived 20

21 TH NGLISH VR TNSS 21. I my flat since this morning, and I two rooms so far. ) painted / is finishing ) have been painting/ have finished ) had painted / finish ) paint / will finish ) am painting / finished 26. I this novel at the moment. I m sure you it, too. ) am reading / will like ) read / like ) will read / are going to like ) have been reading / liked ) will be reading / have liked 22. s soon as the economy, people in the stock market. ) has recovered / had invested ) is recovering / are investing ) had recovered / have invested ) recovered / invest ) recovers / will invest 27. I think Tony is very lucky because while we in the office, he on the beach at this time tomorrow. ) are working / will be sunbathing ) were working / was sunbathing ) work / will have sunbathed ) had worked / sunbathed ) worked / had been sunbathing 23. My grandmother her false teeth out every time she to bed. ) was taking / has gone ) is taking / had gone ) takes / goes ) will take / is going ) took / will go 28. very time I a poor man, I sorry for him. ) had seen / feel ) saw / had felt ) have seen / will feel ) see / feel ) am seeing / am feeling 24. Many researchers that there a major earthquake in Turkey in the next ten years. ) are believing / is ) believed / had been ) believe / will be ) had believed / was ) have believed / is 29. He Japanese for more than three years before he to Japan. ) is studying / has been going ) studies / is going ) had studied / had gone ) has studied/ will go ) studied/ went 25. y the time she from university, she many prizes in chemistry. ) will graduate / has won ) graduates / won ) will have graduated / wins ) has graduated / has been winning ) graduated / had won y the time he this letter, I the country. ) has read / have left ) had read / left ) will read / have been leaving ) reads / will have left ) is reading / leave

22 TH NGLISH VR TNSS 31. When he his education, he his military service. ) completed / had done ) has completed / will do ) is completing / has done ) completes/ was doing ) was completing / does 36. The workers back to work until they a 15 percent pay rise. ) didn t go / were getting ) hadn t gone / have got ) won t go / get ) don t go / got ) aren t going / had got 32. My favorite soap opera is on tonight, but before I it, I my assignment. ) watch / will do ) will watch / do ) am going to watch / am going to do ) watched / had done ) was watching / did 37. fter she school, Wendy a job in a big advertising company. ) will leave / gets ) left / had got ) has left / got ) had left / has got ) left / got 33. s soon as I something about your promotion, I you know. ) hear / will let ) have been hearing / have let ) will hear / let ) had heard / am going to let ) am hearing / have been letting 38. s soon as she there was something wrong with the advertisement, she the editor for the corrections. ) realized / called ) has realized / has called ) had realized / is calling ) is realizing / calls ) will realize / will call 34. They in touch with you before you them to do so. ) had not got / were asking ) will not get/ ask ) did not get / will be asking ) do not get/ will ask ) have not got/ asked 39. While the bus the station, it to a halt within a few minutes. ) leaves / has come ) leaves / had come ) had left / has come ) left / will come ) was leaving / came 35. The Smiths family are kind people. I them ever since I a child. ) had known / had been ) know / have been ) know / am ) have known / was ) will know / will be y the time they the computer chips, they the payment. ) have received / send ) are receiving / have sent ) had received / were sending ) receive / will have sent ) were receiving / will send

23 TH NGLISH VR TNSS 41. Little Jason to the room in sniffing his nose. We understood that he for a long time for some reason. ) comes / is crying ) will come / cried ) was coming / has been crying ) had come / has cried ) came / had been crying 46. Her colleague all the mistakes in the document before she to type it. ) found / is starting ) has found / starts ) had found / started ) has been finding / has started ) will find / will start 42. The traffic was really bad, so the concert by the time we at the concert place. ) will have started / arrive ) started / had arrived ) had started / arrived ) starts / will have arrived ) has started / will arrive 47. Nowadays, Julie and Simon to each other. I think they a quarrel again. ) hadn t talked / had ) won t talk / have ) didn t talk / were having ) aren t talking / have had ) haven t been talking / are having 43. very morning, after breakfast she home and the bus to go to the shop. ) leaves/takes ) left / had taken ) was leaving / has taken ) will leave / is taking ) has left / will take 48. One of the members at the chairman while he a speech in front of the board. ) was shouting / had given ) is shouting / gives ) will shout/ gave ) shouts / will give ) shouted / was giving 44. When we back home, my grandmother the fish for us. ) come/ cooked ) came/ had cooked ) had come /has cooked ) have come /is cooking ) will come / was cooking 49. Mary tired now. She well, I suppose. ) is looking / doesn t sleep ) had looked / wasn t sleeping ) was looking / won t sleep ) looks / hasn t slept ) had been looking / didn t sleep 45. Since he chairman in 1991, he his abilities in management. ) had become / had shown ) has become / showed ) becomes / will show ) became / has shown ) will become / is showing The new waitress a lot of plates while she on the first day we hired her. ) has broken / worked ) broke / was working ) breaks / is working ) was breaking / worked ) broke / has worked

24 TH NGLISH VR TNSS ST 2 1. Next Tuesday, one of the members to you about how things in our firm. ) is talking / had worked ) will have talked / were working ) has talked / have worked ) will talk / work ) had talked /are working 6. y the time her manager back to the office, she the report. ) will come / completed ) has come / had completed ) is coming / has completed ) comes / will have completed ) came / was completing 2. y the time the lectures on literature, the lecturers lists of materials for us to read. ) start / will have prepared ) will start / will prepare ) had started / prepared ) have started / have prepared ) start / have been preparing 7. fter Tina her driving test, she a small car. ) passed / is going to buy ) passes / has bought ) had passed / will be buying ) passed / had bought ) has passed / will buy 3. While you in our company, you a salary. ) were training / receive ) are training / will receive ) train / have received ) have trained / received ) had trained / are going to receive 8. These new shoes me at all, so I them back when I go into town on Saturday. ) didn t fit / took ) don t fit / will take ) haven t fitted / had taken ) hadn t fitted / take ) won t fit / have taken 4. While I for my nglish exam, my roommate computer games. ) studied / has played ) was studying / was playing ) will study / will play ) have studied / is playing ) am going to study / plays 9. I nothing about my resignment until I a talk with the manager! ) will do / will have ) will do / have ) have done / have had ) had done / am having ) did / am going to have 5. When I shopping, I my friends in front of the mall. ) will have / will be meeting ) do / have met ) have done / will meet ) had done / was meeting ) did / had been meeting The students in the class Jason the best student since the beginning of the term. ) had thought / has been ) thought / was ) were thinking / had been ) think / has been ) have thought / will be

25 TH NGLISH VR TNSS 11. efore he accounting in his own office, he for three different firms. ) started / had worked ) was starting / worked ) has started / has worked ) is starting / is working ) will start / works 16. I at an old magazine when I a good article about fashion. ) will look / had found ) have looked / have found ) was looking / found ) am looking / find ) had looked / have found 12. The soup she made yesterday very delicious because she one before. ) isn t / didn t make ) hasn t been / hasn t made ) wasn t / hadn t made ) hadn t been / hadn t made ) wasn t / doesn t make 17. The player hurt his leg while he in the match and his coach him to hospital. ) is playing / takes ) was playing / took ) played / has taken ) was playing / had taken ) has played / took 13. Jessy to go away last weekend because she anywhere interesting for ages. ) has wanted / hasn t been ) wanted / hadn t been ) had wanted / wasn t ) wants / wasn t ) wanted / isn t 18. Sally to Tina and Rachel s conversation but then suddenly she her name in their conversation. ) didn t listen / has heard ) isn t listening / hears ) haven t listened / heard ) wasn t listening / heard ) hadn t listened / has heard 14. When we finally the time, we for more than four hours. ) notice / were chatting ) will notice / will chat ) have noticed / chatted ) noticed / had been chatting ) are noticing / have chatted 19. s soon as they the required amount of money, they the order to its destination. ) received / sent ) were receiving / are sending ) are receiving / have sent ) have received / had sent ) will receive / will send 15. I late for ndy s dinner party yesterday because I her address down wrongly. ) was / will write ) am / have written ) have been / wrote ) will be / write ) was / had written When she in the necessary forms for the membership, all of her friends the tennis club. ) was filling / will join ) has filled / joined ) fills / were joining ) had filled / are joining ) filled/ had joined

26 TH NGLISH VR TNSS 21. They the match very carefully so they the goal by lex. ) aren t watching / have been missing ) weren t watching / missed ) didn t watch / will miss ) haven t watched / miss ) hadn t watched / were missing 26. The crew members hard for the performance for a week now and they it. ) are working / are enjoying ) work / have enjoyed ) have worked / had enjoyed ) had worked / enjoy ) have been working / are enjoying 22. My brother our aunt in his childhood because she very nice to him. ) hadn t liked / hasn t treated ) hasn t liked / wasn t treating ) didn t like / didn t treat ) doesn t like / hadn t treated ) won t like / doesn t treat 27. For the last fifteen years or so, cancer research on but so far, researchers little progress towards effective treatment. ) went/ make ) was going/ had made ) is going/ made ) has been going/ have made ) had been going/ were making 23. When I Martha last week, she five plastic bags that contained lots of old shoes she wanted to throw away. ) saw / will carry ) had seen / has carried ) have seen / carried ) saw / was carrying ) see / is carrying 28. Mr. James Hill in the same school since he his career. ) had been teaching / had started ) is teaching / was starting ) has been teaching / started ) taught/ has started ) is teaching/ starts 24. When I at home, she coffee and she asked her assistant to bring me one too. ) arrived / was having ) was arriving / had had ) have arrived / is having ) arrive / will have ) arrived / has had 29. My friends me for a long time to try for a film part before I my mind. ) encouraged / was making ) have been encouraging / had made ) had been encouraging / made ) were encouraging / have made ) have encouraged / make 25. The footballer really tired yesterday because he all day. ) is / has practised ) had been / practised ) was / had been practising ) will be / has been practising ) has been / practised fter he his master s thesis, he an application letter to Oxford University for doctoral study. ) completes / was sending ) had completed / sent ) was completing / has sent ) has completed / had sent ) will complete/ sends

27 TH NGLISH VR TNSS 31. very week, she out for lunch when she to spend some time with her friends. ) goes / wants ) is going / will want ) had gone / wants ) has gone / had wanted ) will go / has wanted 36. For years, Jonathan that he a successful job. ) has believed / will have ) believes / had ) believed / has had ) had believed / is having ) will believe / will have had 32. The workers in the factory to think it over before they on a strike. ) have needed / will go ) will need / will go ) need / go ) needed / had gone ) had needed / have gone 37. Over the past few days, I sandwiches, so I some proper food! ) ate / needed ) have eaten / need ) eat / need ) will eat / will need ) had eaten / needed 33. Jenny the guitar for a long time but he good at it. ) isn t playing / has been ) hasn t played / had been ) doesn t play / had been ) hasn t been playing / is ) didn t play / will be 38. Jason very excited about his holiday since he it last ecember. ) was / was planning ) will be / planned ) is / has been planning ) has been / planned ) had been / had planned 34. Thomas a very brilliant violinist, but he in public yet. ) was / doesn t perform ) has been / hadn t been performing ) is / isn t performing ) will be / wasn t performing ) is / hasn t performed 39. Kelly most of the episodes of the soap opera all morning but she still to watch the rest of them. ) has been watching / wants ) had watched / has wanted ) is watching / wanted ) was watching / had wanted ) watches / will want 35. She studying at all. s a result, she in the finals. ) isn t enjoying / had never succeeded ) doesn t enjoy/ never succeeds ) hasn t enjoyed/ never succeeded ) hadn t enjoyed / will never succeed ) wasn t enjoying/ is never succeeding She forward to going to bed as she very exhausted for the last three hours. ) looked / has felt ) is looking / has been feeling ) was looking / is feeling ) had looked / felt ) has been looking / feels

28 TH NGLISH VR TNSS 41. The thief that he didn t do anything but it turned out that he a lot of items from various houses in the neighbourhood. ) said / had stolen ) says / will steal ) was saying / steals ) had said / has stolen ) has said / is stealing 46. William after his dog for 10 years when it of a heart failure. ) looked / had died ) has looked / died ) had looked / dies ) had been looking / died ) has been looking / has died 42. I out, by accident, that one of the computer experts in my department big amounts of money from customers accounts to his own personal bank. ) found / was transferring ) have found / had transferred ) will find / will transfer ) had found / is transferring ) was finding/ transferred 47. Last week, the committee the second course and so far, lots of people up for the next one. ) was finishing / had signed ) finished / are signing ) has finished / have been signing ) had finished / signed ) finished / have signed 43. While she Jim to the hospital, her car down. ) drove / has broken ) has driven / had broken ) drives / was breaking ) was driving / broke ) will drive / is breaking 48. I this watch since my grandfather it to me on my fifteenth birthday. ) have / will give ) had had / has given ) will have / gives ) had / had given ) have had / gave 44. They a flourishing street market since they first coming to this area in the 1950 s. ) are establishing / have started ) will establish / are starting ) have established / started ) establish / start ) established / had started 49. Nowadays, we on a new project, and tomorrow we the problematic issues of the project. ) have worked / negotiated ) are working / will negotiate ) worked/ negotiate ) will work / have negotiated ) were working / had negotiated 45. Tom as a mechanic for 5 years, and then he his own garage in ) has been working / has opened ) has worked / had opened ) was working / was opening ) had worked / opens ) worked / opened y the time I to the office, the boss. ) had got / had come ) got / has come ) get / will have come ) will get / comes ) am getting / is coming

29 MOL VRS & SIMILR XPRSSIONS Modal Verbs: nlam MOL VRS & SIMILR XPRSSIONS İngilizcede modallar cümle içerisinde anlam kazanan kelimelerdir. Modallar yetenek, olasılık, rica, zorunluluk, tavsiye, yasaklama, öneri ve çıkarım gibi durumları anlatmak için kullanılırlar. Modal olmamalarına rağmen cümleye modal yapıları gibi anlam veren yapılar da mevcuttur.(be able to, have to, etc) Real Situation dvice (Tavsiye) Mary reads a book in nglish every month. Mary should read nglish books to improve her vocabulary. 1. RQUSTS (RİLR) ) Ricada bulunurken may, can, could, will, would yapıları kullanılır. an ould May Will Would I You open the window? You (ÖZNSİ İL) Will you? Would you...? ould you...? an you? I (ÖZNSİ İL) May I...? ould I...? an I? Will you (please) send me the brochures as soon as you get them? Would you (please) let me know when the manager returns? ould you tell me the way to Times Square? an you lend me 50? May I have your phone number to call you back? ould I have your passport (please)? an I borrow your bike this afternoon? Note: u kullanımda could ve would yapısı present ya da future bir anlamda kullanılır; past anlamda değil. ) Would you mind yapısı da ricada bulunurken kullanılan yapılardandır. Fakat bu yapının iki farklı kullanımı vardır: 1 Would you mind + Ving.? u kullanımda eylemi gerçekleştiren kişi konuşmacı değil karşı taraftır. Would you mind closing the window? (Pencereyi kapatmanın senin için bir sakıncası var mı?) 2. Would you mind if I V 2? u kullanımda if I yapısının ardından Simple Past kullanılmalıdır. u şekilde kullanıldığında eylemi yapacak kişi konuşmacıdır

30 MOL VRS & SIMILR XPRSSIONS Would you mind if I closed the window? (Pencereyi kapatmamın senin için bir sakıncası var mı?) 2. VI (TVSİY) ) Should / ought to Should ve ought to benzer anlama sahiptirler; ikisi de tavsiye bildirirken kullanılırlar. These days thieves are everywhere so you should keep your doors locked and windows closed. (u günlerde hırsızlar heryerde bu yüzden kapılarını kilitli ve pencerelerini kapalı tutmalısın.) You have an important meeting tomorrow. You ought to go to bed early. (Yarın önemli bir toplantın var. rken yatmalısın.) Should ve ought to yapılarının olumsuzu shouldn t ve ought not to şeklinde yazılır You shouldn t spend more than you earn. (Kazandığından daha fazlasını harcamamalısın.) You ought not to treat ladies impolitely. (ayanlara kaba bir şekilde davranmamalısın.) ) Had better nlam olarak had better ile should ve ought to yakın olsa da had better daha kuvvetli bir anlam, hatta bir uyarı ifade edebilir ve kötü şeyleri ima eden hafif bir tehdit anlamı da içerebilir. You had better stop smoking; otherwise, you will be having problems with your lungs. (Sigarayı bıraksan iyi olur aksi taktirde ciğerlerinle problem yaşayacaksın.) You had better not smoke in your office; otherwise / or else you will be fired. (Ofisinde sigara içmesen iyi olur aksi taktirde / yoksa kovulacaksın.) 3. ILITY (YTNK) ) an / e able to an fiziksel yetenekleri bildirmede ve edinilmiş becerileri anlatırken kullanılır. u anlamda can yapısının yanısıra be able to yapısı da kullanılmaktadır. Present Time anlatırken bu iki yapı arasında bir fark yoktur. Mary can play the piano very well./ Mary is able to play the piano very well. (Mary çok iyi piyano çalabilir.) an ifadesinin olumsuzu cannot / can t şeklinde yazılır. ) ould / WasWere able to ould geçmişteki yetenekleri bildirmede kullanılır. an modal verb ünün geçmiş zamanda çekimlenmiş halidir ve uzun süreli devam etmiş olan yeteneklerde kullanılır. Was/Were able to ise genellikle bir güçlüğün üstesinden gelme ya da bir kerelik başarılan şeylerde kullanılır. My grandfather could speak five languages when he was alive. (Hayattayken büyük babam beş dil konuşabilirdi.) In his ntalya concert, we were able to shake hands with Tarkan. (ntalya konserinde, biz Tarkan la el sıkışabildik.) ould ifadesinin olumsuzu could not / couldn t şeklinde yazılır. Was/were able to ifadesinin olumsuzu wasn t /weren t able to şeklinde yazılır. Olumsuz yapılarında bu iki modal arasında herhangi bir anlam farkı yoktur

31 MOL VRS & SIMILR XPRSSIONS e.g He couldn t play the piano = He wasn t able to play the piano. Note: e able to can ve could dan farklı olarak bütün zaman yapılarıyla kullanılabilir. I will be able to speak nglish after I have completed this course. He has been able to scubadive since he was four. 4. OLIGTION (ZORUNLULUK) ) Have to / has to have got to / has got to have to + Verb kişiye yasalar, kurallar, daha yüksek rütbe/yaştaki insanlar tarafından dayatılan zorunlulukları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Martha has to submit her thesis by the end of this term. (Martha bu dönemin sonuna kadar tezini teslim etmek zorunda.) Note: have to + Verb diğer zaman yapıları ile de kullanılabilir. The simple past, the future tense, the present perfect tense ya da the past perfect tense kullanıldığında o zaman geçerli olan bir zorunluluktan bahseder. They had to stop at the gas station because they had run out of petrol. He has had to sign a form concerning attendance at work every day since the new manager took over. ) Must must kişinin kendisinden kaynaklanan ve kendisiyle ilgili motivasyonunu ilgilendiren zorunluluk durumunu ifade etmek için kullanılır. Now that I am pregnant, I must stop smoking. (Hamile olduğum için sigarayı bırakmalıyım.) I must improve my communication skills. (İletişim becerilerimi geliştirmeliyim.) I must learn nglish to communicate widely. (Geniş çapta iletişimde bulunmak için İngilizce öğrenmeliyim.) Note: Kuvvetli tavsiye için de must kullanılır. That film is great! You really must see it at once! (O film harika! ir an once o filmi görmelisin.) You must listen to the latest album by Travis! (Travisin en son albümünü dinlemelisin.) ) Past obligation (Geçmişte zorunluluk) Had to + V Zorunluluk bildiren must / have to / have got to + V yapılarının geçmiş zamandaki hali had to + V yapısıdır. u yapı geçmişte yapmak zorunda kaldığımız şeyler için kullanılır. Sorry, I couldn t come to your party. I had to finish my homework. (Üzgünüm, partine gelemedim. Ödevimi birtimek zorundaydım.) They had to stop at the gas station because they had run out of petrol. (Petrol istasyonunda durmak zorunda kaldılar çünkü benzinleri bitti.) 31 31

32 MOL VRS & SIMILR XPRSSIONS ) Lack of Necessity (Gerekmezlik) not have to / needn t / not need to +V Gerekliliğin olmadığı durumları ifade etmek için bu yapılar kullanılır. I needn t attend the meeting as it is optional. (Toplantıya katılmama gerek yok çünkü opsiyoneldir.) She already has a gold necklace. I don t have to buy her a new one. (Onun zaten altın bir gerdanlığı var. Ona yeni bir tane almama gerek yok.) ) Prohibition (Yasaklama) Mustn t Mustn t bir şeyin yapılmasının yasak olduğunu bildirmek için kullanılır. You mustn t touch this equipment. It is forbidden. (u malzemelere dokunmamalısınız. u yasaktır.) on t you see the sign? It reads No parking. You mustn t park here. (Tabelayı görmüyormusun? Park yapılmaz yazıyor. Siz buraya park etmemelisiniz (park etmeniz yasaktır.) 5. PST HITS (GÇMİŞ LIŞKNLIK) Used to / Would Geçmişte düzenli olarak tekrarlanan eylemler için used to / would kullanırız. u iki yapı arasındaki temel fark would un durum bildiren fiillerle (state verbs) kullanılamamasıdır. used to ise hem durum bildiren hem de eylem bildiren fiillerle kullanılabilir. s a child, my father and I used to / would go fishing by the river every Sunday. (Çocukken babam ve ben her pazar ırmağa balık tutmaya giderdik.) We used to have a big house years ago but we live in a small flat now. (Yıllar önce büyük bir evimiz vardı fakat şimdi küçük bir dairede yaşıyoruz.) We would have a big house. 6. XPTTIONS (KLNTİLR) ) e to / be supposed to ireylerden yapmaları beklenilen şeyleri ifade etmek için be to / be supposed to yapıları kullanılır. be supposed to daha çok should gibi işlev görür. be to daha çok kurallar, düzenlemeler ve emirlerin olduğu durumlarda kullanılır ve bu özelliğiyle must gibi işlev görür. You are (supposed) to submit the report by next Saturday. (Önümüzdeki cumartesiye kadar raporu teslim etmen bekleniyor.) ll applicants are (supposed) to fill in the application forms. (Tüm başvuranların başvuru formunu doldurmaları bekleniyor.) 7. PRFRN (TRİH) ) would rather / would sooner + V (Present meaning) would rather + verb ve would sooner + verb yapıları tercihlerimizden bahsederken kullanılır. I d rather not tell you what she said about our products. (Ürünlerimizle ilgili onun ne söylediğini sana söylememeyi tercih ederim.) 32 32

33 MOL VRS & SIMILR XPRSSIONS I d sooner go there myself to see the results. (Sonuçları görmek için oraya kendim gitmeyi tercih ederim.) ) would rather / would sooner someone did something (Present meaning) Would rather ve would sooner yapıları başka biri için olan tercihlerimizi ifade ederken devamında bir Subject (özne) ile birlikte kullanılır ve devamında fiilin Past hali getirilir. I m sorry but I d rather your father smoked in the balcony; I hate cigarette smoke in my living room. (üzgünüm ama babanın balkonda sigara içmesini tercih ederim. Oturma odamda sigara dumanından nefret ederim.) 8. POSSIILITY N UTION (OLSILIK V ÇIKRIM) ) PRSNT Güçlü Çıkarım must may / might / could can t / couldn t mustn t may not / might not üşük Çıkarım Olumlu cümlede güçlü çıkarımda bulunurken must kullanılır. He appears to be very unhappy. There must be a problem. (Çok mutsuz görünüyor. ir problem olmalı.) Sandy must be very hardworking. ll her grades are wonderful. (Sandy çok çalışkan olmalı. Tüm notları harika.) Olumlu cümlede düşük çıkarımda bulunurken yani olasılıklardan bahsederken may, might ve could yapıları kullanılır. I haven t decided yet but I may go out with my friends tomorrow. (Henüz karar vermedim ama yarın arkadaşlarımla dışarı çıkabilirim.) I don t know but I might enrol this course. (ilmiyorum ama bu kursa kaydolabilirim.) Olumsuz cümlelerde eldeki kanıtlardan yola çıkarak güçlü çıkarım yaparken can t, couldn t ve mustn t yapıları kullanılır. Mike couldn t be in Paris. He flew to Lyon last night. (Mike Paris te olamaz. ün gece Lyon a uçtu.) Sue cannot be married. She doesn t have a ring. (Sue evli olamaz. Yüzüğü yok.) Olumsuz cümlede düşük çıkarımda bulunurken yani olasılıklardan bahsederken may not ve might not yapıları kullanılır. We may not be on the correct road. I'll ask someone. (oğru yolda olmayabiliriz. irine soracağım.) 33 33

34 MOL VRS & SIMILR XPRSSIONS ) PST Güçlü Çıkarım must have V 3 can t / couldn t + have V 3 mustn t have V 3 may / might / could + have V 3 may not / might not + have V 3 üşük Çıkarım Geçmişe yönelik olumlu cümlede güçlü çıkarımda bulunurken must have V 3 kullanılır. u kullanımda must have V 3 mış olmalı şeklinde çevrilmelidir. You look so lively today. You must have slept well last night. (ugün çok canlı görünüyorsun. ün gece iyi uyumuş olmalısın.) Geçmişe yönelik olumlu cümlede düşük çıkarımda bulunurken yani olasılıklardan bahsederken may / might / could + have V 3 yapıları kullanılır. u kullanımda bu modallar mış olabilir şeklinde çevrilir. : Where was Jack yesterday? : I don t know. He may have gone out with his friends. (O arkadaşlarıyla dışarı çıkmış olabilir.) Geçmişe yönelik olumsuz cümlelerde eldeki kanıtlardan yola çıkarak güçlü çıkarım yaparken can t / couldn t + have V 3 ve mustn t have V 3 yapıları kullanılır. He can t have seen me at the cinema yesterday. I was home all day. (O beni dün sinemada görmüş olamaz. Tüm gün evdeydim.) Geçmişe yönelik olumsuz cümlede düşük çıkarımda bulunurken yani olasılıklardan bahsederken may not / might not + have V 3 yapıları kullanılır. u modalların çevirisi mış olmayabilir şeklinde olmalıdır. Tina may not have heard that you arrived here yesterday. She'll definitely call you when she learns that. (Tina dün geldiğini duymuş olmayabilir. O kesinlikle bunu öğrendiğinde seni arayacaktır.) 9. SUGGSTION (ÖNRİ) ) Let s Let s = let us. Let s tam olarak bir modal verb değildir ancak kendinden sonra bir modal var gibi çekimsiz fiil alır ve bir öneri için kullanılır. It s been a long time since we last played basketball. Let s call Jack and Jill and play basketball. (n son basket oynadığımızdan beri uzun zaman geçti. Hadi Jack ve Jill i çağırıp basketbol oynayalım.) 34 34